Article contents
Pavlovian factors in choice behavior
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 February 2010
Abstract
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
![Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'](https://static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn%3Acambridge.org%3Aid%3Aarticle%3AS0140525X00020884/resource/name/firstPage-S0140525X00020884a.jpg)
- Type
- Open Peer Commentary
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1985
References
Abarca, N. & Fantino, E. (1982) Choice and foraging. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 38:117–23. [MNB, TC. tarEF, BFP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abarca, N., Fantino, E. & Ito, M. (1985) Percentage reward in an operant analogue to foraging. Animal Behaviour 33. In press. [tarEF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allison, J., Miller, M. & Wozny, M. (1979) Conservation in behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 108:4–34. [BFP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altmann, J. (1974) Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods. Behavior 49:227–62. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amsel, A. (1967) Partial reinforcement effects on vigor and persistence. In: The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 1, ed. Spence, K. W. & Spence, J. T.. Academic Press. [JMK]Google Scholar
Arnold, S. J. (1981) The microevolution of feeding behavior. In: Foraging behavior: Ecological, ethological and psychological approaches, ed. Kamil, A. C. & Sargent, T.. Garland Press. [MBS]Google Scholar
Autor, S. M. (1960) The strength of conditioned reinforcers as a function of frequency and probability of reinforcement. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. [tarEF]Google Scholar
Autor, S. M. (1969) The strength of conditioned reinforcers as a function of frequency and probability of reinforcement. In: Conditioned reinforcement, ed. Hendry, D. P.. Dorsey Press. [taEF]Google Scholar
Balsam, P. (1984) Relative time in trace conditioning. In: Timing and time perception, ed. Gibbon, J. & Allan, L.. New York Academy of Sciences. [BLB, rEF]Google Scholar
Barker, L. M., Best, M. R. & Domjan, M., eds. (1977) Learning mechanisms in food selection. Baylor University Press. [JMK]Google Scholar
Barnard, C. J. (1984) Snap decisions on survival. New Scientist 102(1411):24–27. [CJB]Google Scholar
Barnard, C. J. & Brown, C. A. J. (1981) Prey size selection and competition in the common shrew (Sorex araneus L.). Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 8:239–43. [CJB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnard, C. J. & Brown, C. A. J. (in press a) Risk-sensitive foraging in common shrews (Sorex araneus L.). Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology.. [CJB]Google Scholar
Barnard, C. J. & Brown, C. A. J. (in press b) Competition affects risk-sensitivity in foraging shrews. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology. [CJB]Google Scholar
Bauer, S. J. & Sokolowski, M. B. (1984) Larval foraging behaviour in isofemale lines of Drosophila melanogaster and D. pseudobscura. Journal of Heredity 75:131–34. [MBS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baum, W. M. (1972) Choice in a continuous procedure. Psychonomic Science 28:263–65. [MD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baum, W. M. (1982) Choice, changeover, and travel. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 38:35–49. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baum, W. M. (1983) Studying foraging in the psychological laboratory. In: Animal cognition and behavior, ed. Mellgren, R. L.. North-Holland. [taEF, BFF]Google Scholar
Belovsky, G. E. (1978) Diet optimization in a generalist herbivore: The moose. Theoretical Population Biology 14:105–34. [TC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, A. B. (1983) The foraging behaviour of lacewing larvae on vertical rods. Animal Behaviour 31:990–1004. [PB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bovet, P. (1979) La valeur adaptative des comportements aléatoires. L'Année psychologique 79:505–25. [PB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broom, D. M. (1981) Biology of behaviour: Mechanisms, functions and applications. Cambridge University Press. [JH]Google Scholar
Brown, B. L., Hemmes, N. S., Coleman, D. A. Jr, Hassin, A. & Goldhammer, E. (1982) Specification of the stimulus-reinforcer relation in multiple schedules: Delay and probability of reinforcement. Animal Learning and Behavior 10:365–76. [BLB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunswick, E. (1939) Probability as a determiner of rat behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology 25:175–97. [PB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capaldi, E. J. (1967) A sequential hypothesis of instrumental learning. In: The psychology of learning & motivation, vol. 1, ed. Spence, K. W. & Spence, J. T.. Academic Press. [JMK]Google Scholar
Caraco, T. (1980) On foraging time allocation in a stochastic environment. Ecology 61:119–28. [PB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caraco, T.(1981) Energy budgets, risk and foraging preferences in dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 8:213–17. [CJB, tarEF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caraco, T. (1982) Aspects of risk-aversion in foraging white-crowned sparrows. Animal Behaviour 30:719–27. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caraco, T. (1983) White-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys): Foraging preferences in a risky environment. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 12:63–69. [CJB, taEF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caraco, T., Martindale, S. & Whittam, T. S. (1980) An empirical demonstration of risk-sensitive foraging preferences. Animal Behaviour 28:820–30. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Case, D. & Fantino, E. (1981) The delay-reduction hypothesis of conditioned reinforcement and punishment: Observing behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 35:93–108. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charman, L. & Davison, M. (1982) On the effects of component durations and component reinforcer rates in multiple schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 37:417–39. [MD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charman, L. & Davison, M. (1983) On the effects of food deprivation and component reinforcer rates on multiple-schedule performance. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 40:239–51. [MD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charnov, E. L. (1976a) Optimal foraging: Attack strategy of a mantid. American Naturalist 110:141–51. (TC, taEF, AK, JNM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charnov, E. L. (1976b) Optimal foraging: The marginal value theorem. Theoretical Population Biology 9:129–36. [taEF, AK, JMK, PRK, JNM, RLM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collier, G. H., Hirsch, E. & Hamlin, P. H. (1972) The ecological determinants of reinforcement in the rat. Physiology and Behavior 9:705–16. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collier, G. H. & Rovee-Collier, C. K. (1981) A comparative analysis of optimal foraging behavior: Laboratory simulation. In: Foraging behavior: Ecological, ethological, and psychological approaches, ed. Kamil, A. C. & Sargent, T.. Garland Press.[taEF, JMK, MBS]Google Scholar
Collier, G. H. & Rovee-Collier, C. K. (1983) An ecological perspective of reinforcement and motivation. In: Handbook of behavioural neurobiology, vol. 6, ed. Satinoff, E. & Teitelbaum, P.. Plenum Press. [taEF, NR]Google Scholar
Cook, R. M. & Cockrell, B. J. (1978) Predator ingestion rate and its bearing on feeding time and the theory of optimal diets. Journal of Animal Ecology 47:529–47. [JH, JNM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowie, R. J. (1977) Optimal foraging in great tits (Parus major). Nature 268:137–39. [taEF, AK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, N. B. & Houston, A. I. (1981) Owners and satellites: The economics of territory defence in the pied wagtail, Motacilla alba. Journal of Animal Ecology 50:157–80. [CJB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davison, M. (1969) Preference for mixed-interval versus fixed-interval schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 12:247–52. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davison, M. (1972) Preference for mixed-interval versus fixed-interval: Number of component intervals. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 17:169–76. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davison, M. (in press) The analysis of concurrent-chain performance. In: Quantitative analyses of behavior, vol. 5: The effects of delay and of intervening events, ed. Commons, M. L., Nevin, J. A., Rachlin, H. C. & Mazur, J. E.. Ballinger. [MD]Google Scholar
Dinsmoor, J. A. (1977) Escape, avoidance, punishment: Where do we stand? Journal of the Experimental Analyses of Behavior 28:83–95. [JAD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dinsmoor, J. A. (1983) Observing and conditioned reinforcement. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:693–728. [tarEF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Domjan, M. & Burkhard, B. (1982) The principles of learning and behavior. Brooks/Cole. [JAD]Google Scholar
Donovan, W. J. (1978) Structure and function of the pigeon visual system. Physiological Psychology 6:403–37. [DMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunn, R. & Fantino, E. (1982) Choice and the relative immediacy of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 38:321–26. [tarEF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunn, R. M. (1982) Choice, relative reinforcer duration, and the changeover ratio. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 38:313–19. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ehrman, L. & Parsons, P. A. (1976) The genetics of behavior. Sinauer Associates. [MBS]Google Scholar
Elliffe, D. & Davison, M. (submitted) Performance in continuously availablemultiple schedules. [MD]Google Scholar
Elner, R. W. & Hughes, R. N. (1978) Energy maximization in the diet of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas. Journal of Animal Ecology 47:103–16. [JNM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emlen, J. M. (1966) The role of time and energy in food preference. American Naturalist 100:611–17. [JNM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epstein, R. (in press) Simulation research in the analysis of behavior. In: Control of human behavior: Issues in applied behavior analysis research methodology, vol. 4, ed. Poling, A., Fuqua, R. W. & Ulrich, R.. Scott, Foresman. [MSa]Google Scholar
Erichsen, J. T., Krebs, J. R. & Houston, A. L. (1980) Optimal foraging and cryptic prey. Journal of Animal Ecology 49:271–76. [AK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Essock, S. & Reese, E. P. (1974) Preference for and effects of variable — as opposed to fixed — reinforcer duration. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 21:89–97. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Estes, W. K. & Skinner, B. F. (1941) Some quantitative properties of anxiety. Journal of Experimental Psychology 29:390–400. [BLB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eward, J. M. (1913) Is the appetite of swine a reliable indication of physiological needs? Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Sciences 22:375–403. [TWC]Google Scholar
Fantino, E. (1967) Preference for mixed versus fixed-ratio schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 10:35–43. [tarEF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fantino, E. (1969) Choice and rate of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 12:723–30. [tarEF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fantino, E. (1977) Conditioned reinforcement: Choice and information. In: Handbook of operant behavior, ed. Honig, W. K. & Staddon, J. E. R.. Prentice-Hall. [taEF]Google Scholar
Fantino, E. (1981a) Contiguity, response strength, and the delay-reduction hypothesis. In: Advances in analysis of behavior, vol. 2: Predictability, correlation and contiguity, ed. Harzem, P. & Zeiler, M. D.. John Wiley & Sons. [taEF]Google Scholar
Fantino, E. (1981b) Is maximization theory general, and is it refutable? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:390–91. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fantino, E. (1982) Effects of initial-link length on responding in terminal link. Behaviour Analysis Letters 2:65–70. [tarEF]Google Scholar
Fantino, E. (1984) Operant conditioning simulations of foraging and the delay-reduction hypothesis. Paper presented at Foraging Behavior Conference, Providence, R.I. [rEF]Google Scholar
Fantino, E., Abarca, N. & Dunn, R. (in press) The delay-reduction hypothesis: Extensions to foraging and three-alternative choice. In: Quantitative analyses of behavior, vol. 5: Beinforcement value: Delay and intervening events, ed. Commons, M. L., Mazur, J. E., Nevin, J. A., & Rachlin, H.. Erlbaum. [tarEF]Google Scholar
Fantino, E. & Davison, M. (1983) Choice: Some quantitative relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 40:1–13. [tarEF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fantino, E. & Dunn, R. (1983) The delay-reduction hypothesis: Extension to three-alternative choice. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 9:132–46. [TC, tarEF, AIH]Google Scholar
Fantino, E., Dunn, R. & Meck, W. (1979) Percentage reinforcement and choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 32:335–40. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fantino, E. & Logan, C. (1979) The experimental analysis of behavior: A biological perspective. W. H. Freeman. [tarEF]Google Scholar
Felton, M. & Lyon, D. O. (1966) The post-reinforcement pause. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 9:131–34. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferster, C. B. & Skinner, B. F. (1957) Schedules of reinforcement. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galef, B. C. Jr. (1976) Social transmission of acquired behavior: A discussion of tradition and social learning in vertebrates. In: Advances in the study of behavior, vol. 6., ed. Rosenblatt, J., Hinde, R. A., Beer, C. & Shaw, E.. Academic Press. [JMK]Google Scholar
Carcia, J., Kimmeldorf, D. J. & Koelling, R. A. (1955) Conditioned aversion to saccharin resulting from exposure to gamma radiation. Science 122:157–58. [BLB]Google Scholar
Gass, C. L. (1984) Behavioural foundations of adaptation. In: Perspectives in ethology, vol. 6, ed. Bateson, P. P. C. & Klopfer, P. H.. Plenum Press. [CLG]Google Scholar
Gass, C. L. & Montgomerie, R. D. (1981) Hummingbird foraging behavior: Decision-making and energy regulation. In: Foraging behavior: Ecological, ethological, and psychological approaches, ed. Kamil, A. C. & Sargent, T. D.. Garland Press. [CLG, DMW]Google Scholar
Gass, C. L. & Sutherland, G. D. (in press) Specialization by territorial hummingbirds on experimentally enriched patches of flowers: Profitability and learning. Canadian Journal of Zoology. [CLG]Google Scholar
Gibb, J. (1960) Populations of tits and goldcrests and their food supply in pine plantations. Ibis 102:163–208. [JH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbon, J. (1977) Scalar expectancy theory and Weber's law in animal timing. Psychological Review 84:279–325. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbon, J. & Balsam, P. (1981) Spreading association in time. In: Autoshaping and conditioning theory, ed. Lucurto, C. M., Terrace, H. S. & Gibbon, J.. Academic Press. [BLB, taEF]Google Scholar
Gibbon, J., Berryman, R. & Thompson, R. L. (1974) Contingency spaces and measures in classical and instrumental conditioning. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 21:585–605. [JAD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gill, F. B. & Wolf, L. L. (1977) Nonrandom foraging by sunbirds in a patchy environment. Ecology 58:1284–96. [JMK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ciller, P. S. (1980) The control of handling time and its effects on the foraging strategy of a heteropteran predator, Notonecta. Journal of Animal Ecology 49:699–712. [JNM]Google Scholar
Goodwin, D. (1983) Behaviour. In: Physiology and behaviour of the pigeon, ed. Abs, M.. Academic Press. [DMW]Google Scholar
Goss-Custard, J. D. (1977) Optimal foraging and the size selection of worms by redshank, Tringa totanus, in the field. Animal Behaviour 25:10–29. [CJB, taEF, JH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, S. J. & Lewontin, R. C. (1979) The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptionist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 205:581–98. [JNM]Google Scholar
Granda, A. M. & Maxwell, M. A., eds. (1979) Neural mechanisms of behavior in the pigeon. Plenum Press. [DMW]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1982) The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Oxford University Press. [JMK]Google Scholar
Gray, L. (1981) Genetic and experiential differences affecting foraging behavior. In: Foraging behavior: Ecological, ethological and psychological approaches, ed. Kamil, A. C. & Sargent, T.. Garland Press. [MBS]Google Scholar
Gray, R. (1984) Faith and foraging: A critique of optimal foraging theory. Paper presented at the Foraging Behavior Conference, Providence, R.I. [JH]Google Scholar
Griffiths, D. (1982) Tests of alternative models of prey consumption by predators, using ant-lion larvae. Journal of Animal Ecology 52:363–73. [JNM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, W. G. & Williams, C. L. (1983) Suckling isn't feeding, or is it? A search for developmental continuities. In: Advances in the study of behavior, vol. 13, ed. Rosenblatt, J. S., Hinde, R. A., Beer, C. & Busnel, M.-C.. Academic Press. [NR]Google Scholar
Hall-Johnson, E. & Poling, A. (1984) Preference in pigeons given a choice between sequences of fixed-ratio schedules: Effects of ratio values and duration of food delivery. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 42:127–35. [rEF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanson, J. & Green, L. (1984a) Tests of optimal foraging using an operant analogue. Paper presented at the Association for Behavior Analysis meeting, Nashville, Tenn. [JH]Google Scholar
Hanson, J. & Green, L. (1984b) Patch choice by pigeons. Paper presented at the Foraging Behavior Conference, Providence, R.I. [JH]Google Scholar
Hanson, J. & Green, L. (1984c) Foraging decisions: Patch choice by pigeons. In preparation. [JH]Google Scholar
Hanson, S. J. & Timberlake, W. (1983) Regulation during challenge: A general model of learned performance under schedule constraint. Psychological Review 56:261–82. [BFP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrnstein, R. J. (1964a) Secondary reinforcement and the rate of primary reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 7:27–36. [tarEF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrnstein, R. J. (1964b) Aperiodicity as a factor in choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 7:179–82. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrnstein, R. J. & Loveland, D. H. (1974) Hunger and contrast in a multiple schedule. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 21:511–17. [MD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrnstein, R. J. & Vaughan, W. (1980) Melioration and behavioral allocation. In: Limits to action: The allocation of individual behavior, ed. Staddon, J. E. R.. Academic Press. [CJB]Google Scholar
Hewitt, S. K., Fulker, D. W. & Hewitt, C. A. (1983) Genetic architecture of olfactory discriminative avoidance conditioning in Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Comparative Psychology 97:52–58. [MBS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirsch, J. & McCauley, L. A. (1977) Successful replication of and selective breeding for classical conditioning in the blowfly Phormia regina. Animal Behaviour 25:784–85. [MBS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Honig, W. K. (1966) Operant behavior: Areas of research and application. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [taEF]Google Scholar
Honig, W. K. & Staddon, J. E. R. (1977) Handbook of operant behavior. Prentice-Hall. [taEF]Google Scholar
Houston, A. I. (1980) Godzilla v. the creature from the black lagoon: Ethology v. psychology. In: Analysis of motivational processes, ed. Toates, F. M. & Halliday, T. R.. Academic Press. [MSn]Google Scholar
Houston, A. I. (unpub.) Choice and preference. [AIH]Google Scholar
Houston, A. L., Krebs, J. R. & Erichsen, J. T. (1980) Optimal prey choice and discrimination time in the great tit (Parus major L). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 6:169–75. [AK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houston, A. I. & McNamara, J. M. (1981) How to maximize reward rate on two variable interval paradigms. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 35:367–96. [AIH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Houston, A. I. & McNamara, J. M. (1982) A sequential approach to risk-taking. Animal Behaviour 30:1260–61. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howell, D. J. & Hartl, D. L. (1980) Optimal foraging in glossophagine bats: When to give up. American Naturalist 115:696–704. [JMK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, R. N. (1979) Optimal diets under the energy maximization premise: The effects of recognition time and learning. American Naturalist 113:209–21. [TC, AK, JNM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, I. & Davison, M. (in press) Determination of a behavioral transfer function: White noise analysis of session to session response ratio dynamics on concurrent VI–VI schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. [SEGL]Google Scholar
Hursh, S. R. (1980) Economic concepts for the analysis of behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 34:219–38. [MNB, taEF, BFP, MSa]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hursh, S. R. & Fantino, E. (1973) Relative delay of reinforcement and choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 19:437–50. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ito, M. & Asaki, K. (1982) Choice behavior of rats in a concurrent-chains schedule: Amount and delay of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 37:383–92. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ito, M. & Fantino, E. (1983) Choice, foraging and reinforcer duration. In preparation. [taEF]Google Scholar
Iwasa, Y., Higashi, M. & Yamamura, N. (1981) Prey distribution as a factor determining the choice of optimal foraging strategy. American Naturalist 117:710–23. [RFC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, H. M., Barnes, R. A. & Barrera, F. J. (1981) Why autoshaping depends on trial spacing. In: Autoshaping and conditioning theory, ed. Locurto, C. M., Terrace, H. S. & Gibbon, J.. Academic Press. [taEF]Google Scholar
Jenkins, H. M. & Shattuck, D. (1981) Contingency in fear conditioning: A reexamination. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 17:159–62. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kagel, J. H., McDonald, D. N., Battalio, R. C., White, S. & Green, L. (in preparation). Effects of varying energy budgets on risk preferences in rats. [CJB]Google Scholar
Kamil, A. C. (1983) Optimal foraging theory and the psychology of learning. American Zoologist 23:291–302. [JNM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamil, A. C. & Sargent, T. D. (1981) Foraging Behavior: Ecological, ethological, and psychological approaches. Garland Press. [taEF, RFG, MBS]Google Scholar
Kamil, A. C. & Yoerg, S. I. (1982) Learning and foraging behaviour. In: Perspectives in ethology, vol. 5, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Klopfer, P. H.. Plenum Press. [CLG]Google Scholar
Kay, D., Hemmes, N. S. & Brown, B. L. (1984) Choice measures and the assessment of temporal control in autoshaping. Proceedings and Abstracts of the 1984 Annual Meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association 55:32. [BLB]Google Scholar
Kendall, S. B. (1974) Preference for intermittent reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 21:463–73. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Killeen, P. R. (1968) On the measurement of reinforcement frequency in the study of preference. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11:263–69. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Killeen, P. R. (1982a) Incentive theory. In: Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, ed. Bernstein, D. J.. University of Nebraska Press. [PRK, SEGL]Google Scholar
Killeen, P. R. (1982b) Incentive theory 2: Models for choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 38:217–32. [taEF, PRK, SEGL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Killeen, P. R. (1984) Incentive theory 3: Adaptive clocks. In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 423: Timing and time perception, ed. Gibbon, J. & Allan, L.. New York Academy of Sciences. [PRK]Google Scholar
Killeen, P. R., Smith, J. P. & Hanson, S. J. (1981) Central place foraging in Rattus norvegicus. Animal Behaviour 29:64–70. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korber, E. J. (1983) The foraging behavior of a Columba livia flock as a function of resource allocation and patch size. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association Meeting, Philadelphia. [DMW]Google Scholar
Krebs, J. R. (1973) Behavioral aspects of predation. In: Perspectives in ethology, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Klopfer, P. H.. Plenum Press. [RLM]Google Scholar
Krebs, J. R. (1978) Optimal foraging: Decision rules for predators. In: Behavioural ecology, ed. Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B.. Blackwell. [taEF]Google Scholar
Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B. (1981) An introduction to behavioural ecology. Blackwell. [taEF]Google Scholar
Krebs, J. R., Erichsen, J. T., Webber, M. I. & Charnov, E. L. (1977) Optimal prey selection in the great tit (Parus major). Animal Behavior 25:30–38. [CJB, taEF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krebs, J. R., Houston, A. I. & Charnov, E. L. (1981) Some recent developments in optimal foraging. In: Foraging behavior: Ecological, ethological, and psychological approaches, ed. Kamil, A. C. & Sargent, T. D.. Garland Press. [taEF]Google Scholar
Krebs, J. R., Kacelnik, A. & Taylor, P. (1978) Test of optimal sampling by foraging great tits. Nature 275:27–31. [CJB, PB, SEGL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krebs, J. R., Kacelnik, A. & Taylor, P. (1981) Correlation and contiguity in foraging behaviour. In: Advances in analysis of behaviour, vol. 2: Predictability, correlation, and contiguity, ed. Harzem, P. & Zeiler, M. D.. John Wiley & Sons. [CJB, taEF]Google Scholar
Krebs, J. R. & McClecry, R. H. (1984) Optimization in behavioural ecology. In: Behavioural ecology: An evolutionary approach, 2d ed., ed. Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B.. Blackwell. [TC]Google Scholar
Krebs, J. R., Ryan, J. C. & Charnov, E. L. (1974) Hunting by expectation or optimal foraging? A study of patch use by chickadees. Animal Behavior 22:953–64. [rEF, RFG, JNM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krebs, J. R., Stephens, D. W. & Sutherland, W. J. (1983) Perspectives in optimal foraging. In: Perspectives in ornithology, ed. Brush, A. H. & Clarke, G. A.. Cambridge University Press. [CJB, taEF, DMW]Google Scholar
Lea, S. E. G. (1976) Titration of schedule parameters by pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 25:43–54. [SEGL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lea, S. E. G. (1979) Foraging and reinforcement schedules in the pigeon: Optimal and non-optimal aspects of choice. Animal Behavior 27:875–86. [taEF, AIH, JMK, BFP, SJS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lea, S. E. G. & Dow, S. M. (1984) The integration of reinforcements over time. In: Timing and time perception, ed. Gibbon, J. & Allan, L.. New York Academy of Sciences. [rEF, SEGL]Google Scholar
Lefebvre, L. (1983) Equilibrium distribution of feral pigeons at multiple food sources. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 12:11–17. [DMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewontin, R. C. (1970) The units of selection. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1:1–18. [MBS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucas, J. R. (1983) The role of foraging time constraints and variable prey encounter in optimal diet choice. American Naturalist 122:191–209. [TC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luce, R. D. (1977) The choice axiom after twenty years. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 15:215–33. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacArthur, R. H. & Pianka, E. R. (1966) On optimal use of a patchy environment. American Naturalist 100:603–9. [taEF, JNM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGuire, T. R. & Hirsch, J. (1977) Behavior genetic analysis of Phormia regina: Conditioning, reliable individual differences and selection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 74:5193–97. [MBS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNair, J. N. (1979) A generalized model of optimal diets. Theoretical Population Biology 15:159–70. [TC, JNM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNair, J. N. (1981) A stochastic foraging model with predator training effects. 2. Optimal diets. Theoretical Population Biology 19:147–62. [JNM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNair, J. N. (1983) A class of patch-use strategies. American Zoologist 23:303–13. [JNM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McSweeney, F. K. (1975) Concurrent responding as a function of body weight. Animal Learning and Behavior 3:264–70. [MD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. (1978) Optimization theory in evolution. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 9:31–56. [SEGL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazur, J. E. (1981) Optimization theory fails to predict performance of pigeons in a two-response situation. Science 214:823–25. [SEGL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mellgren, R. L. (1982) Foraging in a simulated natural environment: There's a rat loose in the lab. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 38:93–100. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metz, H. A. J., Dienske, H., de Jonge, G. & Putters, F. A. (1983) Continuous-time Markov chains as models for animal behaviour. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 45:643–58. [PB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moon, R. D. & Zeigler, H. P. (1979) Food preferences in the pigeon (Columba livia). Physiology and Behavior 22:1171–82. [SJS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, J. (1982) Choice and multiple reinforcers. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 37:115–22. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murton, R. K., Coombs, C. F. B. & Thearle, R. J. P. (1972) Ecological studies of the feral pigeon Columba livia var. 2. Flock behaviour and social organization. Journal of Applied Ecology 9:875–89. [DMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Navarick, D. J. & Fantino, E. (1976) Self-control and general models of choice. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2:75–87. [taEF]Google Scholar
Norborg, J., Osborne, S. & Fantino, E. (1983) Duration of components and response rates on multiple fixed-ratio schedules. Animal Learning and Behavior 11:51–59. [rEF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Normile, H. J. & Barraco, R. A. (1984) Relation between food and water intake in the pigeon (Columba livia). Journal of Comparative Psychology 98:76–90. [DMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oaten, A. (1977) Optimal foraging in patches: A ease for stochasticity. Theoretical Population Biology 12:263–85. [RFG, JNM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okubo, A. (1980) Diffusion and ecological problems: Mathematical models. Springer Verlag. [PB]Google Scholar
Olton, D. S., Handelman, G. E. & Walker, J. A. (1981) Spatial memory and food searching strategies. In: Foraging behavior: Ecological, ethological, and psychological approaches, ed. Kamil, A. C. & Sargent, T. D.. Garland Press. [tarEF]Google Scholar
Parizkova, J. (1977) Body fat and physical fitness. Martinus Nijhoff B.V. [NR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peck, J. W. (1980) Homeostatic analyses and relations between nutrition and ecology. In: Analysis of motivational processes, ed. Toates, F. M. & Halliday, T. R.. Academic Press. [NR]Google Scholar
Peden, B. F. & Rohe, M. S. (1984) Effects of search cost on foraging and feeding: A three-component chain analysis. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. In press. [rEF, BFP]Google Scholar
Picker, M. & Poling, A. (1982) Choice as a dependent measure in autoshaping: Sensitivity to frequency and duration of food presentation. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 37:393–406. [BLB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pietrewicz, A. T. & Kamil, A. C. (1977) Visual detection of cryptic prey by blue jays (Cyanocitta cristate). Science 195:580–82. [JNM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pietrewicz, A. T. & Kamil, A. C. (1979) Search image formation in the blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata). Science 204:1332–33. [JNM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pietrewicz, A. T. & Kamil, A. C. (1981) Search images and the detection of cryptic prey: An operant approach. In: Foraging behavior: Ecological, ethological, and psychological approaches. ed. Kamil, A. C. & Sargent, T. D.. Garland Press. [JNM, RLM]Google Scholar
Pliskoff, S. S., Cicerone, R. & Nelson, T. D. (1978) Local response-rate constancy on concurrent variable-interval schedules of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 29:431–46. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pliskoff, S. S. & Fetterman, J. G. (1981) Undermatching and overmatching: The fixed-ratio changeover requirement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 36:21–27. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pulliam, H. R. (1974) On the theory of optimal diets. American Naturalist 108:59–74. [TC, JNM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pyke, C. H. (1984) Optimal foraging theory: How useful is it? Paper presented at the Foraging Behavior Conference, Providence, R.I. [JH]Google Scholar
Pyke, G. H., Pulliam, H. R. & Charnov, E. L. (1977) Optimal foraging: A selective review of theory and tests. Quarterly Review of Biology 52:137–54. [taEF, RFG, JH, MBS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quinn, W. G., Harris, W. A. & Benzer, S. (1974) Conditioned behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 71:708–12. [MBS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rachlin, H., Battalio, R., Kagel, J. & Green, L. (1981) Maximization theory in behavioral psychology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:371–417. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rappoport, D. J. (1981) Foraging behavior of Stentor coeruleus: A microeconomic interpretation. In: Foraging behavior: Ecological ethological, and psychological approaches, ed. Kamil, A. C. & Sargent, T. B.. Garland Press. [taEF]Google Scholar
Rashotte, M. E., O'Connell, J. M. & Beidler, D. L. (1982) Associative influence on the foraging behavior of the pigeon (Columba livia). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 8:142–53. [taEF, MSa]Google Scholar
Regal, P. J. (1978) Behavioral differences between reptiles and mammals: An analysis of activity and mental capacities. In: Behavior and neurology of lizards, ed. Greenberg, N. & McLean, P.. U.S. Government Printing Office. [JMK]Google Scholar
Reichman, O. J. (1981) Factors influencing foraging in desert rodents. In: Foraging behavior: Ecological, ethological, and psychological approaches, ed. Kamil, A. C. & Sargent, T. D.. Garland Press. [JMK]Google Scholar
Rescorla, R. A. (1968) Probability of shock in the presence and absence of CS in fear conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 66:1–5. [rEF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rescorla, R. A. (1970) Informational variables in Pavlovian conditioning. In: Current issues in animal learning, ed. Reynierse, J. H.. University of Nebraska Press. [rEF]Google Scholar
Rescorla, R. A. & Wagner, A. R. (1972) A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In: Classical conditioning II: Current theory and research, ed. Black, A. H. & Prokasy, W. F.. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [BLB]Google Scholar
Rider, D. P. (1983) Preference for mixed versus constant delays of reinforcement: Effect of probability of the short, mixed delay. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 39:257–66. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodgers, W. & Rozin, P. (1966) Novel food preferences in thiamine-deficient rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 61:1–4. [ENR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowland, N. (1982) Failure by deprived hamsters to increase food intake: Some behavioral and physiological determinants. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 96:591–603. [NR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rozin, P. & Kalat, J. W. (1971) Specific hungers and poisoning as adaptive specializations of learning. Psychological Review 78:459–86. [JMK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schoener, T. W. (1971) Theory of feeding strategies. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 2:369–404. [JNM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shettleworth, S. J. (1983) Memory in food-hoarding birds. Scientific American 247:102–10. [CLG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shettleworth, S. J. (1984a) Learning and behavioural ecology. In: Behavioural ecology: An evolutionary approach, 2d ed., ed. Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B.. Blackwell. [CJB]Google Scholar
Shull, R. L., Spear, D. J. & Bryson, A. E. (1981) Delay or rate of food delivery as a determiner of response rate. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 35:129–43. [SEGL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B. F. (1950) Are theories of learning necessary? Psychological Review 57:193–216. [MNB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sokolowski, M. B. (1980) Foraging strategies of Drosophila melanogaster: A chromosomal analysis. Behavior Cenetics 10:291–302. [MBS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sokolowski, M. B., Hansell, R. I. C. & Rotin, D. (1983) Larval foraging behavior. 2. Selection in the sibling species Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans. Behavior Cenetics 13:169–77. [MBS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Squires, N. & Fantino, E. (1971) A model for choice in simple concurrent and concurrent-chains schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 15:27–38. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. (1964) Reinforcement as input: Cyclic variable-interval schedule. Science 145:410–12. [SEGL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Staddon, J. E. R. (1979) Operant behavior as adaptation to constraint. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 108:46–87. [BFP]Google Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. (1980) Optimality analyses of operant behavior and their relation to optimal foraging. In: Limits to action: The allocation of individual behavior, ed. Staddon, J. E. R.. Academic Press. [CJB, tarEF]Google Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. (1983) Adaptive behavior and learning. Cambridge University Press. [tarEF]Google Scholar
Stephens, D. W. (1982) Stochasticity in foraging theory: Risk and information. D.Phil. thesis, Oxford University. [taEF]Google Scholar
Thompson, D. B. A. & Barnard, C. J. (1984) Prey selection by plovers: Optimal foraging in mixed species groups. Animal Behaviour 32:554–63. [CJB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Timberlake, W. (1980) A molar equilibrium theory of learned performance. In: The psychology of learning and motivation: Vol. 14, ed. Bower, G. H.. Academic Press. [BFP]Google Scholar
Timberlake, W. (1984) A temporal limit on the effect of future food on current performance in an analogue of foraging and welfare. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 41:117–24. [MNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Timberlake, W. & Allison, J. (1974) Response deprivation: An empirical approach to instrumental performance. Psychological Review 81:146–64. [BFP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tinbergen, L. (1960) The natural control of insects in pinewoods. I. Factors influencing the intensity of predation by songbirds. Archives Néerlandaises de Zoologie 13:265–343. [RLM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tolman, E. C. & Brunswick, E. (1935) The organism and causal texture of the environment. Psychological Review 42:43–77. [PB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waage, J. K. (1979) Foraging for patchily-distributed hosts by the parasitoid, Nemeritis canescens. Journal of Animal Ecology 48:353–71. [JNM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waddington, K. D. (1982) Optimal diet theory: Sequential and simultaneous encounter models. Oikos 39:278–80. [rEF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waddington, K. D. & Holden, R. (1979) Optimal foraging: On flower selection by bees. American Naturalist 114:179–96. [TC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wahlsten, D. (1972) Genetic experiments with animal learning: A critical view. Behavioural Biology 7:143–82. [MBS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wahlsten, D. (1978) Behavioral genetics and animal learning. In: Psychopharmacology of aversively motivated behavior, ed. Anisman, H. & Bignami, G.. Plenum Press. [MBS]Google Scholar
Wasserman, E. A., Franklin, S. R. & Hearst, E. (1974) Pavlovian appetitive contingencies and approach versus withdrawal to conditioned stimuli in pigeons. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 86:616–27. [BLB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Werner, G. E. & Hall, D. J. (1974) Optimal foraging and size selection of prey by the bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Ecology 55:1042–52. [taEF, JNM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werner, E. E., Mittelbach, G. G. & Hall, D. J. (1981) The role of foraging profitability and experience in habitat use by the bluegill sunfish. Ecology 62:116–25. [CLG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, J. S. (1981) Discrete-trial choice in pigeons: Effects of reinforcer magnitude. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 35:23–29. [taEF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, P. T. (1967) Palatability: The hedonic response to foodstuff. In: Handbook of physiology: Alimentary canal, ed. Code, C. F.. Waverly Press. [TWC]Google Scholar
Zeigler, H. P., Green, H. L. & Lehrer, R. (1971) Patterns of feeding behavior in the pigeon. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 76:468–77. [DMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeigler, H. P., Green, H. L. & Siegel, J. (1972) Food and water intake and weight regulation in the pigeon. Physiology and Behavior 8:127–34. [DMW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zweers, G. A. (1982a) Drinking of the pigeon Columba livia L.). Behaviour 80:274–317. [DMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zweers, G. A. (1982b) Pecking of the pigeon (Columba livia L.). Behaviour 81:173–230. [DMW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 5
- Cited by