Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T00:06:07.220Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

DNA fingerprinting to study spatial and temporal distributions of an aphid, Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2009

Kevin A. Shufran ,
William C. Black IV  and
David C. Margolies
Kevin A. Shufran*
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
William C. Black IV
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
David C. Margolies
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
*
Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-4004, USA.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The length of the intergenic spacer in the rRNA cistron varied within and among individuals of Schizaphis graminum (Rondani). Spacer lengths did not vary among offspring of a single maternal lineage (clone). The intergenic spacer was used as a molecular fingerprinting probe on individual aphids and to study spatial and temporal distributions of clones. A spatially nested sampling design was used in wheat and sorghum to estimate numbers of clones among aphids on leaves, among leaves on plants, among plants in fields, among fields in counties, among counties, and among dates. Each level of nesting added a level of clonal diversity to the entire population. 82.3% of the total population diversity was found among aphids on one sorghum leaf. Sampling additional leaves increased diversity slightly (5.4%), whereas plants (0.9%), fields (0.6% to 3.6%), and counties (1.2%) added very little. Sample dates contributed the highest increase in diversity (11%). Diversity rose and fell in wheat along with aphid numbers but remained constant in sorghum. Little variation in Mahalanobis distances could be explained by geographic distances. No genotypes were unique to any field, county, crop, or year. Kansas populations are made up of a large mixture of genetically diverse clones that recolonize wheat and sorghum each year. Sampling many plants, fields, or counties is an ineffective way to increase clonal diversity. Plant breeders developing crop resistance to S. graminum can expect plant entries to be exposed to most of the genetic diversity present in Kansas populations regardless of location.

Type
Research Paper
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 81 , Issue 3 , September 1991 , pp. 303 - 313
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, J.B., Bailey, S.S. & Pukkila, P.J. (1989) Variation in ribosomal DNA among biological species of Armillaria, a genus of root-infecting fungi. Evolution 43, 1652–1662.Google ScholarPubMed
Appels, R. & Dvorák, J. (1982) The wheat ribosomal DNA spacer region: its structure and variation in populations and among species. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 63, 337–348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beckingham, K. (1981) Insect rDNA. pp. 205–269in Busch, H. & Rothblum, L. (Eds) The cell nucleus, Vol. X. Part A. New York, Academic Press.Google Scholar
Bell, K.O. (1990) Report. Cooperative Economic Insect Survey 36 (No. 34), 3 pp. (Topeka, Kansas, Kansas State Board of Agriculture.)Google Scholar
Bell, K.O. (1991) Report. Cooperative Economic Insect Survey 37 (No. 2), 3 pp. (Topeka, Kansas, Kansas State Board of Agriculture.)Google Scholar
Black, W.C. IV (submitted) Patterns of variation in the ribosomal RNA cistron among host adapted races of an aphid (Schizaphis graminum). Submitted to Genetics.Google Scholar
Black, W.C. IV, McLain, D.K. & Rai, K.S. (1989) Patterns of variation in the rDNA cistron within and among world populations of a mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Genetics 121, 539–550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blackman, R.L. (1985) Aphid cytology and genetics. pp. 171–236in Evolution and Biosystematics of Aphids. Proceedings of the International Aphidological Symposium. Warsaw, Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Science.Google Scholar
Blackman, R.L. (1987) Reproduction, cytogenetics and development. pp. 163–195in Minks, A.K., & Harrewijin, P. (Eds) Aphids their biology, natural enemies and control. Vol. A. New York, Elsevier Press.Google Scholar
Bramel-Cox, P.J., Dixon, A.G.O., Reese, J.C. & Harvey, T.L. (1986) New approaches to the development of sorghum germplasm resistant to the biotype-E greenbug. Proceedings of the 41st Annual Corn and Sorghum Industry Research Conference American Seed Trade AssociationWashington DC, 41, 1–16.Google Scholar
Brooks, H.L. & Higgins, R.A. (1990) Sorghum insect management for 1990. 8 pp. Manhattan, Kansas, Cooperative Extension Service.Google Scholar
Carvalho, G.R., Maclean, N., Wratten, S.D., Carter, R.E. & Thurston, J.P. (1991) Differentiation of aphid clones using DNA fingerprints from individual aphids. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 243, 109–114.Google Scholar
Coen, E.S., Strachan, T. & Dover, G. (1982) Dynamics of concerted evolution of ribosomal DNA and histone gene families in the melanogaster species subgroup of Drosophila. Journal of Molecular Biology 158, 17–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dover, G. (1982) Molecular drive: a cohesive mode of species evolution. Nature, London 299, 111–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dover, G. (1986) Molecular drive in multigene families: how biological novelties arise, spread and are assimilated. Current Trends in Genetics 8, 159–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerbi, S.A. (1985) Evolution of ribosomal DNA. pp. 419–517in MacIntyre, R.J. (Ed.) Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. New York, Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, F. (1983) Genetics of plant-herbivore systems: interactions between applied and basic study. pp. 599–653in Denno, R.F. & McClure, M.S. (Eds) Variable plants and herbivores in natural managed systems. New York, Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, T.L. & Hackerott, H.L. (1969) Recognition of a greenbug biotype injurious to sorghum. Journal of Economic Entomology 62, 776–779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kindler, S.D. & Spomer, S.D. (1986) Biotypic status of six greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) isolates. Environmental Entomology 80, 394–397.Google Scholar
Learn, G.H. & Schaal, B.A. (1987) Population subdivision for ribosomal DNA repeat variants in Clematis fremontii. Evolution 41, 433–438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewin, B. (1990) Genes IV. 857 pp. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lewontin, R.C. (1972) The apportionment of human diversity. Evolutionary Biology 6, 381–398.Google Scholar
Lupoli, R., Irwin, M.E. & Vossbrinck, C.R. (1990) A Ribosomal DNA probe to distinguish populations of Rhopalosiphum maidis (Homoptera: Aphididae). Annals of Applied Biology 117, 3–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michels, G.J. (1986) Graminaceous North American host plants of the greenbug with notes on biotypes. Southwestern Entomologist 11, 55–66.Google Scholar
Painter, R.H., Bryson, H.R. & Wilbur, D.A. (1954) Insects that attack wheat in Kansas. Bulletin Kansas State College Agricultural Experiment Station No. 367, 47 pp.Google Scholar
Porter, K.B., Peterson, G.L. & Vise, O. (1982) A new greenbug biotype. Crop Science 22, 847–850.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powers, T.O., Jensen, S.G., Kindler, S.D., Stryker, C.J. & Sandall, L.J. (1989) Mitochondrial DNA divergence among greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) biotypes. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 82, 298–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puterka, G.J. & Peters, D.C. (1989) Inheritance of greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), virulence to Gb2 and Gb3 resistance genes in wheat. Genome 32, 109–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puterka, G.J. & Slosser, J.E. (1983) Inducing oviparae and males of biotype C greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum (Rond.). Southwestern Entomologist 8, 268–272.Google Scholar
Puterka, G.J. & Slosser, J.E. (1986) Influence of host and temperature on greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), egg hatch. Southwestern Entomologist 11, 75–81.Google Scholar
Puterka, G.J., Peters, D.C., Kerns, D.L., Bush, L., Worrall, D.W. & Mcnew, R.W. (1988) Designation of two new greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) biotypes G and H. Journal of Economic Entomology 81, 1754–1759.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reese, J.C., Bramel-Cox, P., Ma, R., Dixon, A.G.O., Mize, T. W. & Schmidt, D.J. (1989) Greenbug and other pest resistance in sorghum. Proceedings of the 44th Annual Corn and Sorghum Industry Research Conference American Seed Trade AssociationWashington DC, 44, 1–29.Google Scholar
SAS (1987) SAS/STAT guide for personal computers. 1028 pp. Cary, North Carolina.Google Scholar
Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F. & Maniatis, T. (1989) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor, New York, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.Google Scholar
Schaal, B.A., Leverich, W.J. & Nieto-Sotello, J. (1987) Ribosomal DNA variation in the native plant, Phlox divaricata. Molecular Biology and Evolution 4, 611–621.Google Scholar
Service, P.M. & Lenski, R.E. (1982) Aphid genotypes, plant genotypes, and genetic diversity: a demographic analysis of experimental data. Evolution 36, 1276–1282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Southern, E.M. (1975) Detection of specific DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. Journal of Molecular Biology 98, 503–517.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suomalainen, E., Saura, A. & Lokki, J. (1987) Cytology and evolution in parthenogenesis. 216 pp. Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press.Google Scholar
Turner, B.J., Elder, J.F., Laughlin, T.F. & Davis, W.P. (1990) Genetic variation in clonal vertebrates detected by simple-sequence DNA fingerprinting. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 87, 5653–5657.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webster, F.M. & Phillips, W.J. (1912) The spring grain-aphis or ‘green bug’. Bulletin Bureau of Entomology United States Department of Agriculture 110, 153 pp.Google Scholar
Wood, E.A. (1961) Biological studies of a new greenbug biotype. Journal of Economic Entomology 54, 1171–1173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar