Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T12:03:52.216Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Case for Involving the Family in the Treatment of Childhood Anxiety

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 October 2014

Vanessa E. Cobham*
Affiliation:
University of Queensland
*
School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia. E-mail: vanessa@psy.uq.edu.au
Get access

Extract

Anxiety disorders are among the most common forms of psychopathology reported by children and adolescents. Anxiety disorders in children have debilitating consequences, both for the child and his/her family. In addition, research indicates that, in many cases, these disorders follow a chronic and persistent course. The efficacy of child-focused cognitive-behavioural interventions in the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders has been well demonstrated by recent, well-controlled research. This treatment outcome literature is briefly reviewed. Most recently, however, interventions used in the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders have taken the form of combined interventions aimed both at the anxious child and his or her family. This paper reviews two related bodies of research in presenting a case for the involvement of families in the treatment of childhood anxiety. First, the etiological evidence implicating the families of anxious children in the development and/or maintenance of childhood anxiety is presented. Second, the treatment outcome studies that have empirically evaluated this type of combined intervention are reviewed.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Barrett, P.M., Dadds, M.R., & Rapee, R.M. (1991a). Coping koala workbook. Unpublished manuscript. Psychology Department, University of Queensland, Australia.Google Scholar
Barrett, P. M., Dadds, M. R., & Rapee, R. M. (1991b). Family Anxiety Management. Unpublished manuscript, Psychology Department, University of Queensland, Australia.Google Scholar
Barrett, P.M., Dadds, M.R., & Rapee, R.M. (1996). Family treatment of childhood anxiety: A controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 333342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrett, P.M., Rapee, R.M., Dadds, M.R., & Ryan, S.M. (1996). Family enhancement of cognitive styles in anxious and aggressive children: The FEAR effect. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 187203.Google Scholar
Bernstein, G.A., & Borchardt, C.M. (1991). Anxiety disorders of childhood and adolescence: A critical review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 519532.Google Scholar
Chorpita, B.F., Albano, A.M., & Barlow, D.H. (1996). Cognitive processing in children: Relation to anxiety and family influences. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 170176.Google Scholar
Cobham, V.E. (1998). An integrated aetiological model of childhood anxiety. Manuscript submitted for publication.Google Scholar
Cobham, V.E., Dadds, M.R., & Spence, S. H. (in pressa). Anxious children and their parents: What do they expect? Journal of Clinical Child Psychology.Google Scholar
Cobham, V.E., Dadds, M.R., & Spence, S.H. (in press-b). The role of parental anxiety in the treatment of childhood anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology.Google Scholar
Costello, E.J. (1989). Child psychiatric disorders and their correlates: A primary care pediatric sample. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 851855.Google Scholar
Dumas, J.E., & LaFreniere, P.J. (1993). Mother-child relationships as sources of support or stress: A comparison of competent, average, aggressive and anxious dyads. Child Development, 64, 17321754.Google Scholar
Dweck, C., & Wortman, C. (1982). Learned helplessness, anxiety, and achievement. In Krohne, H. & Laux, L. (Eds.), Achievement, stress and anxiety (pp. 93125). New York: Hemisphere.Google Scholar
Giebenhain, J.E., & O'Dell, S.L. (1984). Evaluation of a parent training manual for reducing children's fears of the dark. Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 17, 121125.Google Scholar
Ginsburg, G.S., Silverman, W.K., & Kurtines, W.K. (1995). Family involvement in treating children with phobic and anxiety disorders: A look ahead. Clinical Psychology Review, 15, 457473.Google Scholar
Gordon, D.A., Jones, R.H., & Nowicki, S. (1979). A measure of intensity of parental punishment. Journal of Personality Assessment, 43, 485496.Google Scholar
Howard, B.L., & Kendall, P.C. (1992). Family-based cognitive-behavioral intervention of anxious children: A therapy manual, Philadelphia: Temple University, Department of Psychology. (Available from the second author)Google Scholar
Howard, B.L., & Kendall, P.C. (1996). Cognitive-behavioral family therapy for anxiety-disordered children: A multiple-baseline evaluation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20, 423443.Google Scholar
Kane, M., & Kendall, P.C. (1989). Anxiety disorders in children: Evaluation of a cognitive-behavioral treatment. Behavior Therapy, 20, 499508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kashani, J.H., & Orvaschel, H. (1988). Anxiety disorders in midadolescence: A community sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 960964.Google Scholar
Kashani, J.H., & Orvaschel, H. (1990). A community study of anxiety in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 313318.Google ScholarPubMed
Keller, M.B., Lavori, P., Wunder, J., Beardslee, W.R., Schwarts, C.E., & Roth, J. (1992). Chronic course of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 595599.Google Scholar
Kendall, P.C. (1994). Treating anxiety disorders in children: A controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 100110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendall, P.C., Kane, M., Howard, B., & Siqueland, L. (1990). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxious children: Treatment manual. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University, Department of Psychology.Google Scholar
Kendall, P.C., Kortlander, E., Chansky, T.E., & Brady, E.U. (1992). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in youth: Treatment implications. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 869880.Google Scholar
Kendall, P.C., & Southam-Gerow, M.A. (1996). Long-term follow-up of a cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety-disordered youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 724730.Google Scholar
Kohlmann, C.W., Schumacher, A., & Streit, A. (1988). Trait anxiety and parental child-rearing behavior: Support as a moderator variable? Anxiety Research, 1, 5364.Google Scholar
Kortlander, E., Kendall, P.C., & Chansky, T. (1992). Parental expectations and attributions associated with childhood anxiety disorders. Poster presented at the 25th Annual Convention of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Krohne, H.W. (1980). Parental child-rearing behavior and the development of anxiety and coping strategies in children. In Spielberger, C.D. & Sarason, I.G. (Eds.), Stress and anxiety (Vol. 7, pp. 233245). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.Google Scholar
Krohne, H.W. (1985). Developmental conditions of anxiety and coping: A two-process model of child-rearing effects. In Krohne, H.W. (Ed.), Coping with anxiety in achievement situations (pp. 135160). Weinham: Edition Psychologie.Google Scholar
Last, C.G., & Strauss, C.C. (1990). School refusal in anxiety-disordered children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(1), 3135.Google Scholar
McGee, R., Feehan, M., Williams, S., Partridge, F., Silva, P.A., & Kelly, J. (1990). DSM-III disorders in a large sample of adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 611619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Messer, S.C., & Beidel, D.C. (1994). Psychosocial correlates of childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 975983.Google Scholar
Perry, N.C., & Millimet, C.R. (1977). Child-rearing antecedents of low and high anxiety eighth-grade children. In Spielberger, C.D. & Sarason, I.G. (Eds.), Stress and anxiety (Vol. 4, pp. 189204). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.Google Scholar
Pfeffer, C.R., Lipkins, R., Plutchik, R., & Mizruchi, M. (1988). Normal children at risk for suicidal behavior: A two-year follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 3441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rapee, R.M., & Barlow, D.H. (1993). Generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and the phobias. In Sutker, P.B. & Adams, H.E. (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 109127). New York: Plenum.Google Scholar
Silverman, W.K., Cerny, J.A., Nelles, W.B., & Burke, A.E. (1988). Behavior problems in children of parents with anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(6), 779784.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silverman, W.K., & Nelles, W.B. (1988). The anxiety disorders interview schedule for children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 772778.Google Scholar
Siqueland, L., Kendall, P.C., & Steinberg, L. (1996). Anxiety in children: Perceived family environments and observed family interaction. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 225237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strauss, C.C., Frame, C.L., & Forehand, R.L. (1987). Psychosocial impairment associated with anxiety in children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 16, 235239.Google Scholar
Sylvester, C., Reichler, R.J., & Hyde, T.S. (1986). Children of depressed patients. Syllabus for anxiety and mood disorders. Seattle: University of Washington, School of Medicine, Continuing Medical Education.Google Scholar
Tahmisian, J.A., & McReynolds, W.T. (1971). Use of parents as behavioral engineers in the treatment of a school phobic girl. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 18, 225228.Google Scholar
Thapar, A., & McGuffin, P. (1995). Are anxiety symptoms in children heritable? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 439447.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed