Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-cnmwb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-17T17:31:10.790Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Voluntary food intake of growing pigs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2018

D. J. A. Cole  and
S. A. Chadd
D. J. A. Cole
Affiliation:
University of Nottingham School of Agriculture, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LEI2 5RD
S. A. Chadd
Affiliation:
University of Nottingham School of Agriculture, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LEI2 5RD
Get access

Abstract

The amount of food eaten by the pig is a balance between the needs of the animal and the ability of the food to meet those demands. Major factors influencing the needs of the animal are live weight, genotype and sex. Equations have been established to predict the intake of pigs at different live weights but variation exists amongst these equations which reflect a change to genotypes with smaller appetites. Rapid growth may be limited by the appetite of the pig and differences in intake between the sexes are notable, the biggest being castrated males compared with boars and gilts. Intakes of boars and gilts can be similar but often gilts eat slightly more. Dietary energy has a marked effect, with the pig attempting to adjust its daily energy intake by eating less of high-energy diets. The extent to which it can exert this physiological control is limited when a stage is reached where it is unable to compensate by eating more of a low-quality diet because of physical capacity. The influence of protein on intake has received much less attention but there are clear indications that pigs eat less of diets which are very high or very low in crude protein. Intake is also influenced by protein quality and there is evidence from work at the University of Nottingham that quite small variations in lysine level relative to other essential amino acids can markedly affect intake.

Type
Research Article
Information
BSAP Occasional Publication , Volume 13: The Voluntary Food Intake of Pigs , 1989 , pp. 61 - 70
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Production 1989

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agricultural Research Council. 1981. The Nutrient Requirements of Pigs. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough.Google Scholar
Baile, C. A. 1971. Control of feed intake and the fat depots. Journal of Dairy Science 54: 564–582.Google Scholar
Baile, C. A., Della-Fera, M. A. and McLaughlin, C. L. 1983. Hormones and feed intake. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 42: 113–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baile, C. A., Zinn, W. and Mayer, J. 1971. Feeding behaviour of monkeys: glucose utilisation rate and site of glucose entry. Physiology and Behaviour 6: 537–541.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bray, G. A. 1976. Peripheral metabolic factors in regulation of feeding. In Appetite and Food Intake (ed. Silverstone, T.), pp. 141–176. Life Sciences Research Reports.Google Scholar
Brobeck, J. R. 1948. Food intake as a mechanism of temporary regulation. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 20: 545–552.Google Scholar
Bulatao, E. and Carlson, A. J. 1924. Influence of experimental changes in blood sugar level on gastric hunger contractions. Americal Journal of Physiology 69: 107–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, D. J. A. 1965. Some factors affecting feed intake in pigs. PhD. Thesis, University of London.Google Scholar
Cole, D. J. A. 1984. The nutrient density of pig diets — allowances and appetite. In Fats in Animal Nutrition (ed. Wiseman, J.), pp. 301–311. Butterworths, London.Google Scholar
Cole, D. J. A., Duckworth, J. E. and Holmes, W. 1967. The effect of digestible energy content of the diet on the intake of castrated male pigs housed in holding pens and in metabolism crates. Animal Production 9: 141–148.Google Scholar
Cole, D. J. A., Duckworth, J. E., Holmes, W. and Cuthbertson, A. 1968. Factors affecting voluntary feed intake in pigs. 3. The effect of a period of feed restriction, nutrient density of the diet and sex on intake, performance and carcass characteristics. Animal Production 10: 345–357.Google Scholar
Cole, D. J. A., Hardy, B. and Lewis, D. 1972. Nutrient density of pig diets. In Pig Production (ed. Cole, D. J. A.), pp. 243–257. Butterworths, London.Google Scholar
Davis, J. D., Collins, B. J. and Levine, M. W. 1975. Peripheral control of meal size: the interaction of gustatory stimulation and postingestinal feedback. In Hunger: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Implications (ed. Novin, D., Wyrwicka, W. and Bray, G. A.), pp. 395–408. Raven Press, New York.Google Scholar
Fisher, C. 1984. Fat deposition in broilers. In Fats in Animal Nutrition (ed. Wiseman, J.), pp. 437–470. Butterworths, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gasnier, A. and Mayer, A. 1939. Recherches sur la regulation de la nutrition. II. Les mechanismes regulateurs de la nutrition chez lapin domestique. Annales Physiologie, Physiochimie et Biologie 15: 157–185.Google Scholar
Gibbs, J., Fauser, D. J., Rowe, E. A., Rolls, B. J., Rolls, E. T. and Maddison, S. P. 1979. Bombesin suppresses feeding in rats. Nature, London 282: 208.Google Scholar
Grossman, M. I. 1955. The regulation of hunger and appetite. Integration of current views on the regulation of hunger and appetite. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 63: 76–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henry, Y. 1969. Effects nutritionnels de l'incorporation de cellulose purifié dans le regime du porc en croissance-finition. II. Influence sur les performances de croissance et la composition corporelle. Annales de Zootechnie 18: 371–384.Google Scholar
Henry, Y. 1974. Incorporation de proportions variables de matieres grasses (huile d'archidê) dans le regime du porc en croissance-finition, en relation avec le taux de matieres azotees. II. Influence sur les performances de croissance et la composition corporelle. Annales de Zootechnie 23: 171–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henry, Y. and Etienne, M. 1978. Energy feeding of pigs [Alimentation energetique du porc] Journees de la Recherche Porcine en France 10: 119–161.Google Scholar
Hill, F. W. and Dansky, L. M. 1954. Studies of the energy requirement of chickens. 1. The effect of dietary energy level on growth and food consumption. Poultry Science 33: 143–148.Google Scholar
Houseman, R. A., 1973. A comparison of the voluntary feed intakes of boars, gilts and castrates. Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production, New Series 2: 90–91 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Kennedy, G. C. 1953. The role of depot fat in the hypothalamic control of food intake in the rat. Proceedings of the Royal Society (B) 140: 578–592.Google Scholar
Kennedy, G. C. 1961. The central nervous regulation of caloric balance. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 20: 58–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayer, J. 1953. Glucostatic mechanism of regulation of food intake. New England Journal of Medicine 249: 13–16.Google Scholar
Mayer, J. 1955. Regulation of energy intake and body weight: the glucostatic theory and the lipostatic hypothesis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 63: 15–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melinkoff, S. 1957. Digestive system. Annual Review of Physiology 19: 175–204.Google Scholar
Moser, B. D. and Bitney, L. 1976. G-F swine diets. In Nebraska Swine Report. E.C., pp. 76–219.Google Scholar
Mulinos, M. G. 1933. The gastric hunger mechanism. IV. The influence of experimental alterations in blood sugar concentration on gastric hunger contractions. American Journal of Physiology 104: 371–378.Google Scholar
Porte, D. and Woods, S. C. 1981. Regulation of food intake and body weight by insulin. Diabetologia 20: 274–280.Google Scholar
Quigley, J. P. and Halloran, W. R. 1932. The independence of spontaneous gastro-intestinal motility and blood sugar levels. American Journal of Physiology 100: 102–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russek, M. 1963. Participation of hepatic glucoreceptors in control of intake of food. Nature, London 197: 79.Google Scholar
Russek, M. and Stevenson, J. A. F. 1972. Correlation between the effects of several substances on food intake and on the hepatic concentration of reducing sugars. Physiology and Behavior 8: 245–249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Savidge, J. A., Cole, D. J. A. and Lewis, D. 1984. A study of dietary energy and genotype interaction on voluntary food intake of the grower pig. Animal Production 38: 535 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Scharrer, E. and Langhans, W. 1988. Metabolic and hormonal factors controlling food intake. Symposium on Control of Food Intake in Man. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 58: 249–261.Google Scholar
Seerley, R. W., McDaniel, M. C. and McCampbell, H. C. M. 1978. Environmental influence on utilization of energy in swine diets. Journal of Animal Science 47: 427–434.Google Scholar
Sellier, P., Houix, Y., Desmoulin, B. and Henry, Y. 1974. Premieres observations sur la relation entre conditions nutritionelles et type genetique chez des porc fenelles. Journees de la Recherche Porcine en France 6: 209–219.Google Scholar
Smith, G. P. and Gibbs, J. 1976. Cholecystokitiin and satiety: theoretic and therapeutic implications. In Hunger: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Implications (ed. Novin, D., Wyrwicka, W. and Bray, G. A.), pp. 276–286, Raven Press, New York.Google Scholar
Sparkes, G. M. 1982. The influence of dietary protein on the voluntary feed intake in pigs. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Nottingham.Google Scholar
Stahly, T. S. and Cromwell, G. L. 1979. Effect of environmental temperature and dietary fat supplementation on the performance and carcass characteristics of growing and finishing swine. Journal of Animal Science 40: 1478–1488.Google Scholar
Stahly, T. S., Cromwell, G. L. and Overfield, J. R. 1981. Interactive effect of season of year and dietary fat supplementation, lysine source and lysine level on the performance of swine. Journal of Animal Science 53: 1269–1277.Google Scholar
Stephens, D. E. 1980. The effects of alimentary infusions of glucose, amino acids or neutral fat on meal size in hungry pigs. Journal of Physiology 299: 453–463.Google Scholar
Templeton, R. D. and Quigley, J. P. 1930. The action of insulin on the motility of the gastro-intestinal tract. American Journal of Physiology 91: 467–474.Google Scholar
Walker, D. W. and Remley, N. R. 1970. The relationships among percentage weight loss, circulating free fatty acids and consummatory behaviour in rats. Physiology and Behavior 5: 301–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walstra, P. 1969. Experiments in the Netherlands on the effects of castration of pigs in relation to feeding level. In Meat Production from Entire Male Animals (ed. Rhodes, D. N.), Churchill, London.Google Scholar
Wiseman, J. and Cole, D. J. A. 1987. The digestible and metabolisable energy of two fat blends for growing pigs as influenced by level of inclusion. Animal Production 45: 117–122.Google Scholar
Yen, H. T., Cole, D. J. A. and Lewis, D. 1986. Amino acid requirements of growing pigs. 7. The response of pigs from 22 to 55 kg live weight to dietary ideal protein. Animal Production 43: 141–154.Google Scholar