Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-rkxrd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-24T10:21:41.312Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

God in Man's Image: Thoughts on the Genesis and Affiliations of some Romano-British Cult-imagery

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 November 2011

Miranda J. Green
Affiliation:
University of Wales College, Newport

Extract

A significant proportion of Romano-British religious iconography betrays characteristics that do not owe their presence directly to Classical models. Both style and symbolism are, here, indicative of a reference to traditions outside the Mediterranean artistic repertoire. Even so, in such regions as the Cotswolds and in areas of northern Britain, such imagery seemingly emerges fully-fledged in the Roman period, with no apparent antecedents in the indigenous material culture of the British Iron Age phases which immediately preceded the Roman conquest. Some iconography has clear and close parallels with Romano-Gaulish representational traditions, but that does not explain why — equally in Britain and Gaul– an apparently new set of divine images suddenly materialized after the introduction of Roman culture.

Type
Articles
Information
Britannia , Volume 29 , November 1998 , pp. 17 - 30
Copyright
Copyright © Miranda J. Green 1998. Exclusive Licence to Publish: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Daoulais, Abbaye de 1986: Au temps des Celtes Ve-Ier siècle avant JC, QuimperGoogle Scholar
Allen, D.F. 1958: ‘Belgic coins as illustrations of life in the late pre-Roman Iron Age of Britain’, Proc. Prehist. Soc. 24, 4363CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, D.F. 1976: ‘Some contrasts in Gaulish and British coinage’, in Duval, P.-M. and Hawkes, C.F.C. (eds), Celtic Art in Ancient Europe: Five Protohistoric Centuries, London, 265–82Google Scholar
Allen, D.F. 1980: The Coins of the Ancient Celts, EdinburghGoogle Scholar
Barnard, S. 1985: ‘The Matres of Roman Britain’, Arch. Journ. 142, 237–43Google Scholar
Benoit, F. 1969: L'Art primitif méditerranéan de la vallée du Rhône, Aix-en-ProvenceGoogle Scholar
Blagg, T.F.C. 1991: ‘Buildings’, in Jones, R.F.J. (ed.), Britain in the Roman Period: Recent Trends, Sheffield, 314Google Scholar
Blagg, T., and Henig, M. 1986: ‘Cupid or Adonis? A new Roman relief carving from Lincoln’, Antiq. Journ. 66, 360–3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bober, J.J. 1951: ‘Cernunnos: origin and transformation of a Celtic divinity’, American Journal of Archaeology 55, 1351CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonnet, C. 1991: ‘The Celtic port of Geneva’, in Moscati, S., Frey, O.H., Kruta, V., Raftery, B. and Szabó, M. (eds), The Celts, London, 522Google Scholar
Boon, G.C. 1982: ‘A coin with the head of the Cernunnos’, Seaby Coin & Medal Bulletin 769, 276–82Google Scholar
British Museum 1922: Guide to the Antiquities of Roman Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Brunaux, J.-L. 1996: Les religions gauloises: rituels celtiques de la Gaule independante, ParisGoogle Scholar
Clarke, R.R., and Hawkes, C.F.C. 1955: ‘An Iron Age anthropoid sword from Shouldham, Norfolk with related Continental and British weapons’, Proc. Prehist. Soc. 21, 198227CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coles, B. 1990: ‘Anthropomorphic wooden figurines from Britain and Ireland’, Proc. Prehist. Soc. 56, 315–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coulston, J.C., and Phillips, E.J. 1988: Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani. Great Britain, Vol. 1, Fasc. 6 Hadrian's Wall West of the North Tyne, and Carlisle, London/OxfordGoogle Scholar
Creighton, J. 1995: ‘Visions of power: imagery and symbols in late Iron Age Britain’, Britannia 26, 285301CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunliffe, B. 1978: The Roman Baths: A Guide to the Baths and Roman Museum (at Bath), BathGoogle Scholar
Cunliffe, B. 1991: Iron Age Communities in Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Cunliffe, B. 1996: ‘Armorica at the Time of the Roman Conquest’, lecture presented at a conference entitled New Light on Caesar's Gaul, SheffieldGoogle Scholar
Deyts, S. 1976: Dijon, Musée Archéologique: sculptures gallo-romaines mythologiques et religieuses, ParisGoogle Scholar
Deyts, S. 1983: Les bois sculptés des Sources de la Seine, ParisGoogle Scholar
Deyts, S. 1993: ‘Les genii cucullati de Pithiviers-le-Vieil (Loiret)’, Revue Archéologique du Loiret 18, 98102Google Scholar
Duval, P.-M. 1961: Paris antique, ParisGoogle Scholar
Espérandieu, E. 19071966: Recueil général des bas-reliefs de la Gaule romaine et pré-romaine, ParisGoogle Scholar
Fitzpatrick, A.P. 1996: ‘Night and day: the symbolism of astral signs on later Iron Age anthropomorphic short swords’, Proc. Prehist. Soc. 62, 373–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frey, O.H. 1991: ‘“Celtic princes” in the sixth century B.C.’, in Moscati, S., Frey, O.H., Kruta, V., Raftery, B. and Szabó, M. (eds), The Celts, London, 7592Google Scholar
Green, M.J. 1981: ‘Wheel-god and ram-headed snake in Roman Gloucestershire’, Trans. Bristol & Glos. Arch. Soc. 99, 109–15Google Scholar
Green, M.J. 1989: Symbol and Image in Celtic Religious Art, LondonGoogle Scholar
Green, M.J. 1991: ‘Triplism and plurality: intensity and symbolism in Celtic religious expression’, in Garwood, P., Jennings, D., Skeates, R. and Toms, J. (eds), Sacred and Profane, Oxford, 100–9Google Scholar
Green, M.J. 1992a: ‘The iconography of Celtic coins’, in Mays, M. (ed.), Celtic Coinage: Britain and Beyond, BAR Brit. ser. 222, Oxford, 151–62Google Scholar
Green, M.J. 1992b: Animals in Celtic Life and Myth, LondonGoogle Scholar
Green, M.J. 1996: Celtic Art: Reading the Messages, LondonGoogle Scholar
Hatt, J.J. 1986: ‘Le double suovetaurile de Beaujeu et le culte des déesses-mères et de la tutelle à Lyon’, Revue Archéologique de l'Est et du Centre-Est 86, 263–7Google Scholar
Heichelheim, F.M. 1935: ‘Genii cucullati’, Arch. Ael.4 12, 187–94Google Scholar
Henig, M. 1972: ‘The origins of some ancient British coin types’, Britannia 3, 209–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henig, M. 1993: Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani. Great Britain, Vol. 1, Fasc. 7, Roman Sculptures from the Cotswold Region, London/OxfordGoogle Scholar
Henig, M. 1995: The Art of Roman Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Henig, M. 1996a: ‘The bronze figurine’, in Watts, L. and Leach, P., Henley Wood Temples and Cemetery Excavations 1962–69 by the Late Ernest Greenfield and Others, CBA Research Report 9, 130–3Google Scholar
Henig, M. 1996b: ‘The bronze head’, in Hughes, M., The Excavation of a Late Prehistoric and Romano-British Settlement at Thornwell Farm, Chepstow, Gwent, BAR Brit. ser. 244, Oxford, 71Google Scholar
Hobbs, R. 1996: British Iron Age Coins in the British Museum, LondonGoogle Scholar
Humphreys, E. 1983: The Taliesin Tradition, LondonGoogle Scholar
Joffroy, R. 1979: Musée des Antiquités Nationales, Saint Germain-en-Laye, ParisGoogle Scholar
Jones, R.F.J. 1991: ‘The urbanization of Roman Britain’, in Jones, R.F.J. (ed.), Britain in the Roman Period: Recent Trends, Sheffield, 5365Google Scholar
Kaul, F. 1991a: Gundestrupkedlen, CopenhagenGoogle Scholar
Kaul, F. 1991b: ‘The Gundestrup Cauldron’, in Moscati, S., Frey, O.H., Kruta, V., Raftery, B. and Szabó, M. (eds), The Celts, London, 538–9Google Scholar
Keppie, L., and Arnold, N.J. 1984: Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani. Great Britain, Vol. 1, Fasc. 4, Scotland, London/OxfordGoogle Scholar
Kruta, V. 1991: ‘Celtic religion’, in Moscati, S., Frey, O.H., Kruta, V., Raftery, B. and Szabó, M. (eds), The Celts, London, 499507Google Scholar
Lambrechts, P. 1942: Contributions à l'étude des divinités Celtiques, Bruges/BruggeGoogle Scholar
Linduff, K. 1979: ‘Epona: a Celt among the Romans’, Collection Latomus 38, fasc. 4, 817–37Google Scholar
Magnen, R., and Thevenot, E. 1953: Epona, BordeauxGoogle Scholar
Maier, F. 1991: ‘The oppida of the second and first centuries B.C.’, in Moscati, S., Frey, O.H., Kruta, V., Raftery, B. and Szabó, M. (eds), The Celts, London, 411–25Google Scholar
Megaw, R. and V. 1989: Celtic Art from its Beginnings to the Book of Kells, LondonGoogle Scholar
Millett, M. 1990: The Romanization of Britain, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Millett, M. 1995: Roman Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Planck, D. 1991: ‘The Fellbach Schmiden sanctuary’, in Moscati, S., Frey, O.H., Kruta, V., Raftery, B. and Szabó, M. (eds), The Celts, London, 534–5Google Scholar
Pobé, M. and Roubier, J. 1961: The Art of Roman Gaul, LondonGoogle Scholar
Priuli, A. 1985: Incisioni rupestri della Val Camonica, TurinGoogle Scholar
Priuli, A. 1996: Le piú antiche manifestazioni spirituali arte rupestre: paleoiconografia camuna e delle genti alpine, TurinGoogle Scholar
Romeuf, A.-M. 1986: ‘Ex-voto en bois de Chamalières (Puy-de-Dôme) et des Sources de la Seine. Essai de comparaison’, Gallia 44, fasc. 1, 6589CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheers, S. 1992: ‘Celtic coin types in Britain and their Mediterranean origins’, in Mays, M. (ed.), Celtic Coinage: Britain and Beyond, BAR Brit. ser. 222, Oxford, 3346Google Scholar
Smiles, S. 1995: The Image of Antiquity: Ancient Britain and the Romantic Imagination, YaleGoogle Scholar
Stead, I.M. 1985: Celtic Art in Britain before the Roman Conquest, LondonGoogle Scholar
Stead, I.M. 1988: ‘Chalk figurines of the Parisi’, Antiq. Journ. 68, 921CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szabó, M. 1971: The Celtic Heritage in Hungary, BudapestGoogle Scholar
Taylor, A. 1993: ‘A Roman lead coffin with pipeclay figurines from Arrington, Cambridgeshire’, Britannia 24, 191225CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thevenot, E. 1968: Divinités et sanctuaires de la Gaule, ParisGoogle Scholar
Toynbee, J.M.C. 1964: Art in Britain under the Romans, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Vatin, C. 1969: ‘Ex-voto de bois gallo-romain à Chamalières’, Revue Archéologique 1969, 103–14Google Scholar
Webster, J. 1995: ‘Roman word-power and the Celtic gods’, Britannia 26, 153–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, P.V.A. 1979: Primitive Religion and Healing, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Woodward, A., and Leach, R. 1993: The Uley Shrines, LondonGoogle Scholar