Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-16T20:35:52.595Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Précis of Darwin, sex and status: Biological approaches to mind and culture

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2011

Jerome H. Barkow
Jerome H. Barkow
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1T2, Electronic mail: barkow@ac.dal.ca
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Darwin, Sex and Status argues that a human sociobiology that mistakes evolutionary theory for theories of psychology and culture is wrong, as are psychologies that could never have evolved or social sciences that posit impossible psychologies. Status develops theories of human self-awareness, cognition, and cultural capacity that are compatible with evolutionary theory. Recurring themes include: the importance of sexual selection in human evolution; our species' preoccupation with self-esteem and relative standing; the individual as an active strategist, regularly revising culturally provided information; and awareness as an impressionmanagement device. Culture is a somewhat structured information pool that itself evolves, often in ways that reduce the genetic fitness of its participants.

Keywords

attentioncognitioncultureevolutiongenesgoalshuman naturemaladaptationplansself-awarenesssexualitysociobiologystatus
Type
Target Article
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 14 , Issue 2 , June 1991 , pp. 295 - 301
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbey, A. (1982) Sex differences in attributions for friendly behavior: Do males misperceive females' friendliness? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42:830–38. [DMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahzen, I. (1988) Attitudes, personality, and behaviour. Open University Press. [IV]Google Scholar
Alexander, R. D. (1971) The search for an evolutionary philosophy of man. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Victoria, Melbourne 84:99–120. [aJHB]Google Scholar
Abbey, A. (1974) The evolution of social behavior. Annual Review of Systernatics 5:325–83. [aJHB, PLvdB]Google Scholar
Abbey, A. (1975) The search for a general theory of behavior. Behavioral Sciences 20:77–100 [PLvdB]Google Scholar
Abbey, A. (1979) Darwinism and human affairs. University of Washington Press. [arJHB, PLvdB]Google Scholar
Abbey, A. (1987) The biology of moral systems. Aldine de Gruyter. [aJHB, PLvdB, LRC]Google Scholar
Altmann, S. A. (1974) Baboons, space, time, and energy. American Zoologist 14:221–48. [DRR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd ed. (revised) APA. [DPL]Google Scholar
Antonovsky, A. (1979) Health, stress, and coping. Jossey-Bass. [DPL]Google Scholar
Ardrey, R. (1966a) The territorial imperative. A personal inquiry into the animal origins of property and nations. Dell. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Ardrey, R. (1966b) The territorial imperative. Atheneum. [rJHB, WRC]Google Scholar
Atz, J. W. (1970) The application of the idea of homology to behavior. In: Development and evolution of behavior, essays in memory of T. C. Schneirla, ed. Aronson, L. R., Tobach, E., Lehrman, D. S.&Rosenblatt, J. S.. Freeman. [HT]Google Scholar
Baars, B. J. (1983) Conscious contents provide the nervous system with coherent, global information. In: Consciousness and self-regulation. Advances in research and theory, vol. 3., ed. Davidson, R. J., Schwartz, G. E. & Shapiro, D.. Plenum. [arJHB, HT]Google Scholar
Badcock, C. R. (1989) Oedipus in evolution: Three essays on the new theory of sexuality. Basil Blackwell. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Barash, D. P. (1980) Predictive sociobiology: Mate selection in damselfishes and brood defense in white-crowned sparrows. In: Sociobiology: Beyond nature / nurture?, ed. Barlow, G. W. & Silverberg, J.. Westview Press. [DRR]Google Scholar
Barkow, J. H. (1978a) Culture and sociobiology. American Anthropologist 80:5–20. [rJHB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barkow, J. H. (1978b) Social norms, the self, and sociobiology: Building on the ideas of A. I, Hallowell. Current Anthropology 19:99–118. [rJHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barkow, J. H. (1980) Sociobiology: Is this the new theory of human nature? In: Sociobiology examined, ed. A, A.. Oxford University Press. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Barkow, J. H. (1983) Begged questions in behavior and evolution. In: Animal Models of Human Behavior, ed. G, G.. John Wiley. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Barkow, J. H. (1984) The distance between genes and culture. Journal of Anthropological Research 37:367–79. [rJHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barkow, J. H. (1989a). The elastic between genes and culture. Ethology and Sociobiology 10:111–29. [rJHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barkow, J. H. (1989b) Overview. Ethology and Sociobiology 10:1–10. [rJHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barkow, J. H. (1990) Beyond the DP/DSS controversy. Ethology and Sociobiology, vol. 11 (4/5):341–51. [rJHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J., eds. (1991) The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. Oxford University Press, New York (in preparation). [rJHB]Google Scholar
Barth, F. (1966) Models of social organization. Royal Anthropological Institute, Occasional Paper 23. [DPL]Google Scholar
Barth, F. (1974) On responsibility and humanity: Calling a colleague to account. Current Anthropology 15(1):99–103. [DPL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beer, C. G. (1976) Some complexities in the communication behavior of gulls. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 280:413–32. [JPH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-Sasson, H. H., ed. (1976) A history of the Jewish people. Harvard University Press. [WRC]Google Scholar
Betzig, L. L. (1986) Despotism and differential reproduction. A Darwinian view of history. Aldine. [arJHB]Google Scholar
Betzig, L. L. (1989) Causes of conjugal dissolution. Current Anthropology 30:654–76. [DMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bigelow, R. S. (1969) The dawn warriors: Mans evolution toward peace. Little, Brown. [aJHB]Google Scholar
Bonner, J. T. (1980) The evolution of culture in animals. Princeton University Press. [HT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowlby, J. A. (1969) Attachment and loss, vol. I: Attachment. Basic Books. [aJHB]Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. A. (1988) A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. Routledge. [PKS]Google Scholar
Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. (1985) Culture and the evolutionary process. University of Chicago Press. [aJHB, PLvdB]Google Scholar
Brown, G. & Harris, T. (1978) Social origins of depression. Free Press/Collier-Macmillan. [DPL]Google ScholarPubMed
Brown, G. & Harris, T., eds. (1989) Life events and illness. The Guilford Press. [DPL]Google Scholar
Brownmiller, S. (1975) Against our will: Men, women and rape. Simon & Schuster. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Burgess, R. L. & Draper, P. (1989) The explanation of family violence: The role of biological, behavioral, and cultural selection. In: Family violence, ed. Ohlin, L. & Tonry, M.. University of Chicago Press. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. (1987) Sex differences in human mate selection criteria. An evolutionary perspective. In: Sociobiology and psychology: Ideas, issues, and applications, ed. Crawford, C., Smith, M. & Krebs, D.. Erlbaum. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. (1988) From vigilance to violence: Tactics of mate retention in American undergraduates. Ethology and Sociobiology 9:291–317. [DMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buss, D. M. (1989a) Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12:1–49. [arJHB, DMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buss, D. M. (1989b) Conflict between the sexes: Strategic interference and the evocation of anger and upset. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56:735–47. [DMB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buss, D., Abbott, M., Angleitner, A., Asherian, A., Biaggio, A. et al. (1990) International preferences in selecting mates. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 21:5–47. [rJHB, DMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byrne, R. & Whiten, A., eds. (1988) Machiavellian intelligence: Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes, and humans. Oxford University Press. [IV]Google Scholar
Cairns, R. B., Cairns, B. D., Neckerman, H. J., Gest, S. D. & Gariepy, J.-L. (1988) Social networks and aggressive behavior: Peer support or peer rejection? Developmental Psychology 24:815–23. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, D. T. (1960) Blind variation and selective retention in creative thought as in other knowledge processes. Psychological Review 67:380–400. [aJHB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, D. T. (1965) Variation and selective retention in sociocultural evolution. In: Social change in underdeveloped areas: A reinterpretation of evolutionary theory, ed. Mack, R. W., Blanksten, G. I. & Barringer, H. R.. Schenkman. [aJHB]Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T. (1969) Ethnocentrism of disciplines and the fish-scale model of omniscience. In: Interdisciplinary relationships in the social sciences, ed. Sherif, M. & Sherif, C. W.. Aldine. [aJHB]Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T. (1975) On the conflicts between biological and social evolution and between psychology and moral tradition. American Psychologist 30:1103–26. [rJHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, D. T. (1982) Legal and primary-group social controls. Journal of Social and Biological Structures 5:431–38. [rJHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caporael, L. R., Dawes, R. M., Orbell, J. M. & van de Kragt, A. J. C. (1989) Selfishness examined: Cooperation in the absence of egoistic incentives. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12:683–739. [LRC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Case, R. (1985) Intellectual development: Birth to adulthood. Academic Press. [KRG]Google Scholar
Chan, W.-T. (1969) A source book in Chinese philosophy. Princeton University Press. [DPL]Google Scholar
Charlesworth, W. R. (1990) It's the most complete knowledge that't most responsible. Human Ethology Newsletter 13:2–3. [WRC]Google Scholar
Cheney, D. L. & Seyfarth, R. M. (1990) How monkeys see the world. University of Chicago Press. [JPH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, P. W. & Holyoak, K. J. (1989) On the natural selection of reasoning theories. Cognition 33:285–313. [LRC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cleveland, J. & Snowdon, C. T. (1982) The complex vocal repertoire of the adult cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus oedipus). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 58:231–70. [JPH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, S. (1982) Selfless persons. Cambridge University Press. [DPL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (1989) Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture, II. Case study: A computational theory of social exchange. Ethnology and Sociobiology 10:51–97. [rJHB, RMN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crapanzano, V. (1980) Tuhami: Portrait of a Moroccan. Chicago University Press. [DPL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crapanzano, V. (1990) An introduction (to special issue). Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 14(2):145–52. [DPL]Google Scholar
Cronk, L. (1989a) The Behavioral Ecology of Change Among the Mukogodo of Kenya. Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern University. [LC]Google Scholar
Cronk, L. (1989b) From hunters to herders: Subsistence change as a reproductive strategy among the Mukogodo. Current Anthropology 30:224–34. [LC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cronk, L. (1989c) Low socioeconomic status and female biased parental investment: The Mukogodo example. American Anthropologist 91:414–29. [LC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cronk, L. (1990) Stratification, bridewealth, and marriage patterns among the Mukogodo and their neighbors, Laikipia District, Kenya. Research in Economic Anthropology 12:89–109. [LC]Google Scholar
Cronk, L. (1980) The Evolution of human consciousness. Clarendon Press. [rJHB, IV]Google Scholar
Daly, M. & Wilson, M. I. (1978) Sex, evolution and behavior. Duxbury. [arJHB]Google Scholar
Daly, M. & Wilson, M. I. (1983) Sex, evolution, and behavior. Willard Grant Press. [rJHB, DMB]Google Scholar
Daly, M. & Wilson, M. I. (1988) Homicide. Aldine de Gruyter. [DMB]Google ScholarPubMed
Darwin, C. (1871) The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. Murray. [DMB]Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1887) Life and letters of Charles Darwin. John Murray. [DPL]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1976) The selfish gene. Oxford University Press, Oxford. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1982) The extended phenotype: The gene as the unit of selection. W. H. Freeman. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1988) The evolution of consciousness. The Jacobsen lecture. University of London, May 13. [IV]Google Scholar
DiLeo, J. & Strait, G. (1990) Mapping the wisdom of the body. The world & 5(6):302–07. [DPL]Google Scholar
Dieterlen, G., ed. (1973) La notion de personne en Afrique noire. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. [DPL]Google Scholar
Dobzhanksy, T. (1963) Cultural direction of human evolution. Human Biology 35:311–16. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Dobzhanksy, T., Ayala, F. J., Stebbins, G. L. & Valentine, J. W. (1977) Evolution. W. H. Freeman. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., McClaskey, C. L. & Brown, M. M. (1986) Social competence in children. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 51:1–85. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Draper, P. & Harpending, H. (1988) A sociobiological perspective on the development of human reproductive strategies. In: Sociobiological perspectives on human development, ed. MacDonald, K. B.. Springer-Verlag. [PKS]Google Scholar
Draper, P. (1989) African marriage systems: Perspectives from evolutionary ecology. Ethology and Sociobiology 10:145–69. [rJHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Draper, P., & Harpending, H. (1982) Father absence and reproductive strategy: An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Anthropological Research 38:255–73. [rJHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edelman, G. (1987) Neural Darwinism. Basic Books. [LRC]Google Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1972) Love and hate. The natural history of behavior patterns Holt, Rinehart & Winston. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Eisenberg, L. (1985) Family policy and children'n mental health in the People'e Republic of China. In: Mental health planning for one billion people, ed. Lin, T-y. & Eisenberg, L.. University of British Columbia Press. [DPL]Google Scholar
Ellis, L. (1989) Theories of rape: Inquiries into the causes of sexual aggression. Hemisphere. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Engel, G. M. (1977) The need for a new medical model. Science 126:129. [RCS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feierman, J. R., ed. (1987) The ethology of psychiatric populations. In: Ethnology and sociobiology 8:3 (suppl.) [JRF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisch, M. (1982) Introduction to writings of Charles S. Peirce: A chronological edition, vol. I:1857–1866. Indiana University Press. [DPL]Google Scholar
Flinn, M. V. (1988) Mate guarding in a Caribbean village. Ethology and Sociobiology 9:1–28. [DMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, G. M. (1972) The anatomy of envy: A study in symbolic behavior. Current Anthropology 13:165–201. [rJHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francis, J. L. (1977) Toward the management of heterosexual jealousy. Journal of Marriage and Family Counseling 10:61–69. [DMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fry, D. P. (1988) Intercommunity differences in aggression among Zapotec children. Child Development 59:1008–19. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geertz, C. (1973) The interpretation of cultures. Selected essays. Basic Books. [aJHB]Google Scholar
Gibson, K. R. (1983) Comparative neurobehavioral ontogeny: The constructionist perspective in the evolution of language, object manipulation, and the brain. In: Glossogenetics, ed. E, E.. Harwood Academic. [KRG]Google Scholar
Gibson, K. R. (1988) Brain size and the evolution of language. In: The genesis of language: A different judgment of evidence, ed. M, M.. Mouton de Gruyter. [KRG]Google Scholar
Foster, M. LeCron (1980) The growth of symbolism in culture. In: Symbol as Sense, ed. Foster, M. LeCron & Brandes, S. H.. Academic Press. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Foster, M. LeCron (1990) Neurological perspectives on comparative animal and human intelligence: New approaches to the instinct versus learning controversy. In: Language and intelligence in animals, ed. Parker, S. & Gibson, K.. Cambridge University Press. [KRG]Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G. (1984) Evolutionary trends and evolutionary origins: Relevance to theory in comparative psychology. Psychological Review 91:448–56. [DRR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenfield, P. (1990) Language, tools, and the brain: The development and evolution of hierarchically organized sequential behavior. Paper presented at the Wenner Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Conference on Tools, language, and intelligence: Evolutionary implications, Cascais, Portugal, March. [KRG]Google Scholar
Greenwald, A. G. (1980) The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history. American Psychologist 35:603–18. [IV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, D. R. (1984). Animal thinking. Harvard University Press. [HT]Google Scholar
Gross, M. (1972) Mathematical models in linguistics. Prentice-Hall. [JPH]Google Scholar
Hahn, R. A. (1985) Culture bound syndromes unbound. Social Science and Medicine 21:165–71. [rJHB, RCS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hailman, J. P. (1990) Blue jay mimics osprey. Florida Field Naturalist 18. [JPH]Google Scholar
Hailman, J. P. & Ficken, M. S. (1986) Combinatorial animal communication with computable syntax: “chick-a-dee” calling qualifies as “language” by structural linguistics. Animal Behaviour 34:1899–1901. [JPH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hailman, J. P., Ficken, M. S. & Ficken, R. W. (1985) The ‘chick-a-dee’ calls of Parus atricapillus: A recombinant system of animal communication compared with written English. Semiotica 56:191–224. [JPH]Google Scholar
Hailman, J. P., Ficken, M. S. & Ficken, R. W. (1987) Structural constraints on combinatorial “chick-a-dee” calls. Ethology 75:62–80. [JPH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallowell, A. I. (1955) Culture and experience. University of Pennsylvania Press. [rJHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallowell, A. I. (1959) Behavioral evolution and the emergence of the self. In: Evolution and Anthropology: A Centennial Appraisal, ed. Meggers, B. J.. Anthropological Society of Washington. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Hallowell, A. I. (1960) Self, society and culture in phylogenetic perspective. In: Evolution After Darwin, vol. 2, The Evolution of Man, ed. Tax, Sol. University of Chicago Press. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Hallowell, A. I. (1961) The protocultural foundations of human adaptation. In: Social Life of Early Man, ed. Washburn, S. L.. Viking Fund Publications. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Hallowell, A. I. (1965) Hominid evolution, cultural adaptation and mental dysfunctioning. In: CIBA Foundation Symposium on Transcultural Psychiatry, ed., de Reuck, A. V. S. and Porter, R.. Churchill. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. D. (1975) Innate social aptitudes of man: An approach from evolutionary genetics. In: Biosocial anthropology, ed. R, R.. Wiley. [aJHB]Google Scholar
Hargreaves, D. H. (1967) Social relations in a secondary school. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [PKS]Google Scholar
Harris, M. (1979) Cultural materialism: The struggle for a science of culture. Random House. [aJHB, PLvdB]Google Scholar
Harris, M. (1980) Culture, people, nature. An introduction to general anthropology, 3rd ed. Harper & Row. [aJHB]Google Scholar
Hartup, W. W. (1974) Aggression in childhood: Developmental perspectives. American Psychologist 29:336–41. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayek, F. A. (1973) Law, legislation and liberty. University of Chicago Press. [LC]Google Scholar
Hayek, F. A. (1978) New studies in philosophy, politics, economics and the history of ideas. University of Chicago Press. [LC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayek, F. A. (1989) The Fatal Conceit. Edited by Bartley, W. W., III. University of Chicago Press. [LC]Google Scholar
Heelas, P. & Lock, A., eds. (1981) Indigenous psychologies: The anthropology of the self. Academic Press. [DPL]Google Scholar
Heine, B. (1974) Notes on the Yaaku language (Kenya). Afrika und Ubersee 58:27–61, 119–39. [LC]Google Scholar
Hempel, C. G. (1966) The philosophy of natural science. Prentice-Hall. [DRR]Google Scholar
Hewes, G. W. (1973) Primate communication and the gestural origin of language. Current Anthropology 14:5–24. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Hill, R. (1945) Campus values in mate selection. Journal of Home Economics 37:554–58. [DMB]Google Scholar
Hinde, R. A. (1987) Individuals, relationships and culture. Links between ethology and the social sciences. Cambridge University Press. [rJHB, IV]Google Scholar
Hockett, C. F. (1959) Animal “languages” and human language. In: The evolution of man'n capacity for culture, ed. Snyder, J. N.. Wayne State University Press. [JPH]Google Scholar
Hockett, C. F. (1960a) Logical considerations in the study of animal communication. In: Animal sounds and communication, ed. Lanyon, W. E. & Tavolga, W. N.. American Institute of Biological Sciences. [JPH]Google Scholar
Hockett, C. F. (1960b) The origin of speech. Scientific American 203:89–96. [JPH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hockett, C. F. (1963) The problem of universals in language. In: Universals of language, ed. Greenberg, J. H.. MIT Press. [JPH]Google Scholar
Hockett, C. F. & Altmann, S. A. (1968) A note on design features. In: Animal communication, ed. Sebeok, T. A.. Indiana University Press. [JPH]Google Scholar
Hockett, C. F. & Ascher, R. (1964) The human revolution. Current Anthropology 5:135–68. [rJHB, JPH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hollard, V. D. & Delius, J. D. (1982) Rotational invariance in visual pattern recognition by pigeons and humans. Science 218:804–06. [HT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hudson, J. W. & Henze, L. F. (1969) Campus values in mate selection: Replication. Journal of Marriage and the Family 31:772–75. [DMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huesmann, L. R.Eron, L. D., Lefkowitz, M. M. & Walder, L. O. (1984) Stability of aggression over time and generations. Developmental Psychology 20:1120–34. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humphrey, N. (1983) Consciousness regained: Chapters in the development of mind. Oxford University Press. [rJHB, IV]Google Scholar
Hutt, S. J. & Hutt, C. (1970) Behavior studies in psychiatry. Pergamon Press. [JRF]Google Scholar
James, W. (1875) Chauncey Wright (obituary). In: Collected essays and reviews. Russell & Russell. [DPL]Google Scholar
James, W. (1890) The principles of psychology, 2 vols. Henry Holt. [DPL, IV]Google Scholar
James, W. (1961/1974) The varieties of religious experience. Collier Books (orig. pub. 1902). [DPL]Google Scholar
Johnson, P. (1976) A history of Christianity. Atheneum. [WRC]Google Scholar
Kenrick, D. T., et al. (1990) Evolution, traits, and the stages of human courtship: Qualifying the parental investment model. Journal of Personality 58:97–116. [DMB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirk-Greene, A. H. M., ed. (1962) Barth'h travels in Nigeria. Extracts from the journal of Heinrich Barth'h travels in Nigeria, 1850-1855. Oxford University Press, London. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Kitcher, P. (1985) Vaulting ambition. Sociobiology and the quest for human nature. MIT Press/Bradford Books. [rJHB, LRC]Google Scholar
Klama, J. (1988) Aggression: The myth of the beast within. Wiley. [LRC]Google Scholar
Kleinman, A. (1986) Social origins of distress and disease. Yale University Press. [DPL]Google Scholar
Kleinman, A. (1988) The illness narratives. Basic Books. [DPL]Google Scholar
Kohlberg, L. (1984) The moral development of the child. Harper & Row. [KRG]Google Scholar
Kroeber, A. L. & Kluckhohn, C. (1952) Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions. Vintage Books. [HT]Google Scholar
Kummer, H. (1971) Primate societies: Group techniques of ecological adaptation. Aldine-Atherton. [DRR]Google Scholar
Landau, M. (1984) Human evolution as narrative. American Scientist 72:262–68. [LRC]Google Scholar
Langer, J. (1980) The origins of logic: Six to twelve months. Academic Press. [KRG]Google Scholar
Langhorne, M. C. & Secord, P. F. (1955) Variations in marital needs with age, sex, marital status, and regional location. Journal of Social Psychology 41:19–37. [DMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leahey, T. H. (1987) A history of psychology: Main currents in psychological thought, 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall. [CC]Google Scholar
LeVine, R. A. (1966) Dreams and deeds. University of Chicago Press. [aJHB]Google Scholar
LeVine, R. A. & Campbell, D. T. (1972) Ethnocentrism. Theories of conflict, ethnic attitudes and group behavior. Wiley. [aJHB]Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. C., Rose, S. P. R. & Kamin, L. J. (1984) Not in our genes. Pantheon. [JRF]Google Scholar
Lieberman, P. (1975) On the origins of language: An introduction to the evolution of human speech. Macmillan. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Lieberman, P. (1984) The biology and evolution of language. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lock, M. (1990) On being ethnic: The politics of identity breaking and making in Canada, or Nevra on Sunday. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 14(2):237–54. [DPL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lock, M. & Dunk, P. (1987) My nerves are broken: The communication of suffering in a Greek-Canadian community. In: Health and Canadian society, ed. Coburn, D., D'Drcy, C., Torrance, G. & New, P.. Fitzhenry & Whiteside. [DPL]Google Scholar
Lockard, J. S. (1980) Speculations on the adaptive significance of self-deception. In: The evolution of human social behavior, ed. Lockard, J. S.. Elsevier. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Lockard, J. S. & Paulhus, D. L., eds. (1988) Self-deception: An adaptive mechanism. Prentice-Hall. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Long, D. (1980) “Psychozoology” (Letter to the Editor). Times Literary Supplement, August 1:874. [DPL]Google Scholar
Lumsden, D. P. (1976) On “transcultural psychiatry,” Africans, and academic racism. American Anthropologist 78(1):101–04. [DPL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lumsden, D. P. (1984) On assessing and ameliorating the “costs” of social life. In: Community mental health action, ed. Lumsden, D. P.. Canadian Public Health Association. [DPL]Google Scholar
Lumsden, C. J. & Wilson, E. O. (1981) Genes, mind, and culture. Harvard University Press. [aJHB, PLvdB]Google Scholar
MacDonald, K. (1986) Civilization and its discontents revisited: Freud as an evolutionary biologist. Journal of Social and Biological Structures 9:307–18. [rJHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacDonald, K. B., ed. (1988) Sociobiological perspectives on human development. Springer-Verlag. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacLean, P. D. (1973) A triune concept of the brain and behavior. University of Toronto Press. [aJHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacLean, P. D. (1978) The evolution of three mentalities. In: Human evolution. Biosocial perspectives, ed. Washburn, S. L. & McCown, E. R.. Benjamin/Cummings. [aJHB]Google Scholar
Madden, E., ed. (1958) The philosophical writings of Chauncey Wright. Liberal Arts Press. [DPL]Google Scholar
Madden, E. (1963) Chauncey Wright and the foundations of pragmatism. University of Washington Press. [DPL]Google Scholar
Madden, E. (1964) Chauncey Wright. Washington Square Press.Google Scholar
Main, M., Daplan, N. & Cassidy, J. (1985) Security in infancy, childhood and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. In: Growing points in attachment theory and research, ed. Bretherton, I. & Waters, E.. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 50:66–104. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malinowski, B. (1948) Magic, science and religion, and other essays; selected and with an introduction by Robert Redfield. Beacon Press. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Mandelbrot, B. (1953) Contribution à la théorie mathématique des jeux de communication. Publication L'Lnstitute Statistique L'Lniversité Paris 2:5–50. [JPH]Google Scholar
Markl, H. (1980) Evolution of social behaviour: Hypotheses and empirical tests. Verlag Chemie. [DRR]Google Scholar
Marsella, A., DeVos, G. & Hsu, F., eds. (1985) Culture and self: Asian and Western perspectives. Tavistock. [DPL]Google Scholar
Mauss, M. (1979) A category of the human mind: The notion of person, the notion of “self.” In: Sociology and psychology: Essays. Routledge & Kegan Paul. (orig. pub. 1938). [DPL]Google Scholar
McGinnis, R. (1958) Campus values in mate selection. Social Forces 36:368–73. [DMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGuire, M. T. & Fairbanks, L. A., eds. (1977) Ethological psychiatry: Psychopathology in the context of evolutionary biology. Grime & Stratton. [JRF]Google Scholar
Mead, G. H. (1934) Mind, self and society. University of Chicago Press. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Miller, G. A., Galanter, E. & Pribram, K. H. (1960) Plans and the structure of behavior. Holt. [aJHB, RMN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagel, T. (1979) Subjective and objective. In: Mortal questions. Cambridge University Press. [IV]Google Scholar
Needham, R. (1971) Remarks on the analysis of kinship and marriage. In: Rethinking kinship and marriage, ed. Needham, R. R.. Tavistock. [DPL]Google Scholar
Neiworth, J. J. & Rilling, M. E. (1987). A method for studying imagery in animals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 13:203–14. [HT]Google Scholar
Nesse, R. M. (1990a) The evolutionary functions of repression and the ego defenses. Journal of the Academy of Psychoanalysis 18:260–85. [rJHB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nesse, R. M. (1990b) Evolutionary explanations of emotions. Human Nature 1(3):261–89. [RMN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nice, M. M. (1943) Studies in the life history of the song sparrow: II. The behavior of the song sparrow and other passerines. Transactions of the Linnaean Society of New York 6:1–328. [JPH]Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. & Ross, L. (1980) Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of human judgment. Prentice-Hall. [LRC]Google Scholar
Olweus, D. (1979) The stability of aggressive reaction patterns in humans: A review. Psychological Bulletin 85:852–75. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oyama, S. (1985) The ontogeny of information. Cambridge University Press. [LRC]Google Scholar
Paden, J. N. (1973) Religion and political culture in Kano. University of California Press. [rJHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pagels, E. H. (1979) The gnostic Gospels. Random. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Pagels, E. H. (1988) Adam, Eve and the serpent. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Parker, S. T. (1987) A sexual selection model for hominid evolution. Human Evolution 2:235–53. [MJH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, J. M. (1987) An introduction to animal cognition. Lawrence Erlbaum. [HT]Google Scholar
Pellegrini, A. D. (1988) Elementary school children'n rough-and-tumble play and social competence. Developmental Psychology 24:802–06. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pickthall, M. (n.d.) The meaning of the glorious Koran. Dorset Press. [WRC]Google Scholar
Pliskin, K. (1987) Silent boundaries. Yale University Press. [DPL]Google Scholar
Prigogine, I. & Stengers, I. (1984) Order out of chaos. Heinemann. [NEW]Google Scholar
Radhakrishan, S. (1970) The Bhagavadgita. Blackie & Son. [WRC]Google Scholar
Rahner, K., ed. (1975) Encyclopedia of theology: The concise Sacramentum Mundi. The Seabury Press. [WRC]Google Scholar
Rasmussen, D. R. (1981) Pair-bond strength and stability and reproductive success. Psychological Review 88:274–90. [DRR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasmussen, D. R. (1988) Studies of food enhanced primate groups: Current and potential areas of contribution to primate social ecology. In: Ecology and behaviour of food-enhanced primate groups, ed. Fa, J. E. & Southwick, C. H.. Alan R. Liss. [DRR]Google Scholar
Reynolds, V.Falger, V. & Vine, I., eds. (1987) The Sociobiology of ethnocentrism. Evolutionary dimensions of xenophobia, discrimination, racism and nationalism. Croom Helm. [aJHB]Google Scholar
Richards, R. (1987) Darwin and the emergence of evolutionary theories of mind and behavior. University of Chicago Press. [CC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, J. G. (1979) An analysis of the organization of vocal communication in the titi monkey Callicebus moloch. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 49:381–405. [JPH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, J. G. (1984) Syntactic structures in the vocalizations of wedge-capped capuchin monkeys, Cebus olivaceus. Behaviour 90:46–79. [JPH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roitblat, H. L. (1987). Introduction to comparative cognition. W. H. Freeman. [HT]Google Scholar
Rosenberg, A. (1985) The structure of biological science. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [aJHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenberg, M. & Kaplan, H. B. (1982) Social psychology of the self-concept. Harlan Davidson. [LRC]Google Scholar
Sahlins, M. (1977) The use and abuse of biology. Tavistock. [DPL]Google Scholar
Scheper-Hughes, N. & Lock, M. (1987) The mindful body: A prolegomenon to future work in medical anthropology. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 1(1):6–41. [DPL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schildkrout, E. (1975) Economics and kinship in multi-ethnic dwellings. In: Changing social structure in Ghana, ed. Goody, J.. International African Institute. [DPL]Google Scholar
Schrag, P. & Divoky, D. (1975) The myth of the hyperactive child. Pantheoi Books. [DPL]Google Scholar
Schumacher, J. A. (1989) Human posture: The nature of inquiry. State University of New York Press. [LRC]Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. (1982) Is there a schizophrenic language? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5:535–78. [JRF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shallice, T. (1988) Information-processing models of consciousness: Possibilities and problems. In: Consciousness and contemporary science, ed. Marcel, A. J. & Bisiach, E.. Oxford University Press. [IV]Google Scholar
Shaw, R. P. & Wong, Y. (1988) Genetic Seeds of Warfare: Evolution, Nationalism, and Patriotism. Unwin Hyman. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Shields, W. M. & Shields, L. M. (1983) Forcible rape: An evolutionary perspective. Ethology and Sociohiology 4:115–36. [rJHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Short, R. V. (1974) Man, the changing animal. In: Physiology and genetics of reproduction, Part A, ed. Coutinho, E. M. & Fuchs, F.. Plenum. [DER]Google Scholar
Shweder, R. & Bourne, E. (1982) Does the concept of the person vary cross-culturally? In: Cultural conceptions of mental health and therapy, ed. Marsella, A. & White, G.. Reidel/Kluwer Academic. [DPL]Google Scholar
Simon, H. A. (1962) The architecture of complexity. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 106:467–82. [HCP]Google Scholar
Simons, R. C. (1980) The resolution of the Latah paradox. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 168:195–206. [RCS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simons, R. C. (1985) The resolution of the Latah paradox. In: Culture-bound syndromes: Folk illnesses of psychiatric and anthropological interest, ed. Simons, R. C. & Hughes, C. C.. D. Reidel. [rJHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slavin, M. O. (1987) The origins of psychic conflict and the adaptive functions of repression: An evolutionary biological view. Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought 8:407–40. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Slavin, M. O. (1988) Self psychology from the perspective of evolutionary biology: Toward a biological foundation for self psychology. Progress in Self Psychology 3:253–74. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Slavin, M. O. & Kriegman, D. (1988) Freud, biology and sociobiology. American Psychologist August:658–61. [rJHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, P. K. (1983) Biological, psychological, and historical aspects of reproduction and child care. In: Animal models of human behaviour, ed. Davey, G. C. L.. Wiley. [PKS]Google Scholar
Smith, P. K. (1989) The role of rough-and-tumble play in the development of social competence: Theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence. In: Social competence in developmental perspective, ed. Schneider, B. H., Attili, G., Nadel, J. & Weissberg, R. P.. Kluwer. [PKS]Google Scholar
Smith, P. K. & Boulton, M. J. (1990) Rough-and-tumble play, aggression and dominance: Perception and behaviour in children'n encounters. Human Development 33:271–82. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sugunasiri, S. (1989) Buddhism in metropolitan Toronto: A preliminary overview. Canadian Ethnic Studies 21(2):83–103. [DPL]Google Scholar
Stecklis, D. & Hamad, S. (1976) From hand to mouth: Some critical stages in the evolution of language. In: Origins and evolution of language and speech, ed. Stekis, D. & Harnad, S.. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 280:445–54. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Symons, D. (1979) The evolution of human sexuality. Oxford University Press (New York). [arJHB, DMB]Google Scholar
Symons, D. (1987a) If we'ee all Darwinians, what't the fuss about? In: Sociobiology and psychology: Ideas, issues and applications, ed. Crawford, C., Krebs, D. & Smith, M.. Erlbaum. [aJHB, DMB]Google Scholar
Symons, D. (1987b) Darwin and human nature. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10:89. [rJHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Symons, D. (1989) A critique of Darwinian anthropology. Ethology and Sociobiology 10:131–44. [aJHB, PLvdB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Symons, D. (in preparation) On the use and misuse of Darwinism in the study of human behavior. In: The adapted mind, ed. Barkow, J., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J.. Oxford University Press (New York). [aJHB]Google Scholar
Tafjel, H. (1981) Human groups and social categories: Studies in social psychology. Cambridge University Press. [rJHB, IV]Google Scholar
Tao, K.-T. (1985) Children'n mental health problems in China. In: Mental health planning for one billion people, ed. Lin, T.-Y. & Eisenberg, L.. UBC Press. [DPL]Google Scholar
Teismann, M. W. & Mosher, D. L. (1978) Jealous conflict in dating couples. Psychological Reports 42:1211–16. [DMB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thornhill, R. & Thornhill, N. W. (1989) The evolution of psychological pain. In: Sociobiology and the social sciences, ed. Bell, R.. Texas Technical University Press. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Thorpe, W. H. (1972) The comparison of vocal communication in animals and man. In: Non-verbal communication, ed. Hinde, R. A.. Cambridge University Press. [JPH]Google Scholar
Tiger, L. (1979) Optimism: The biology of hope. Simon & Schuster. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Tinbergen, N. (1951) The study of instinct. Oxford University Press. [rJHB, CC]Google Scholar
Tinbergen, N. (1963) On the aims and methods of ethology. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 20:410–63. [RMN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tinbergen, N. (1965) Behaviour and natural selection. In: Ideas in modern biology, ed. Moore, J. A.. Natural History Press. [DRR]Google Scholar
Tinbergen, N. (1968) On war and peace in animals and man. Science 160:1411–18. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (1989) Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture, part I: Theoretical considerations. Ethology and Sociobiology 9:29–50. [DMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townsend, J. M. (1989) Mate selection criteria: A pilot study. Ethology and Sociobiology 10:241–54. [DMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trivers, R. L. (1972) Parental investment and sexual selection. In: Sexual selection and the descent of man: 1871-1971, ed. Cambell, B.. Aldine. [aJHB, DMB]Google Scholar
Turke, P. (1990) Which humans behave adaptively, and why does it matter? Ethology and Sociobiology 11. [aJHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tumbull, C. (1972) The mountain people. Simon & Schuster. [DPL]Google Scholar
Tumbull, C. (1976) Reply. Royal Anthropological Institute Newsletter: RAIN 16:4–6. [DPL]Google Scholar
Turner, J. C. (1987) Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Basil Blackwell. [rJHB, LRC, IV]Google Scholar
Van Schaik, C. P. (1983) Why are diurnal primates living in groups? Behaviour 87:120–144. [DRR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van den Berghe, P. (1981) The ethnic phenomenon. Elsevier. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Van den Berghe, P. (1983) Class, race and ethnicity in Africa. Ethnic and Racial Studies 6:221–236. [rJHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van den Berghe, P. (1986) Kin, ethnicity, class and the state: Of consciousness of kind, true and false. Politics and the Life Sciences 4:142–144. [rJHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van den Berghe, P. (1990) Why most sociologists don'n (and won'n) think evolutionarily. Sociological Forum 5:173–85. [PLvdB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Velmans, M. (1989) The function of consciousness in human information processing. History and Philosophy Section, British Psychological Society. Bishop Grosseteste College, Lincoln, 28–30 March. [IV]Google Scholar
Vine, I. (1987) Inclusive fitness and the self-system: The roles of human nature and sociocultural processes in intergroup discrimination. In: The sociobiology of ethnocentrism: Evolutionary dimensions of xenophobia, discrimination, racism and nationalism, ed. Reynolds, V., Falger, V. S. E. & Vine, I.. Groom Helm. [rJHB, IV]Google Scholar
Vine, I. (in press) Altruism and human nature: Resolving the evolutionary paradox. In: Embracing the other: Philosophical, psychological and historical perspectives on altruism, ed. Oliner, P. M., Baron, L., Blum, L. A., Krebs, D. & Smolenska, Z.. New York University Press. [IV]Google Scholar
Von Domarus, E. (1944) The specific laws of logic in schizophrenia. In: Language and thought in schizophrenia, ed. Kasanin, J. S.. Norton. [JRF]Google Scholar
Wallace, A. (1962) The new culture-and-personality. In: Anthropology and human behavior, ed. Gladwin, T. & Sturtevant, W.. The Anthropological Society of Washington, D.C. [DPL]Google Scholar
Wax, M. L. (1969) Myth and interrelationships in social science: Illustrated through anthropology and sociology. In: Interdisciplinary relationships in the social sciences, ed. Sherif, M. & Sherif, C. W.. Aldine. [aJHB]Google Scholar
Weinberg, E. D. (1984) Iron withholding: A defense against infection and neoplasia. Physiological Review 64:65–102. [RMN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wenegrat, B. (1984) Sociobiology and mental disorders: A new view. Addison-Wesley. [JRF]Google Scholar
White, N. F. (1974) Ethology and psychiatry. University of Toronto Press. [JRF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whittlesey, D. (1937) Kano: A Sudanese metropolis. Geographic Review 27(2):177. Cited in Paden (1973). [rJHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, G. C. (1966) Adaptation and natural selection: A critique of some current evolutionary thought. Princeton University Press. [rJHB]Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. (1975) Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Belknap Press. [aJHB]Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. (1978) On Human nature. Harvard University Press. [aJHB]Google ScholarPubMed
Wilson, P., McCall, G., Geddes, W., Pfeiffer, M. A., Boskey, J. & Tumbull, C. (1975) More thoughts on the Id. Current Anthropology 16(3):343–58. [DPL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, A. A. (1972) Psychometric and psychophysical hue discrimination functions for the pigeon. Vision Research 12:1447–64. [HT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, A. A. (1978) Construction of equal-hue discriminability scales for the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 29:261–66. [HT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, C. (1877) Philosophical discussions. Henry Holt & Co. (repub. 1971, Burt Franklin). [DPL]Google Scholar
Zipf, G. K. (1935) The psycho-biology of language. Houghton Mifflin. (1949) Human behavior and the principle of least effort. Addison-Wesley. [JPH]Google Scholar