No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Responses of Pests to Fumigation.VII.—The Relation between Fumigation Techniques, Mortality, and the Amount of Hydrogen Cyanide sorbed by Calandra spp.
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 July 2009
Extract
The relation between fumigation techniques, mortality and sorption of fumigant was investigated by two factorial experiments in which adults of Calandra granaria (L.) and C. oryzae (L.) were exposed to hydrogen cyanide at concentrations of 12, 26 or 44 mg. per litre and pressures of 2, 27, 52 and 76 cm. mercury for 30, 60 or 90 min., or at given concentration-time products (36, 72 or 108 mg. hr. per litre), in each of which the time component was 1, 4 or 12 hr., and pressures of 2, 37 and 76 cm. mercury. The methods of fumigation and estimation of sorption and mortality were those used in earlier investigations and the results are shown in a series of graphs.
For both species, sorption of hydrogen cyanide increased as the total pressure was reduced, about three times as much being sorbed, in the first experiment, at a pressure of 2 cm. as at atmospheric pressure, the increase in sorptive capacity being greater in the case of C. oryzae than in that of C. granaria. In the second experiment, sorption by both species, for a given concentration-time product, was greater at a high concentration applied for a short period (1 hr.) than at a lower concentration applied for a long period (12 hr.); in the former conditions, C. granaria consistently sorbed more fumigant than did C. oryzae, in the latter, the reverse was the case, and in intermediate conditions (4 hr. exposure), the amounts sorbed by the two species did not differ materially. This result was inconsistent with that of the first experiment, in which C. oryzae sorbed more than did C. granaria during short exposures (30.90 min.).
These effects on sorptive capacity of differing conditions of fumigation could account for most of the reported departures from the rule that the biological effects of fumigation can be described by the product of the mean concentration of fumigant applied and the period of exposure. Comparison between mortality and sorption at pressures of 27–76 cm. in the first experiment showed, however, that while these were broadly associated, the increased mortality at higher concentrations was greater than would be expected from the associated increase in sorption, and this discrepancy was significantly larger for C. oryzae than for C. granaria.
- Type
- Research Paper
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1958
References
Bhambhani, H. J. (1956a). Responses of pests to fumigation. VI. Water losses and the mortality of Calandra spp. at reduced pressures.—Bull, ent. Res., 47, pp. 749–753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhambhani, H. J. (1956b). Determination of fumigants. XXIII. The recovery of hydrogen cyanide from fumigated insects.—J. Sci. Fd Agric., 7, pp. 276–281.Google Scholar
Busvine, J. R. (1942). Relative toxicity of insecticides.—Nature, Lond., 150, no. 3798 pp. 208–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpenter, E. L. & Moore, W. (1938). Sorption of hydrocyanic acid by different species of insects.—J. econ. Ent., 31, pp. 270–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El Nahal, A. K. M.. (1953a). Responses of pests to fumigation. III. The fumigation of wheat containing Calandra, spp. (Curculionidae) with three fumigants, under reduced pressure.—Bull. ent. Res., 44, pp. 641–650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El Nahal, A. K. M. (1953b). Responses of pests to fumigation. IV. The responses of Calandra spp. to reduced pressures.—Bull. ent. Res, 44, pp. 651–656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El Nahal, A. K. M. (1953c). Fumigation of agricultural products. VI. Penetration and sorption of hydrogen cyanide in wheat fumigated at reduced pressures.—J. Sci. Fd Agric, 4, pp. 517–522.Google Scholar
Lindgren, D. L. & Sinclair, W. B. (1944). Relation of mortality to amounts of hydrocyanic acid recovered from fumigated resistant and non-resistant citrus scale insects.—Hilgardia, 16, pp. 303–315.Google Scholar
Lindgren, D. L.. & Sinclair, W. B. (1945). Sorption of HCN by insect pupae. —J. econ. Ent., 38, p. 617.Google Scholar
Lubatti, O. F. (1944). Determination of fumigants. XVI. Sorption of hydrogen cyanide by wheat.—J. Soc. chem. Ind., 63, pp. 257–268.Google Scholar
Lubatti, O. F. & Smith, B. (1948). Determination of fumigants. XIX. Sorption of methyl bromide by onion seed.—J. Soc. chem. Ind., 67, pp. 297–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, W. & Carpenter, E. L. (1938). The fumigation of insects with hydrocyanic acid: effect of different air pressures.—J. econ. Ent., 31, pp. 419–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Page, A. B. P.. & Blackith, R. E. (1954). Fumigation of agricultural products. IX. Sorption of fumigants at reduced pressures.—J. Sci. Fd Agric 5, pp. 373–376.Google Scholar
Pradhan, S. & Bhatia, S. C. (1951). Specific susceptibility to HCN and the amount of HCN recovered from fumigated insects.—Bull. ent. Res, 42, pp. 399–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salmond, K. F. (1953). Responses of pests to fumigation. II. Toxicity of hydrogen cyanide to Calandra spp. under reduced pressure.—Bull. ent. Res., 44, pp. 225–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stringer, A. (1948). Relation between bioassay systems and the values found for toxicity of D.D.T.—Ann. appl. Biol., 35, pp. 527–531.Google Scholar
Tattersfield, F. (1927). The relationship between the chemical constitution of organic compounds and their toxicity to insects.—J. agric. Sci., 17, pp. 181–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar