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Folk-economic beliefs: An evolutionary cognitive model

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 October 2017

Pascal Boyer  and
Michael Bang Petersen
Pascal Boyer
Affiliation:
Departments of Psychology and Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130. pboyer@wustl.eduwww.pascalboyer.net
Michael Bang Petersen
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science and Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. michael@ps.au.dkhttp://au.dk/en/michael@ps
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Abstract

The domain of “folk-economics” consists in explicit beliefs about the economy held by laypeople, untrained in economics, about such topics as, for example, the causes of the wealth of nations, the benefits or drawbacks of markets and international trade, the effects of regulation, the origins of inequality, the connection between work and wages, the economic consequences of immigration, or the possible causes of unemployment. These beliefs are crucial in forming people's political beliefs and in shaping their reception of different policies. Yet, they often conflict with elementary principles of economic theory and are often described as the consequences of ignorance, irrationality, or specific biases. As we will argue, these past perspectives fail to predict the particular contents of popular folk-economic beliefs and, as a result, there is no systematic study of the cognitive factors involved in their emergence and cultural success. Here we propose that the cultural success of particular beliefs about the economy is predictable if we consider the influence of specialized, largely automatic inference systems that evolved as adaptations to ancestral human small-scale sociality. These systems, for which there is independent evidence, include free-rider detection, fairness-based partner choice, ownership intuitions, coalitional psychology, and more. Information about modern mass-market conditions activates these specific inference systems, resulting in particular intuitions, for example, that impersonal transactions are dangerous or that international trade is a zero-sum game. These intuitions in turn make specific policy proposals more likely than others to become intuitively compelling, and, as a consequence, exert a crucial influence on political choices.

Keywords

cultural beliefscultural transmissioneconomic psychologyevolutionary psychologyfolk-economicsheuristics and biasespolitical psychology
Type
Target Article
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 41 , 2018 , e158
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

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