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John Carmont, The Mitchell Trust and Scottish Catholicism, 1865–1885
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 16 February 2015
Abstract
This article will consider the mismanagement during the years 1865–1885 of the benefaction made by Thomas Mitchell, a convert and one-time military man, to the Catholic Church in Scotland, as well as a number of other financial difficulties that beset the Church during this period. In doing so, it will reveal how the Scottish bishops, under enormous pressures because of Irish migration, acted in ways not only unbecoming of their offices, but also beyond the scope of both civil and canon law. Yet, as will be seen, the Church was developing as an institution and, in many ways, the difficulties of these years were necessary if it was to re-develop as a fully-fledged and autonomous national Church.
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Notes
I would like to thank S. Karly Kehoe and Daniel Szechi for feedback on earlier drafts of this article, as well as the Journal’s editor and two anonymous reviewers for their comments.
1 McRoberts, David, ‘The Restoration of the Scottish Hierarchy in 1878’, The Innes Review, vol. 29: 1 (1978), p. 3 Google Scholar
2 A preliminary survey of The Innes Review, the journal of the Scottish Catholic Historical Association, confirms these trends within the historiography. Many themes, of course, overlap. On education, for example, see McGloin, James, ‘Catholic Education in Ayr, 1823–1918’, vol. 13:2 (1962), pp. 190–216 Google Scholar; Treble, James, ‘The Development of Roman Catholic Education in Scotland, 1878–1978’, vol. 29:2 (1978), pp. 111–139 Google Scholar; Aspinwall, Bernard, ‘Catholic Teachers for Scotland: the Liverpool Connection’, vol. 45:1 (1994), pp. 47–70 Google Scholar; Stewart, Ian, ‘Teacher Careers and the Early Catholic schools of Edinburgh’, vol. 46:1 (1994), pp. 52–66 Google Scholar; Jane McDermid, ‘Catholic Working-class Girls’ Education in Lowland Scotland, 1872–1900’, vol. 47:1 (1996), pp. 69–80; Fitzpatrick, Thomas, ‘The Catholic Teachers’ Union 1917–1919’, vol. 41:1 (1990), pp. 132–135 Google Scholar. On the clergy and individual priests, see Aspinwall, , ‘Scots and Irish Clergy Ministering to Immigrants, 1830–1878’, vol. 47:1 (1996), pp. 45–68 Google Scholar; O’Donnell, Ellan, ‘Clergy Ministering to Lithuanian Immigrants in Scotland 1889–1989’, vol. 51:2 (2000), pp. 166–187 Google Scholar; Roberts, Alasdair, ‘William McIntosh: an Untypical Link Between East and West Highland Catholicism’, vol. 42:2 (1991), pp. 137–142 Google Scholar; Roberts, , ‘John Gray Andre Raffalovich and Father Allan MacDonald of Eriskay’, vol. 61:2 (2010), pp. 207–231 Google Scholar. On religious orders, see Dilworth, Mark, ‘Religious Orders in Scotland, 1878–1978’, vol. 29:1 (1978), pp. 92–109 Google Scholar; Fitzpatrick, Thomas, ‘The Marist Brothers in Scotland since 1918’, vol. 41:1 (1998), pp. 1–10 Google Scholar; Sister Savio, Dominic, ‘The Sisters of the Cross and Passion: a Religious Order for the Poor, 1852–2002’, vol. 54 (2003), pp. 79–102 Google Scholar; Kehoe, Karly, ‘Nursing the Mission: the Franciscan Sisters of the Immaculate Conception and the Sisters of Mercy in Glasgow, 1847–1866’, vol. 56:1 (2005), pp. 79–102 Google Scholar. On politics, see McCaffrey, John, ‘The Irish Vote in Glasgow in the Later Nineteenth Century: a Preliminary Survey’, vol. 21:2 (1970), pp. 30–36 Google Scholar; McCaffrey, , ‘Politics and the Catholic Community Since 1878’, vol. 29:2 (1978), p. 140–155 Google Scholar; Wood, Ian, ‘John Wheatley, the Irish and the Labour Movement in Scotland’, vol. 31:1 (1980), pp. 71–85 Google Scholar; Gallagher, Tom, ‘Scottish Catholics and the British Left, 1918–1939’, vol. 34:1 (1983), pp. 17–42 Google Scholar; Finlay, Richard, ‘Nationalism, Race, Religion and the Irish Question in Inter-war Scotland’, vol. 42:1 (1991), pp. 46–67.Google Scholar
3 See, for example, his ‘The Formation of the Catholic Community in the West of Scotland: Some Preliminary Outlines’, The Innes Review, vol. 33 (1982), pp. 44–75, in which he highlights a number of individual benefactions. See also his ‘Children of the Dead End: the Formation of the Modern Archdiocese of Glasgow, 1815–1914’, The Innes Review, vol. 43:2 (1992), pp. 119–144 which includes discussion of much smaller benefactions, including those taken up at Sunday Masses in the form of collections—a mode of income that would become a staple for the Church. In his ‘Catholic Devotion in Victorian Scotland’, in New Perspectives on the Irish in Scotland, Martin Mitchell, ed. (Edinburgh, 2008), pp. 31–43, highlights a number of significant individual benefactions and the importance of wealthy benefactors, but does not consider the reception and management of the bequests.
4 McCaffrey, John, ‘The Roman Catholic Church in the 1890s: Retrospect and Prospect’, Records of the Scottish Church History Society, vol. 25 (1995), p. 426 Google Scholar; Ross, Anthony, ‘The Development of the Scottish Catholic Community 1878–1978’, The Innes Review, vol. 24:1 (1978), p. 32 Google Scholar. The same article can also be found in Modern Scottish Catholicism 1878–1978, ed., McRoberts (Glasgow, 1979), pp. 30–55. See also Mullet, Michael, Catholics in Britain and Ireland, 1558–1829 (London, 1998), p. 166 Google Scholar. For a discussion on some of the difficulties that music at religious services caused in the Scottish Catholic Church, see Johnson, Christine, Developments in the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland, 1793–1829 (Edinburgh, 1983), pp. 161–170 Google Scholar.
5 John McCaffrey ‘Roman Catholics in Scotland: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries’, in McLean, Colin & Veith, Kenneth, eds., Scottish Life and Society: A Compendium of Scottish Ethnology: Religion (Edinburgh, 2006), p. 172 Google Scholar; McCaffrey, John, ‘Roman Catholics in Scotland in the 19th and 20th Centuries’, Records of the Scottish Church History Society, vol. 21 (1983), p. 297 Google Scholar.
6 Kehoe, Karly, Creating a Scottish Church: Catholicism, Gender and Ethnicity in Nineteenth-Century Scotland (Manchester, 2010), p. 1 Google Scholar. For a longer perspective on the numerical growth of Catholicism in Scotland, see Darragh, James, ‘The Catholic Population of Scotland Since the Year 1680’, The Innes Review, vol. 4:1 (1953), pp. 49–59 Google Scholar.
7 See Aspinwall ‘Formation of the Catholic Community’, in which he speaks of the need for the Church to build a physical presence; Aspinwall, , ‘The Ties that Bind and Loose: the Catholic Community in Galloway 1800–1998’, Records of the Scottish Church History Society, vol. 29 (1999), p. 78 Google Scholar; Aspinwall, ‘The Formation of British Identity Within Scottish Catholicism, 1830–1914’, in Pope, Robert, ed., Religion and National Identity: Wales and Scotland, c. 1700–2000 (Cardiff, 2001), p. 291 Google Scholar; McCaffrey, , ‘The Roman Catholic Church in the 1890s’, pp. 432–3Google Scholar.
8 Aspinwall, , ‘Catholic Devotion in Victorian Scotland’, p. 38 Google Scholar. A cursory glance at the efforts Aspinwall mentions would certainly seem to confirm his argument. James Robert Hope Scott, for example, financed the churches of Our Lady and St Andrew’s, Galashiels, Our Lady and St Joseph’s, Selkirk and The Immaculate Conception, Kelso; Menzies gifted the magnificent Blairs Estate in Aberdeenshire; Bute partly underwrote the re-founding of the abbey at Fort Augustus to the tune of £5,000. The list could and indeed, does, go on. Elsewhere, Aspinwall argues that the English Catholic Church, following Emancipation, was, like Scotland also heavily reliant on wealthy benefactors. See his, ‘Towards an English Catholic Social Conscience, 1829–1920’, Recusant History 25 (May, 2000), pp. 108–9.
9 Darragh, James, ‘Thomas Mitchell: a Late Eighteenth-Century Convert’, The Innes Review, vol. 43:1 (1992), p. 71 Google Scholar.
10 Ibid., p. 74. For additional information on Mitchell’s family and connections see, Stewart, Ian, ‘Notes and Comments: Thomas Mitchell: Further Notes on his Family and Church Connections’, The Innes Review, vol. 44:1 (1993), pp. 58–68 Google Scholar.
11 SCA, ED/12/91/1, ‘Trust Disposition and Settlement and Codicil and Holograph Deed of Directions by the late Captain Thomas Mitchell of Baldovie, All Recorded in the Books of Council and Session, 24 January 1865’.
12 Kyle was Vicar Apostolic of the Northern District from 1827 until his death in 1869. Strain was Vicar Apostolic of Eastern District 1864–1878. At the Restoration of the Hierarchy in 1878, he became Archbishop of St Andrew’s and Edinburgh, a position he held until his death in 1883. Murdoch was Vicar Apostolic of the Western District 1845–1865. Gray was coadjutor of the Western District 1862–1865, when he became its Vicar Apostolic until his resignation in 1869. His resignation followed Henry Manning’s Apostolic Visitation to the Western District in 1867.
13 SCA, ED/12/92/8, Memorial for the Roman Catholic Prelates of Scotland Trustees of the Mitchell Trust, for Opinion, John MacLachlan, Glasgow, 6 October 1879.
14 SCA, SM/10/19/1,’ John Carmont: printed circular giving precise facts and figures regarding the Mitchell Fund’ (n.d).
15 SCA, ED/12/91/5, ‘Account of Sums Directly Traceable to Mitchell Fund spent by Archbishop Strain’.
16 Glasgow Archdiocesan Archives, FR1/1, Finance Board Minute Book 1869–91.
17 Carmont’s original letter to Propaganda does not seem to be extant. That said, his original report, History of the Scottish Clerical Quota Fund / by Bishop Hay. To Which is Added ‘Observations on Quota Fund,’ by John Carmont, was published in 1878. Cardinal Simeoni, moreover, did not become Prefect of Propaganda until March 1878. It can be inferred with some confidence, then, that Carmont sent his original letter and report to Rome sometime either during or after March 1878.
18 SCA, ED/12/92/7, ‘Carmont to My Dear Lord. Petition for £100; Observations, Mitchell Fund, 16 June 1879’. The source does not mention the name of the prelate to whom Carmont was writing, but it was probably his own bishop, John Strain.
19 SCA, ED/12/94/2, ‘Carmont to Archbishop Strain sending him a copy of his medical certificate, 6 June 1882’. For a similar note sent to Bishop Angus MacDonald, see SCA, ED/12/94/1. It is not entirely clear why Carmont sent a note to a bishop other than his own. Presumably, he was simply writing to all those who he assumed were trustees of the Mitchell fund.
20 SCA, ED/12/94/3, ‘Carmont to Strain, 22 June 1882’; SCA, ED/12/94/15,’Carmont to Strain, 24 June 1882’. It is interesting to note that sometime in 1867, Strain gave Carmont £200, which Carmont assumed was a gift since no interest was ever applied or any attempt made to recover the money. Moreover, Carmont stated he was unaware of the money’s source, but it is a possibility—and therefore another irony of the case—that it came from the Mitchell fund. See SCA, ED/12/101/12, ‘James Carmont to William Smith, 29 October 1884’.
21 SCA, ED/12/94/7, ‘Messrs Adamson and Symns to Trustees of the Mitchell Trust, 9 October 1882’.
22 Ibid.
23 Interestingly Carmont claimed that he had considered taking criminal rather than civil action against the bishops. SCAR, 23/103, ‘Carmont to the British Linen Co, 16 March 1883’.
24 SCA, ED/12/94/8, ‘John MacLachlan to Angus MacDonald, 13 October 1882’.
25 SCA, Diocese of Dunkeld, 3/32/4, ‘Copy of Memorial to Propaganda agreed by all the Archbishops and Bishops of Scotland, 18 March 1882’. This may also explain why John Patrick Crichton Stuart, the Marquess of Bute stipulated in his trust disposition that any new persons assuming the role of trustees were to explicitly agree that the Bishop of Argyll and the Isles, who was also a trustee, was not to have legal immunity. See Marquess of Bute’s Trustees v Marquess of Bute, No. 11, 2d Division, 16 November 1904 (1904), 7 F. 49
26 SCAR, 23/103, ‘Carmont to the British Linen Co’, 16 March 1883. See also The Mitchell Trust Bequest Litigation collected and arranged by the Rev. John Carmont (Aberdeen, 1904), p. 8 and Blairgowrie Advertiser, 3 February 1883.
27 Galloway, Argyll and the Isles and Dunkeld were suffragan sees of the Archdiocese of St Andrew’s and Edinburgh. The Diocese of Aberdeen was also a suffragan see of the same Archdiocese. The Archdiocese of Glasgow had no suffragan sees until Motherwell and Paisley dioceses were erected from it in 1947.
28 Memorandum No. II.
29 SCA, ED/12/95/2, ‘Copy Defences for Bishop George Rigg and Others in Causa the Rev. John Carmont against Strain and Others, 13 Jan 1883’.
30 SCA, ED/12/95/3, ‘Todds, Murray & Jameson to MacLachlan, 31 Jan 1883’.
31 Memorandum No. II.
32 SCA, ED/12/96/67, ‘Carmont to Archbishop Strain, 23 February 1883’.
33 SCA, ED/12/98/18, ‘James Carmont to William Smith, 1 October 1883’.
34 APF, Fondo Scozia 9/9–10, ‘Carmont, 30 April 1885’.
35 APF, Fondo Scozia 9/20–27 ‘Report by James Alexander Molleson, Judicial Factor, 9 July 1883’.
36 The Mitchell Trust Bequest Litigation, p. 31.
37 Memorandum No. II; SCA, ED/12/99/1, ‘Report by James Alexander Molleson, Judicial Factor Appointed in Petition: The Rev. John Carmont DD for Removal of Trustees and Appointment of Judicial Factor, First Division, Court of Session, 29 January 1884’.
38 After some difficulty, it seems the Judicial Factor was able to present a reasonably full picture of the extent of payments to beneficiaries in each district. Between 1867 and 1883, payments of £1,976 had been made to qualifying priests in the Eastern District and £8,634 in the Western District. All payments in the Northern District, he reported, were accounted for. See SCA, ED/12/99/1, ‘Report by James Alexander Molleson, Judicial Factor Appointed in Petition: The Rev. John Carmont DD for Removal of Trustees and Appointment of Judicial Factor, First Division, Court of Session, 29 January 1884’.
39 Doyle, Peter, ‘“A Tangled Skein of Confusion”: The Administration of George Hilary Brown, Bishop of Liverpool, 1850–1856’, Recusant History 25 (October, 2000), pp. 294–5Google Scholar.
40 SCA, ED/4/66, ‘Further Report on the Division of Ecclesiastical goods of the Dioceses of Scotland, principally of the Menzies fund, November 1888’.
41 SCA, ED/12/99/8, ‘Second Scheme Proposed by Respondents in Petition the Rev. John Carmont for Removal of Trustees etc., First Division, Court of Session, 18 December 1884’.
42 SCA, ED/12/99/3, ‘Scheme Proposed by Respondents in Petition the Rev. John Carmont for Removal of Trustees etc., First Division, Court of Session, 4 March 1884’.
43 SCA, SM/10/19/8, ‘William Turner, Dumfries: printed circular giving the clergy’s opinion on the Mitchell Trust’.
44 Ibid; SCA, ED/100/16, ‘William Turner: Circular to Clergy about Mitchell Fund, 24 March 1884’.
45 SCA, ED/12/99/9, ‘Memorial to the Right Honourable Lord Advocate by Rev. Dean Turner, 1884’.
46 SCA, ED/12/100/14, ‘John McLachlan to Bishop Angus MacDonald, 12 March 1884’.
47 SCA, ED/12/101/5, ‘William Turner – Circular to Clergy, 23 June 1884’.
48 Ibid.
49 SCA, ED/12/101/13, ‘John MacLachlan to Bishop Angus MacDonald, 22 November 1884’.
50 SCA, ED/12/101/18, ‘Dundas & Wilson to Bishop Angus MacDonald, 22 December 1884’; SCA, ED/12/102/1, ‘Scheme proposed by Respondents in Petition the Rev John Carmont, 16th January 1885’.
51 In one of their more salient moves, the bishops announced later in 1885 that their first factor was to be the Judicial Factor, James Alexander Molleson, who by now was presumably very familiar with the Mitchell Trust. See SCA, ED/12/105/5, ‘Excerpta di Lettere concernti il Process Carmont vs. Strain, 1885’. As an aside, it is worth mentioning that for his time as Judicial Factor, Molleson’s commission was £650, which the bishops paid. See SCA, ED/12/102/3, ‘Note for Respondents in Petition the Rev John Carmont, October 1885’.
52 SCA, ED/12/99/8, ‘Second Scheme Proposed by Respondents in Petition the Rev. John Carmont for Removal of Trustees etc., First Division, Court of Session, 18 December 1884’.
53 The Scotsman, 25 November 1925.
54 SCAR, 23/104, ‘Carmont, David St, Blairgowrie, 26 March 1886’.
55 SCA, SM/10/19/13, ‘Excerpta di Lettere: on legal process and Rome’s decision, 1886’. See also SCA, SM/10/19/10 – ‘Extracts from letters lay and clerical concerning the Mitchell Trust’. Another person wrote to Carmont saying: ‘You have… done a noble work, and laid every priest in Scotland under a heavy debt of gratitude to you’.
56 The Scotsman, 11 May 1886.
57 Menghini, Charles, Opinion… whether Reverend John Carmont D. D. incurred the Major Excommunication… by citing Episcopal Trustees of the Mitchell Trust before the Judges of the Court of Session (Dumfries, 1886)Google Scholar. For the same document in slightly different formatting, see APF, Fondo Scozia, 9/84–110 (Latin) and APF, Fondo Scozia, 120–151.
58 Menghini, Opinion, p. 48
59 APF, Fondo Scozia, 8/745–8, ‘William Smith Condition of Church in Scotland, 23 June 1885’.
60 SCAR, 25/8, ‘Statistics of the Catholic Church in Scotland, 1828 and 1877, December 1877’. See also Anson, Peter, Underground Catholicism in Scotland (Montrose, 1970), p. 303 Google Scholar.
61 Memorandum No. II.
62 Menzies left various sums of money to each of the districts, including £6,000 to the Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District and £2,500 each to the Vicars Apostolic of the Western and Northern Districts, the purpose of which sums was to ‘secure payment of a perpetual annuity or yearly provision’. See SCA, uncatalogued, Closed Record in the Suspension and Interdict, ‘The Revd. John MacPherson and others vs. the Rev. John Sutherland and others (Menzies trustees), First Division, Outer House, 8 January 1868, Lord Barcaple’; see also SCA, ED/12/114/3, First Division, October 15, 1885, ‘William Smith, Archbishop of St Andrew’s and Edinburgh vs. Trustees of John Menzies of Pitfodels and Others’.
63 SCA, ED/12/119/2, ‘John Sutherland to Bishop McLachlan – the Menzies Bequest and its present position: Statement of Facts, February 1892’.
64 SCA, ED/12/114/3, ‘First Division, October 15, 1885, William Smith, Archbishop of St Andrew’s and Edinburgh vs. Trustees of John Menzies of Pitfodels and Others’.
65 SCA, ED/12/119/2, ‘John Sutherland to Bishop McLachlan – the Menzies Bequest and its present position: Statement of Facts, February 1892’.
66 SCA, ED/12/114/7, ‘First Division: Closed Record: Archbishop William Smith v Trustees of the late John Menzies, and others, 19 December 1885’.
67 SCA, ED/12/115/1, ‘Copy of Opinion by Lord Fraser J C, 20 January 1886’.
68 Ibid.
69 Ibid.
70 SCAR, 25/154, ‘Bp. of Galloway to Bp. of St Andrew’s, 5 July 1888’. They were, however, eventually awarded their expenses from the Menzies money. See SCAR, 25/155, ‘Minutes of Meetings of Abps. and Bps. of Scotland, 17 and 18 July 1888’.
71 Ibid., SCAR, 25/154.
72 SCA, ED/12/116/18, ‘Copy of letter from John Sutherland to Cardinal Simeoni’.
73 SCA, DD/3/21/5, ‘Inter-diocesan dispute: Correspondence: Rigg to Strain, 1879’.
74 Even as these cases rumbled on, the Archbishop of St Andrew’s and Edinburgh, in yet another potentially illegal move, was seeking ways in which he could depart from the mortis causa benefaction of Lady Louisa Stuart, who had endowed the mission of Peebles. That endowment turned out to be much more substantial on her death than when she had drawn up her deed. As such, the priest at Peebles was in receipt of a handsome yearly sum of money, seemingly much more than he required for his needs. The archbishop hoped to divert this money for other purposes. See SCAR, 24/142, ‘Excerpts from the last will and testament and trust disposition and settlement by Lady Louisa Stuart, 2 June 1867’; SCAR, 25/132, ‘Narration of Lady Louisa Stuart Situation, John Strain, 2 June 1882’; SCAR, 25/136, ‘Abp. Smith to Rigg, February 1885’; SCAR, 25/140, ‘Francis McKerrell 24 Feb 1885’.
75 McCaffrey, John, ‘The Stewardship of Resources: Financial Strategies of Roman Catholics in the Glasgow District, 1800–1870’, Studies in Church History, vol. 24 (1987), p. 359 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. This role extended beyond the management of bequests. Bishops and priests also made investments, managed annuities for lay people and acted as scribes, witness and executors for Catholic last wills and testaments. For an example of a prelate managing a lay person’s annuity, see SCA, PL/8/86/1, ‘Mary Irvine, Elgin to Bishop Kyle: bequest to Elgin Mission: instructions etc., 10 Dec 1829’; SCA, PL8/83/3, ‘Bishop Kyle, Elgin to Mary Irvine: obligation to pay her an yearly interest in respect of money lodged with him, 28 Dec 1829’; SCA, PL/8/86/4, ‘Same to same, obligation re annuity, 8 March 1836’. For examples of priests acting as scribes for and witnesses to testamentary writings, see SCA, PL/8/73/1, ‘Last Will and Testament of James Cowie’; SCA, PL/8/77/10, ‘Last Will and Testament Thomas MacPherson’; SCA, PL/8/77/16, ‘Will of Helen Grant or Stuart, Belnoe, 10 Feb 1844’. For an example of a cleric investing money in secular enterprises, see SCA, PL/8/94/5 and SCA, PL/8/89/6.
76 A History of the Scottish Secular Mission or Quota Funds (From Authentic Documents) (Blairgowrie, 1902), p. 60.
77 SCAR, 25/139, ‘J. Clapperton to Smith, 17 Feb 1883’.
78 The restoration marked only one stage in the Scottish Catholic Church’s development. In the years that followed, Rome issued a number of other decrees. In 1881, for example, it issued the constitution Romanos Pontífices, which dealt with the issue of exemption for religious priests. Two years later, Propaganda issued a decree on the manner in which Scottish bishops should be elected. Consequently, chapters of canons were established in Glasgow in 1884 and in St Andrew’s and Edinburgh in 1885. The other dioceses followed: Aberdeen in 1892, Dunkeld in 1895, Galloway in 1901 and Argyll and the Isles in 1907. The Scottish Church was formally released from the care of Propaganda in 1908 by virtue of the Apostolic Constitution Sapienti Consilio. That was quickly followed by Apostolic Visitations in 1912 and 1917, the latter of which highlighted many of the problems discussed in this article, including the misuse of capital and trusts and financial mismanagement more generally. On the Scottish Catholic Church’s organisational development, see Cunningham, John, ‘Church Administration and Organisation, 1878–1978’, The Innes Review, vol. 29:1 pp. 73–91 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On the Apostolic Visitation, see Darragh, James, ‘The Apostolic Visitations to Scotland, 1912 and 1917’, The Innes Review, vol. 40:1 (1990), pp. 7–118 Google Scholar.
79 SCA, ED/4/66, ‘Result of the Commission to Report on the Division of Ecclesiastical Goods and Other Matters Administrative and Financial of Scotland, 16 Sept 1884’.
80 Doyle, , ‘“A Tangled Skein of Confusion”, p. 301 Google Scholar; Gilley, Sheridan, ‘The Legacy of William Hogarth, 1786–1866, Recusant History 25:2 (October 2000), p. 255 Google Scholar.
81 APF, Fondo Scozia, 8/633–4, ‘McCartney, James, to PF, 24th Sep 1884’.
82 McMillan, J. F., ‘The Root of all Evil?: Money and the Scottish Catholic Mission in the Eighteenth Century’, Studies in Church History, vol. 24 (1987), pp. 267–282 Google Scholar.