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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 09 November 2011
In the Jubilee volume of the Journal of Roman Studies (1960), Dr Kenneth Steer surveyed a quarter century of excavation and research on the Antonine Wall, starting from the publication in 1934 of the second, definitive, edition of Sir George Macdonald's The Roman Wall in Scotland. The following pages aim to discuss in brief compass how our knowledge has been extended in the twenty years that have followed, and suggest some things which the next two decades could and should be aiming to achieve. As 1960 also marked the publication of the first edition of Professor Anne Robertson's indispensable handbook to The Antonine Wall and its visible remains, that year is a doubly appropriate starting point. The last two decades have witnessed a sharp increase in the number of excavations taking place along the line of the Antonine Wall, in the amount of money available to do this (most of it from government sources), in the number of full-time archaeologists concerned with its study and preservation, and in the number of students working on the problems of the frontier line at university level; there has also been a greater awareness of the Wall in relation to the general development of Roman defensive works. All this activity culminated in 1979 in the first ever full visit to Scotland of the International Limes Congress.
1 JRS 1 (1960), 84-93. For an earlier survey, see Richmond, I. A., JRS xxvi (1936), 190–4Google Scholar.
2 Robertson, A. S., The Antonine Wall (Glasgow, 1960)Google Scholar; sixth (new) ed. 1979.
3 For the proceedings of the Congress, see Hanson, W. S. and Keppie, L. J. F. (eds.), Roman Frontier Studies 1979 (3 vols, Oxford 1980)Google Scholar. The paper by Breeze, D. J., ‘Roman Scotland during the Reign of Antoninus Pius’, vol. i, 45–60Google Scholar, deserves particular mention here. Interest in the northern frontier is reflected in Scottish Archaeological Forum vii (1976), the proceedings of a day-conference on Roman Scotland held in Edinburgh in 1975; many useful papers are also included in Glasgow Arch. Journ. iv (1976) = Studies in Roman Archaeology for Anne S. Robertson, a festschrift dedicated to the doyenne of Roman studies in Scotland, on the occasion of her retirement from the post of Titular Professor of Roman Archaeology at the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow University. Interim reports on many unpublished recent excavations are gathered in Breeze, D. J. (ed.), Roman Scotland: Some Recent Excavations (Edinburgh, 1979)Google Scholar, a booklet distributed to members of the 1979 Limes Congress.
4 See the accounts of Sibbald, R., Historical Inquiries (London, 1707)Google Scholar, Gordon, A., Itinerarium Septentrionale (London, 1726)Google Scholar, Horsley, J., Britannia Romana (London, 1732)Google Scholar, Maitland, W., History and Antiquities of Scotland (London, 1757)Google Scholar, Roy, W., Military Antiquities of the Romans in Britain (London, 1793)Google Scholar, Stuart, R., Caledonia Romana (Edinburgh & London, 1852)Google Scholar.
5 Keppie, L. J. F., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, cvii (1975-1976), 63Google Scholar. For a brief account of the stretches in guardian-ship, see Breeze, D. J., The Antonine Wall (DOE, Edinburgh 1974)Google Scholar.
6 For reports on small-scale work along the line of the Wall over the last 20 years, see Robertson, A. S., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, xcvii (1963-1964), 180–201Google Scholar; L. J. F. Keppie, ibid, cvii (1975-6), 61-80; L. J. F. Keppie and D. J. Breeze, ibid, cxi (1980-1), 229-47.
7 Vit. Ant. Pii v. 4.
8 RIB 1147-8; cf. J. P. Gillam, Arch. Ael5 v (1977), 47-74.
9 Robertson, A. S., in Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt II. iii (Berlin-New York, 1975), 364 ff., esp. 369Google Scholar.
10 CIL x 515 = ILS 340, where trib. pot. V is coupled with imp. II and cos. III. At Rome the orator Fronto delivered an oration in the presence of Antoninus, to mark the closure of the campaign, praising his skill in its direction (Pan. Lat. iv. 14. 2).
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12 Britannia iv (1973), 336-7. Full publication by G. S. Maxwell is in prospect.
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23 E. W. MacKie, in D. J. Breeze (ed.), op. cit. (note 3), 52-5.
24 L. Main, in D. J. Breeze (ed.), op. cit. (note 3), 47-51.
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27 For Woden Law, RCAHMS, Roxburghshire (Edinburgh, 1956), I, 169–72Google Scholar.
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31 Robertson, A. S., An Antonine Fort, Golden Hill, Duntocher (Edinburgh & London, 1957), 14, 92Google Scholar. Comprehensive clearance of the fortlet-rampart in 1978-9, for possible display to the public, revealed further constructional details.
32 JRS xli (1951), 61Google Scholar; xlv (1955), 86.
33 Glasgow Arch. Journ. iii (1974), 51–65Google Scholar. The site survived the threatened quarrying, and is no longer at risk.
34 Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, cv (1972-1974), 166–75Google Scholar.
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36 See L. J. F. Keppie in W. S. Hanson and L. J. F. Keppie (eds.), op. cit. (note 3), 107-12; Hanson, W. S. and Keppie, L. J. F., Current Archaeology 62 (June 1978), 91–4Google Scholar; Keppie, L. J. F. and Walker, J. J., Britannia xii (1981), 143–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar; DAES 1981, 6, 87.
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45 Steer, K. A. and Cormack, E. A., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, ci (1968-1969), 122–6Google Scholar ; Britannia i (1970), 309Google Scholar , no. 19 with pl. xviii, xxxviii; L. J. F. Keppie, op. cit. (note 20), 16, no. 11.
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47 Macdonald, G., The Roman Wall in Scotland (Oxford, 1934), 392Google Scholar ; L. J. F. Keppie, op. cit. (note 20), 20, no. 19 with fig.
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53 Keppie, loc. cit. (note 52).
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55 See Feachem, R. W., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, lxxxix (1955-1956), 329–39Google Scholar.
56 Joseph, J. K. S. St, JRS lv (1965), 80Google Scholar. For excavation of one of these construction camps at Dullatur, which proved to have been reduced in size in a secondary phase, see Keppie, L. J. F., Glasgow Arch. Journ. v (1978), 9–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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58 So at Duntocher, at Croy Hill (see fig. in Britannia ix (1978), 414Google Scholar ), and perhaps at Castlehill, see Keppie, L. J. F., Glasgow Arch. Journ. vii (1978), 80–4Google Scholar.
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61 Glasgow Arch. Journ. i (1969), 37–42Google Scholar ; ead. in Birley, E., Dobson, B. and Jarrett, M. (eds.), Roman Frontier Studies 1969 (Cardiff, 1974), 94–101Google Scholar.
62 R. Sibbald, op. cit. (note 4), 30; W. Maitland, op. cit. (note 4), 173; but see G. Macdonald, op. cit. (note 47), 193-63 DAES 1973, 59; 1974, 69.
64 DAES 1975, 21; Britannia vii (1976), 302. A report on the ditches located at the SE corner of the Park is being prepared by R. D. Stevenson, and will be published under the aegis of Strathkelvin District Council.
65 DAES 1980, 3; Britannia xii (1981), 320Google Scholar ; Keppie, L. J. F. and Murray, J. F., Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, cxi (1980-1981), 248–62Google Scholar.
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68 D. J. Breeze, in W. S. Hanson and L. J. F. Keppie (eds.), op. cit. (note 3), I, 52. The Ordnance Survey Map of the Antonine Wall (Southampton, 1969) shows a small fort as existing on Bridgeness promontory, at the east terminus of the Wall. However no fort has ever been found there, and, as Bridgeness lies only 1 km from Carriden fort, none need be expected. On the other hand a fortlet could have stood thereabouts; see the antiquarian notice in R. Sibbald, op. cit. (note 4), 30.
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70 FIG. 6 shows the final plan, and should be taken as definitive.
71 Information from Dr Breeze.
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94 A. S. Robertson, M. Scott and L. Keppie, op. cit. (note 76), 59-82.
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96 Britannia vii (1976), 305-6; viii (1977), 368-9; ix (1978), 418; x (1979), 278-9; N. M. McQ. Holmes, in D. J. Breeze (ed.), op. cit. (note 3), 11-14.
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150 A useful recent application of the tree-ring dating process has been to show that one of the supposed Roman beams forming the superstructure of the bridge across the River Kelvin at Balmuildy fort was not felled until c. A.D. 1360; see DAES 1979, 40.
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154 A fresh study of the Antonine Wall, by W. S. Hansen and G. S. Maxwell, will be published shortly.
