Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-gvh9x Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-17T13:18:15.726Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Bilingual innovations: Experimental evidence offers clues regarding the psycholinguistics of language change*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 October 2016

EVA M. FERNÁNDEZ ,
RICARDO AUGUSTO DE SOUZA  and
AGUSTINA CARANDO
EVA M. FERNÁNDEZ*
Affiliation:
Queens College and Graduate Center, City University of New York
RICARDO AUGUSTO DE SOUZA
Affiliation:
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais/CNPq
AGUSTINA CARANDO
Affiliation:
Graduate Center, City University of New York
*
Address for correspondence: Eva M. Fernández, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd. Flushing, NY 11367USAeva.fernandez@qc.cuny.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Sustained interaction between a bilingual's two languages can be a first step toward diachronic language change. We describe two investigations that explore this by examining how bilinguals process innovative syntactic structures in their first language. In the first investigation, a sentence recall/sentence matching task, bilinguals and monolinguals exhibited differences in their tolerance of expressions of induced motion, which vary in acceptability between the two languages (Portuguese and English). In the second investigation, a priming methodology was employed to induce bilinguals to produce in their first language (Spanish) innovative constructions modeled on the second language (English), using materials where the alternation is shared between the two languages (voice, reciprocal) or not (dative). The two investigations provide a window into how languages interact in bilinguals, inducing tolerance of ungrammaticality which, we will argue, could lead to long-term novel representations in the linguistic competence repositories.

Keywords

innovationscross-linguistic primingargument structuresentence recall/sentence matchingSpanishEnglishBrazilian Portuguese
Type
Research Article
Information
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition , Volume 20 , Special Issue 2: Cross-linguistic Priming in Bilinguals: Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Language Processing, Acquisition and Change , March 2017 , pp. 251 - 268
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Part of this research was supported by a grant from the CAPES Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Education. We thank the audiences at Prosas Psicolinguísticas, at the II Encontro Internacional do GT de Psicolinguística da ANPOLL, and at the Crosslinguistic Priming in Bilinguals Workshop, for excellent feedback when early versions of this paper were presented. We are also greatly indebted to Gerrit Jan Kootstra and Pieter Muysken, as well as to the anonymous reviewers, for comments that have much improved this paper. Agustina Carando is currently at the University of California Davis.

References

Amaral, L., & Roeper, T. (2014). Multiple Grammars and second language representation. Second Language Research, 30 (1), 3–36. doi:10.1177/0267658313519017 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, H. (1989). Understanding linguistic innovations. In Breivik, L. E. & Jahr, E. H. (Eds.), Language change: contributions to the study of its causes (pp. 5–27). Berlin: de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Angelelli, C. V. (2012). Translation and Interpreting and Bilingualism. The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. doi:10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal1223 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arai, M., van Gompel, R. P. G., & Scheepers, C. (2007). Priming ditransitive structures in comprehension. Cognitive Psychology, 54 (3), 218–50. doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2006.07.001 Google Scholar
Bernolet, S., Hartsuiker, R. J., & Pickering, M. J. (2007). Shared syntactic representations in bilinguals: evidence for the role of word-order repetition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33 (5), 931–949. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.33.5.931 Google Scholar
Bernolet, S., Hartsuiker, R. J., & Pickering, M. J. (2013). From language-specific to shared syntactic representations: The influence of second language proficiency on syntactic sharing in bilinguals. Cognition, 31, 163–186. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.02.005 Google Scholar
Bock, J. K. (1986). Syntactic persistence in language production. Cognitive Psychology, 18 (3), 355–387. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(86)90004-6 Google Scholar
Bock, J. K. (1989). Closed-class immanence in sentence production. Cognition, 31 (2), 163–186. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(89)90022-X Google Scholar
Bock, J. K., & Griffin, Z. M. (2000). The persistence of structural priming: transient activation or implicit learning? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129 (2), 177–192. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.129.2.177 Google Scholar
Bock, J. K., & Loebell, H. (1990). Framing sentences. Cognition, 35 (1), 1–39. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(90)90035-I CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bock, J. K., & Miller, C. A. (1991). Broken agreement. Cognitive Psychology, 23, 45–93.Google Scholar
Branigan, H. P., Pickering, M. J., Stewart, A. J., & McLean, J. F. (2000). Syntactic priming in spoken production: Linguistic and temporal interference. Memory & Cognition, 28 (8), 1297–1302.Google Scholar
Brown, A., & Gullberg, M. (2013). L1–L2 convergence in clausal packaging in Japanese and English. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16, 477–494. doi:10.1017/S1366728912000491.Google Scholar
Bullock, B. E., & Toribio, A. J. (2004). Introduction: Convergence as an emergent property in bilingual speech. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 7 (2), 91–93. doi:10.1017/S1366728904001506 Google Scholar
Cambrussi, M. F. (2009). Alternância causativa de verbos inergativos no português brasileiro [Causative alternation of inergative verbs in Brazilian Portuguese]. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.Google Scholar
Carando, A. (2015). Convergence in Spanish–English bilinguals: evidence from structural priming. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Graduate Center, City University of New York. New York, NY.Google Scholar
Chang, F. (2008). Implicit learning as a mechanism of language change. Theoretical Linguistics, 34 (2), 115–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, B., Jia, Y., Wang, Z., Dunlap, S., & Shin, J.-A. (2013). Is word-order similarity necessary for cross-linguistic structural priming? Second Language Research, 29, 4, 375–389. doi: 10.1177/0267658313491962 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, C. M., & Garrett, M. F. (2004). Rapid adaptation to foreign-accented English. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 116 (6), 3647–3658. doi:10.1121/1.1815131 Google Scholar
Clopper, C. G., & Pisoni, D. B. (2004). Homebodies and army brats: Some effects of early linguistic experience and residential history on dialect categorization. Language Variation and Change, 16, 31–48. doi:10.1017/S0954394504161036 Google Scholar
Clyne, M. (1987). Constraints on code switching: How universal are they? Linguistics, 25 (4), 739–764. doi:10.1515/ling.1987.25.4.739 Google Scholar
Cook, V. J. (1992). Evidence for multicompetence. Language Learning, 42 (4), 557–591. doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770. 1992.tb01044.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, V. J. (1996). Competence and multicompetence. In Brown, G., Malmkjaer, K., & Williams, J. (Eds.), Competence and performance in second language acquisition. New York, NY/Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cook, V. J. (2002). Background to the L2 user. In Cook, V. J. (Ed.), Portraits of the L2 user (pp. 1–28). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Cook, V. J. (2003). The changing L1 in the L2 user's mind. In Cook, V. J. (Ed.), Effects of the second language on the first. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
de Almeida, R. G., & Manouilidou, C. (2015). The study of verbs in cognitive science. In Almeida, R. G. de & Manouilidou, C., Cognitive science perspectives on verb representation and processing (pp. 3–39). New York, NY: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10112-5_1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doğruöz, S., & Backus, A. (2009). Innovative constructions in Dutch Turkish: An assessment of ongoing contact-induced change. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12, 1, 41–63. doi:10.1017/S1366728908003441.Google Scholar
Dörnyei, Z., & Kormos, J. (1998). Problem-solving mechanisms in L2 communication. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 20 (03), 349–385. Retrieved from http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0272263198003039 Google Scholar
Ellis, N. C. (2002). Frequency effects in language processing. Studies in second language acquisition, 24 (2), 143–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernández, E. M. (2003). Bilingual sentence processing: relative clause attachment in English and Spanish. Amsterdam, NL: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Fernández, E. M., & Souza, R. A. de (2016). Walking bilinguals across language boundaries: on-line and off-line techniques. In Heredia, R., Altarriba, J., & Cieslicka, A. B. (Eds.), Methods in bilingual reading comprehension research (pp. 33–60). New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Ferreira, F. (1991). Effects of length and syntactic complexity on initiation times for prepared utterances. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 210–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferreira, V. S., & Bock, K. (2006). The functions of structural priming. Language and Cognitive Processes, 21 (7–8), 1011–1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01690960600824609 Google Scholar
Gámez, P. B., Shimpi, P. M., Waterfall, H. R., & Huttenlocher, J. (2009). Priming a perspective in Spanish monolingual children: the use of syntactic alternatives. Journal of Child Language, 36 (2), 269–90. doi:10.1017/S0305000908008945 Google Scholar
Garrod, S., & Anderson, A. (1987). Saying what you mean in dialogue: a study in conceptual and semantic co-ordination. Cognition, 27, 181–218. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(87)90018-7 Google Scholar
Gass, S. (2001). Sentence matching: A re-examination. Second Language Research, 17, 4, 421–441. doi: 10.1177/026765830101700407 Google Scholar
Gries, S. T. (2005). Syntactic priming: a corpus-based approach. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 34 (4), 365–399. doi:10.1007/s10936-005-6139-3 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grosjean, F. (2008). Studying bilinguals. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Grosjean, F. (2010). Bilingual: Life and reality. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Grosjean, F. (2013). Bilingual and monolingual language modes. In Chapelle, C. (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Publishing. doi: 10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0090 Google Scholar
Guy, G. (2005). Grammar and usage: a variationist response. Language, 81 (3), 561–563.Google Scholar
Harrington, J. (2012). The relationship between synchronic variation and diachronic change. In Cohn, A. C., Fougeron, C., & Huffman, M. K. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of laboratory phonology (pp. 321–331). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hartsuiker, R., & Bernolet, S. (2015). The development of shared syntax in second language learning. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, Available on CJO 2015 doi:10.1017/S1366728915000164 Google Scholar
Hartsuiker, R. J., & Pickering, M. J. (2008). Language integration in bilingual sentence production. Acta Psychologica, 128, 479–489. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2007.08.005 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartsuiker, R. J., Pickering, M. J., & Veltkamp, E. (2004). Is syntax separate or shared between languages? Cross-linguistic syntactic priming in Spanish–English bilinguals. Psychological Science, 15 (6), 409–414.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hsin, L., Legendre, G., & Omaki, A. (2013). Priming cross-linguistic interference in Spanish–English bilingual children. In Baiz, S., Goldman, N., & Hawkes, R., BUCLD 37: Proceedings of the 37th annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp. 165–177). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar
Higby, E. (2016). Native language adaptation to novel verb argument structures by Spanish–English bilinguals: An electrophysiological investigation. Doctoral dissertation, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY.Google Scholar
Jäger, G., & Rosenbach, A. (2008). Priming and unidirectional language change. Theoretical linguistics, 34 (2), 85–113.Google Scholar
Jaeger, T. F., & Snider, N. (2008). Implicit learning and syntactic persistence: Surprisal and cumulativity. In The 30th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci08). Retrieved from https://www.hlp.rochester.edu/~nsnider/pubs/jaeger+snider,cogsciconf_paper,2008.pdf Google Scholar
Juffs, A. (2000). An overview of the second language acquisition of links between verb semantics and morpho-syntax. In Archibald, J. (Ed.), Second Language Acquisition and Linguistic Theory (pp. 197–227). Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Kaschak, M. P., & Borreggine, K. L. (2008). Is long-term structural priming affected by patterns of experience with individual verbs? Journal of Memory and Language, 58 (3), 862–878. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2006.12.002 Google Scholar
Kootstra, G.J., & Doedens, W. J. (2016). How multiple sources of experience influence bilingual syntactic choice: Immediate and cumulative cross-language effects of structural priming, verb bias, and language dominance. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19, 4, 710–732. doi:10.1017/S1366728916000420 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kootstra, G. J., van Hell, J. G., Dijkstra, T. (2010). Syntactic alignment and shared word order in code-switched sentence production: Evidence from bilingual monologue and dialogue. Journal of Memory and Language, 63, 210–231. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2010.03.006 Google Scholar
Kuhl, P. K., Williams, K. A., Lacerda, F., Stevens, K. N., & Lindblom, B. (1992). Linguistic experience alters phonetic perception of infants by 6 months of age. Science, 255 (5044), 606–608.Google Scholar
Leonetti, M. (2004). Specificity and differential object marking in Spanish. Catalan Journal of Linguistics, 3, 75–114.Google Scholar
Levelt, W. J. M., & Kelter, S. (1982). Surface form and memory in question answering. Cognitive Psychology, 14, 78–106. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(82)90005-6 Google Scholar
Levin, B. (1993). English verb classes and alternations: a preliminary investigation. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Levin, B., & Rappaport Hovav, M. (2005). Argument realization. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Liu, H., Bates, E., & Li, P. (1992). Sentence interpretation in bilingual speakers of English and Chinese. Applied Psycholinguistics, 13, 451–484. doi:10.1017/S0142716400005762 Google Scholar
Loebell, H., & Bock, J. K. (2003). Structural priming across languages. Linguistics, 41 (5), 791–824. doi:10.1515/ling.2003.026 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luka, B., & Barsalou, L. (2005). Structural facilitation: Mere exposure effects for grammatical acceptability as evidence for syntactic priming in comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 52, 436–459. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2005.01.013 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luka, B., & Choi, H. (2012). Dynamic grammar in adults: Incidental learning of natural syntactic structures extends over 48 h. Journal of Memory and Language, 66, 2, 345–360. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2011.11.001 Google Scholar
Mackey, W. (1967/2000). The description of bilingualism. In Wei, L. (Ed.), The Bilingualism Reader (pp. 26–54). London, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar
MacDonald, M. (2013). How language production shapes language form and comprehension. Frontiers in Psychology 4 (Article 226), 1–16. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00226 Google Scholar
MacSwan, J. (1999). A Minimalist approach to intrasentential code switching. New York, NY: Garland.Google Scholar
MacWhinney, B. (2005). A Unified Model of Language Acquisition. In Kroll, J. & DeGroot, A. M. B. (Eds.), Handbook of Bilingualism: Psycholinguistic Approaches (p. 49–67). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Meara, P. (1996). The dimensions of lexical competence. In Brown, G., Malmkjær, K., & Williams, J. (Eds.), Performance and competence in second language acquisition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Meijer, P. J. A., & Fox Tree, J. E. (2003). Building syntactic structures in speaking: a bilingual exploration. Experimental Psychology, 50 (3), 184–195. doi:10.1026//1617-3169.50.3.184 Google Scholar
Misra, M., Guo, T., Bobb, S. C., & Kroll, J. F. (2012). When bilinguals choose a single word to speak: Electrophysiological evidence for inhibition of the native language, Journal of Memory and Language, 67, 1, 224–237. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2012.05.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montrul, S. (2001). Agentive verbs of manner of motion in Spanish and English as second languages. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 23 (02), 171–206.Google Scholar
Morett, L. M., & MacWhinney, B. (2013). Syntactic transfer in English-speaking Spanish learners. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16, 132–151. doi:10.1017/S1366728912000107.Google Scholar
Mufwene, S. S. (2010). SLA and the emergence of creoles. Studies in Second Language Acquisition2, 32, 359–400. doi:doi:10.1017/S027226311000001X Google Scholar
Munnich, E., Flynn, S., & Martohardjono, G. (1994). Elicited imitation and grammaticality judgment tasks: What they measure and how they relate to each other. In Tarone, E., Gass, S. & Cohen, A. (Eds.). Research methodology in second language acquisition (pp. 227–245). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Muysken, P. (2005). Review article: Psycholinguistic modelling in language contact. International Journal of Bilingualism, 9 (3 & 4), 511–518.Google Scholar
Muysken, P. (2013). Language contact outcomes as the result of bilingual optimization strategies. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16, 4, 709–730. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1366728912000727 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers-Scotton, C. (2002). Contact linguistics: bilingual encounters and grammatical outcomes. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nation, I. S. P. (1990). Teaching and learning vocabulary. Boston, MA: Heinle & Heinle.Google Scholar
Odlin, T. (1989). Language Transfer: Cross-linguistic influence in language learning. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Odlin, T. (2013). Cross-linguistic influence (CLI). In Robinson, P. (Ed.), The Routledge Encyclopedia of Second Language Acquisition. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Otheguy, R. (1995). When contact speakers talk, linguistic theory listens. In Contini-Morava, E. & Goldberg, B. Sussman, Meaning as explanation: Advances in linguistic sign theory (pp. 213–242). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Otheguy, R., Zentella, A. C., & Livert, D. (2007). Language and dialect contact in Spanish in New York: towards the formation of a speech community. Language, 83, 1–33.Google Scholar
“Pac-Man”. (2011). Jenkat Media, Inc. Retrieved from http://www.jenkatgames.com Google Scholar
Pavlenko, A., & Jarvis, S. (2002). Bidirectional transfer. Applied Linguistics, 23 (2), 190–214. doi:10.1093/applin/23.2.190 Google Scholar
Pickering, M. J., & Branigan, H. P. (1998). The representation of verbs: evidence from syntactic priming in language production. Journal of Memory and Language, 39 (4), 633–651. doi:10.1006/jmla.1998.2592 Google Scholar
Pickering, M. J., Branigan, H. P., & McLean, J. F. (2002). Constituent structure is formulated in one stage. Journal of Memory and Language, 46 (3), 586–605. doi:10.1006/jmla.2001.2824 Google Scholar
Pickering, M. J., & Garrod, S. (2004). Toward a mechanistic psychology of dialogue. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 27, 169–226. doi:10.1017/S0140525X04000056 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I'll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en español: Toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics, 18, 581–618. doi:0024/3949/80/0018-0581 Google Scholar
Potter, M. C., & Lombardi, L. (1998). Syntactic priming in immediate recall of sentences. Journal of Memory and Language, 38 (3), 265–282. doi:10.1006/jmla.1997.2546 Google Scholar
Quesada, J. D. (1997). Adiós to passive in Spanish. La Linguistique, 33 (1), 41–62.Google Scholar
Randall, J. (2010). Linking: the geometry of argument structure. New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Read, J. (2000). Assessing Vocabulary. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Roland, D., Dick, F., & Elman, J. L. (2007). Frequency of basic English grammatical structures: a corpus analysis. Journal of Memory and Language, 57 (3), 348–379. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.03.002 Google Scholar
Salamoura, A., & Williams, J. N. (2007). Processing verb argument structure across languages: evidence for shared representations in the bilingual lexicon. Applied Psycholinguistics, 28 (04), 627–660. doi:10.1017/S0142716407070348 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schachter, J. (1993). A new account of language transfer. In Gass, S. & Selinker, L. (Eds.), Language transfer in language learning (pp. 32–46). Amsterdam, NL: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Schenkein, J. (1980). A taxonomy for repeating action sequences in natural conversation. In Butterworth, B. (Ed.), Language production (pp. 21–47). London, UK: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Schoonbaert, S., Hartsuiker, R. J., & Pickering, M. J. (2007). The representation of lexical and syntactic information in bilinguals: evidence from syntactic priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 56 (2), 153–171. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2006.10.002 Google Scholar
Schütze, C. T. (1996). The empirical base of linguistics: Grammaticality judgments and linguistic methodology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Sebba, M. (1998). A congruence approach to the syntax of codeswitching. International Journal of Bilingualism, 2, 1, 1–19. doi:10.1177/136700699800200101 Google Scholar
Selinker, L. (1972). Interlanguage. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 10 (1–4), 209–232. doi:10.1515/iral.1972.10.1-4.209 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silva-Corvalán, C. (1994). Language contact and change: Spanish in Los Angeles. Oxford, UK: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Silva-Corvalán, C. (1998). On borrowing as a mechanism of syntactic change. In Schwegler, A., Tranel, B., & Uribe-Etxebarria, M., Eds., Romance linguistics: Theoretical Perspectives (pp. 225–246). Amsterdam, NL: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Silva-Corvalán, C. (2008). The limits of convergence in language contact. Journal of Language Contact, 2 (1), 213–224. doi:10.1163/000000008792525246 Google Scholar
Snyder, W. (2000). An Experimental Investigation of Syntactic Satiation Effects. Linguistic Inquiry, 31 (3), 575–582. doi:10.1162/002438900554479 Google Scholar
Souza, R. A. de (2011). Argument structure in L2 acquisition: language transfer revisited in a semantics and syntax perspective. Ilha Do Desterro, 60 (Jan/Jun), 153–187. doi:10.5007/2175-8026.2011n60p153 Google Scholar
Souza, R. A. de (2012). Two languages in one mind and the online processing of causatives with manner-of-motion verbs. ReVEL, 6(Special Issue), 229–239. Retrieved from http://www.revel.inf.br/files/762fc100ecfdf29974f74a137732cdfd.pdf Google Scholar
Souza, R. A. de, Fernández, E. M., & Guimarães, M. P. (2012). Shared argument structure among bilinguals: Evidence from sentence reading and recall. Paper presented at the 25th Annual CUNY Conference on Human Sentence Processing (CUNY 2012), March 15, New York, NY.Google Scholar
Souza, R. A. de, Oliveira, C. S. F., Guimarães, M. P., Almeida, L. R. de (2014). Efeitos de bilinguismo sobre a L1: Evidências em julgamentos de aceitabilidade e no processamento online de bilíngues em imersão na L2 ou não [Bilingualism effects on L1: Evidence from Sentence Judgments and Online Processing from L2 Immersion and Non-Immersion Bilinguals]. Revista Linguística, 10 (1), 193–212. Retrieved from http://www.letras.ufrj.br/poslinguistica/revistalinguistica/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/revista-linguistica-v10-n1-artigo13.pdf Google Scholar
Souza, R. A. de, Oliveira, C. S. F., Silva, J. S., Penzin, A. G. A., & Santos, A. A. (2015). Estudo de um parâmetro de tarefa e um parâmetro amostral para experimentos com julgamentos de aceitabilidade temporalizados [Investigation of a task parameter and a sampling parameter for speeded acceptability judgments]. Revista de Estudos da Linguagem, 23 (1), 211–244. doi:10.17851/2237.2083.23.1.211-244 Google Scholar
Szmrecsanyi, B. (2005). Language users as creatures of habit: A corpus-based analysis of persistence in spoken English. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, 1 (1), 113–150.Google Scholar
Tannen, D. (1987). Repetition in conversation: Toward a poetics of talk. Language, 63, 574–605. doi:10.2307/415006 Google Scholar
Thomason, S. G., & Kaufman, T. (1991). Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Toribio, A. J. (2004). Convergence as an optimization strategy in bilingual speech: evidence from code-switching. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 7 (2), 165–173. doi:10.1017/S1366728904001476 Google Scholar
Torres Cacoullos, R., & Travis, C. (2015). Two languages, one effect: structural priming in spontaneous code-switching. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, available on CJO2015. doi:10.1017/S1366728914000406 Google Scholar
Tsiamtsouris, J., & Cairns, H. S. (2009). Effects of syntactic complexity and sentence-structure priming on speech initiation time in adults who stutter. Journal of Speech-Language-Hearing Research, 52, 6, 1623–1639. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2009/08-0063) CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, L. (2003). Second language acquisition and Universal Grammar. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Woodcock, R. W., Muñoz-Sandoval, A. F., McGrew, K. S., & Mather, N. (2007). Batería III Woodcock-Muñoz. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.Google Scholar
Zagona, K. (2002). Syntax of Spanish. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Zareva, A., Schwanenflugel, P., & Nikolova, Y. (2005). Relationship between lexical competence and language proficiency: Variable sensitivity. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 27 (04), 567–595. doi:10.1017/S0272263105050254 Google Scholar