1 Hallucinogenic drugs (also referred to as hallucinogens) are substances which act on the brain to alter perception, mood and cognitive processes, often with accompanying somatic symptoms. The term itself is a misnomer, as their defining characteristic is not ‘hallucino-genesis’. Rather, their primary action is to alter consciousness, often in the absence of hallucinations. Hallucinogens are thought to act via the serotonin (5HT subtype 2A) receptor in the central nervous system. Other drugs that also cause hallucinations (amphetamines such as MDMA), but act via different mechanisms, and lack the same perceptual effects, are not classified as hallucinogens. There are two broad subtypes: the tryptamines (DMT, LSD and psilocybin) and phenethylamines (mescaline) which are thought to act on the 5HT2A receptors via different binding mechanisms. See Nichols, D., ‘Hallucinogens’, Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 101, pp. 131–181CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

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16 Mapother was critical of psychoanalytical theory and its institutions, but employed the likes of John Sutherland, later director of the Tavistock Clinic. The full relationship between psychoanalysis and psychiatry at this time is beyond the scope of this article and has been addressed in more depth elsewhere. For an exploration of the complexities of this relationship see A. White, ‘The science of selection to psychologising civvy street: the Tavistock Group, 1939–1948’, PhD thesis, University of Kent, 2016.

17 Hayward, R., ‘Germany and the making of “English” psychiatry’, in Roelcke, Volker, Weindling, Paul J. and Westwood, Louise (eds.), International Relations in Psychiatry: Britain, Germany, & the United States to World War II, Rochester, NY and Woodbridge: University of Rochester Press, 2010, pp. 67–91, 81Google Scholar.

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21 Rockefeller Foundation, appropriation RF 38061, 15 January 1934, Folder 247, Box 18, Series 401A, RF1.1, RFA, cited in Edgar and Rahman, op. cit. (8), pp. 273–299.

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34 Anon., ‘Reversible nightmare’, Bethlem and Maudsley Hospital Gazette (1956) 2(5), Bethlem Archives, Mescaline Experiment Files, London.

35 E. Guttmann, ‘Letter to Dr Stephen’ (31 October 1936), Bethlem Archives, Mescaline Experiment Files, London.

36 Full quote from Ronald Arthur Robinson (nickname Sam) in interview with C. Hilton: ‘Mayer-Gross was a warm ebullient pyknic with a sparkling eye. A week or two after my arrival he invited me to come to his office at nine o'clock in the morning. My colleagues warned me that this would be for my statutory dose of LSD – and so it turned out; no ifs or buts. After the colourless and tasteless drink my reactions and sensations were monitored for the next four hours by MG, Robert Klein and (I think) John Raven, Director of Psychological Research. Among the various procedures was an EEG. My peers had regaled me the previous evening with expectations of vivid visual and tactile hallucinations, pictures sliding down walls and multiple delusions. To my disappointment none of these occurred; it was for me a complete non-event’.

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45 ‘Beauty will be CONVULSIVE or not at all’ is the closing passage of A. Breton, Nadja, tr. R. Howard, St Ives: Grove Press, 1999 (first published 1928). For photography of Charcot's hysterical patients see P. Régnard, Les attitudes passionelles, 1878 (tr. as Postures of Passion), originally in Iconographie de la Salpêtrière, reproduced in the surrealist journal La révolution surrealiste (1928) 11, pp. 20–22.

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62 A. Penrose, personal correspondence, 2018: ‘I recall he had no interest in drugs although he tried a sniff of cocaine which he described as too much like the dentist and smoked marijuana on one occasion. I don't believe it went further and he said he did not like the feeling of being interfered with by a chemical. Whiskey and wine was all he needed. His friend Julian Huxley was I believe known to experiment with LSD and I recall mescaline being talked about but not in the context of use by Roland or others close to him.’

63 Trevelyan, op. cit. (53), p. 75.

64 E. Guttmann, ‘Subjective experiences caused by mescaline (written on Saturday March 14th 1936)’, reprinted as Guttmann, E., ‘Artificial psychoses produced by mescaline’, Journal of Mental Science (May 1936) 82(338), pp. 203–221CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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69 Library Services Institute of Psychiatry reorganization of pre-1992 book stock discussion document (September 2011), at www.kcl.ac.uk/library/transformation/IoPpre1992reorg.pdf, accessed March 2018.

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