Hostname: page-component-7bb8b95d7b-fmk2r Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-09-17T10:48:09.380Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The behaviour of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae): a review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2009

C. J. Schofield
C. J. Schofield
Affiliation:
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St., London WC1E 7HT, UK.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Five aspects of the behaviour of the Triatominae are reviewed: hostfinding, defence from predators, habitat selection, activity patterns and substrate preferences, and mating and oviposition behaviour. It is emphasised that knowledge of behaviour is largely restricted to the three species Triatoma infestans (Klug), Rhodnius prolixus Stål and Panstrongylus megistus (Burm.) and that the behaviour of other species, particularly those with predominantly sylvatic habits, may be quite different in some respects.

Type
Review Articles
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 69 , Issue 3 , September 1979 , pp. 363 - 379
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1979

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abalos, J. W., Wyoodzinsky, P. (1951). Las Triatominae argentinas (Reduviidae, Hemiptera).—Monogr. Inst. Med. reg., Tucumán no. 2, 178 pp.Google Scholar
Aldrich, J. R., Blum, M. S., Duffey, S. S., Fales, H. M. (1976). Male Specific natural products in the bug, Leptoglossus phyllopus: chemistry and possible function. —J. Insect Physiol. 22, 1201–1206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antich, A. V. (1965). Introductión al estudio de la atraccion por el olor en reduvideos hematófagos transmisores de la enfermedad de Chagas. Investigations de laboratorio con el Triatoma phyllosoma pallidipennis (Stål).—Archos venez. Med. trop. Parasit.méd. 5, 329–344.Google Scholar
Antich, A. V. (1968). Atracción por olor en ninfas y adultos de Rhodnius prolixus (Stål).—Revta Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo 10, 242–246.Google ScholarPubMed
Anwyl, R. (1972). The structure and properties of an abdominal stretch receptor in Rhodnius prolixus.—J. Insect Physiol. 18, 2143–2153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arzuberodriguez, M. (1966). Investigation de la fuente alimenticia del T. dimidiata, Latr. 1811 (Hemiptera: Reduvidae), mediante la reaction de precipitina.—Revta ecuat.Hig. Med. trop. 23, 137–152.Google Scholar
Baines, S. (1956). The role of the symbiotic bacteria in the nutrition of Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera).—J. exp. Biol. 33, 533–541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldwin, W. F., Shaver, E. L. (1963). Radiation-induced sterility in the insect Rhodnius prolixus.—Can. J. Zool. 41, 637–648.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldwin, W. F., Knight, A., Lynn, K. R. (1971). A sex pheromone in the insect Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae).—Can. Ent. 103, 18–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, T. V. (1976). Parasites and predators of Triatominae.—Scient. Publ, Pan-American Health Organisation no. 318, 24–30.Google Scholar
Barretto, M. P. (1968). Estudos sôre reservatórios vetores silvestres do “Trypanosoma cruzi”. XXXI: observações sôbre a associação entre reservatórios e vectores, com especial referência â região nordeste do Estado de São Paulo.—Revta bras. Biol. 28, 48–194.Google Scholar
Barretto, M. P., Siqueira, A. F., Corréa, F. M. A. (1963). Estudos sôbre reservatórios evetores silvestres do Trypanosoma cruzi. I. Encontro de Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) em ecótopos silvestres.—Revta Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo 5, 289–293.Google Scholar
Bell, W.Schaefer, C. W. (1966). Longevity and egg production of female bed bugs, Cimex lectularius, fed various blood fractions and other substances.—Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 59, 53–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernard, J. (1974). Mécanisme d'ouverture de la bouche chez l'hmiptere hématophage, Triatoma infestans.—Insect Physiol. 20, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertram, D. S. (1971). Attraction of triatomine bug vectors of Chagas' disease to Betalights. Nature, Lond. 231, 268.Google ScholarPubMed
Bertram, D. S. (1974). Behaviour of Gryon sp., a hymenopteran parasite of triatomid bug eggs, in an artificial wall infested with bug eggs.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 68, 11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brady, J. (1914). The physiology of insect circadian rhythms.—Adv. Insect Physiol. 10, 1–115.Google Scholar
Brumpt, E. (1914). Importance du cannibalisme et de la coprophagie chez les réduvidés hématophages (Rhodnius, Triatoma) pour la conservation des trypanosomes pathogènes en dehors de 1'hôte vertébré.—Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 7, 702–705.Google Scholar
Brunt, A. M. (1971). The reproductive behaviour of Dysdercus fasciatus Signoret (Hem., Pyrrhocoridae) in culture.—Entomologist's mon. Mag. 107, 18–23.Google Scholar
Burgess, L. (1959). Probing behaviour of Aedes aegypti (L.) in response to heat and moisture.—Nature, Lond. 184, 1968–1969.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Busvine, J. R. (1970). Chagas disease control and the possibilities of resistance in triatomids. —25 pp. Geneva, WHO (WHO/VBC/70.195).Google Scholar
Buxton, P. A. (1931). The thermal death-point of Rhodnius (Rynchota, Heteroptera) under controlled conditions of humidity.—J. exp. Biol. 8, 275–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callahan, P. S. (1977). Tuning in to nature. London, Routledge.Google Scholar
Carcavallo, R.Carabajal, C. A. (1971). Efectos del tepa en tres especies de Triatominae, pp. 247–251 in Sterility principle for insect control or eradication. Proceedings of a symposium on the sterility principle for insect control or eradication jointly organised by the IAEA and FAO and held in Athens, 14–18 September 1970. —542 pp. Vienna, IAEA STI/PUB/265.Google Scholar
Cockburn, J. M. (1972). Laboratory investigations bearing on possible insecticide resistance in Triatomid bugs. —10 pp. Geneva, WHO (WHO/VBC/72.359).Google Scholar
Corrêa, R. R. (1968). Informe sôbre a doença de Chagas no Brasil e em especial no estado de São Paulo.—Revta bras. Malar. Doenç. trop. 20, 39–81.Google Scholar
Espínola, H. N. (1973). Aspectos do comportamento do Triatoma infestans em condicões experimentais de laboratorio. —Thesis, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, M. G., Brazil, 206 pp.Google Scholar
Feliciangeli, , De Piero, D. (1976). Control biológico: una nueva alternativa en la lucha contra Rhodnius prolixus, principal vector de la enfermedad de Chagas en Venezulela.—Boln. Inf. Dir. Malariol. Saneam. ambien. 16, 367–373.Google Scholar
Feliciangeli, M. D. (1970). Ricerche preliminari sulla sterilizzazione di Rhodnius prolixus per contatto tarsale sopra superfici trattate con metepa (ossido di tris-2-metil-aziridinil fosfato).—Riv. Parassit. 31, 285–290.Google Scholar
Feliciangeli, M. D. (1973). Accion atractiva de metepa sobre Rhodnius prolixus en condiciones experimentales.—Riv. Parassit. 34, 305–309.Google Scholar
Feliciangeli, M. D., Fernandez, E., Tonn, R. J. (1978). A microhymenopteran parasite of eggs of Psammolestes arthuri (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and observations of experimental parasitism of eggs of Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae).—J. med. Ent. 14, 593–594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Figueiredo, M., Muller, C. A., Oliveira, F. A. M.,Pinchin, R., Gilbert, B., Szumlewicz, A. P. (1977). Dilatação da durabilidade da aco toxica ao barbeiro de insecticidas em formulações de lenta liberação.—XIII Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina tropical (Resumos) 39.Google Scholar
Forattini, O. P., Rocha E. Silva, E. O. Da, Ferreira, O. A., Rabello, E. X., Pattoli, D. G. B.(1971 a). Aspectos ecológicos da tripanossomose americana.—III—dispersão local de triatomíneos, com especial referência ao Triatoma sordida. Revta Saúde Públ. 5, 193–205.Google Scholar
Forattini, O. P., Rabello, E. X., Pattoli, D. G. B., Corrêa, R. R.. (1971 b). Observações sôbre a infestação domiciliar residual por Triatoma infestans.—Revta Saúde Públ. 5, 17–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forattini, O. P., Rabello, E. X., Pattoli, D. B. G.. (1972). Aspectos ecológicos da tripanossomose americana. IV —mobilidade de Triatoma arthurneiva em seus ecótopes naturais. —Revta Saúde Públ. 6, 183–187.Google Scholar
Forattini, O. P., Ferreira, O. A., Rocha E Silva, E. O.. Rabello, E. X. (1977). Aspectos ecológicos da tripanossomíase americana. VIII domicilição de Panstrongylus megistus e sua presença extradomiciliar. Revta Sáude Públ. 11 73–86.Google ScholarPubMed
Friend, W. G. (1965). The gorging response in Rhodnius prolixus Stahl.—Can. J. Zool. 43, 125–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friend, W. G., Choy, C. T. H., Cartwright, E. (1965). The effect of nutrient intake on the development and the egg production of Rhodnius prolixus Ståhl (Hemiptera:Reduviidae).—Can. J. Zool. 43, 891–904.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friend, W. G., Smith, J. J. B. (1971). Feeding in Rhodnius prolixus: potencies of nucleoside phosphates in initiating gorging.—J. Insect Physiol. 17, 1315–1320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friend, W. G., Smith, J. J. B. (1975). Feeding in Rhodnius prolixus: increasing sensitivity to ATP during prolonged food deprivation.—J. Insect Physiol. 21, 1081–1084.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friend, W. G.. Smith, J. J. B. (1977). Factors affecting feeding by bloodsucking insects.—A. Rev. Ent. 22, 309–331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fujita, T., Klòetzel, K.. (1976). A resposta de Rhodnius prolixus a estimulos térmicos.—Revta Soc. Bras. Med. trop. 10, 119–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gamboa, C. J.. (1962). Dipersión de Rhodnius prolixus en Venezuela.—Boln. Inf. Dir. Malariol. Saneam. ambien. 3, 262–272.Google Scholar
Gamboa, C. J. (1963). Comprobación de Rhodnius prolixus extradomiciliario en Venezuela.(communicacin preliminar).—Boln. Of. sanit. pan-am. 54, 18–25.Google Scholar
Gamboa, C. J. (1973 a). La población silvestre de Rhodnius prolixus en Venezuela.—Archos venez. Med. trop. Parasit. med. 5, 321–352.Google Scholar
Gamboa, C. J. (1973 b). El proceso modificador de la vivienda en el medio rural del estado Miranda (Venezuela).—Su relación con la infestación Archos venez. Med. trop. Parasit. med. 5, 353–364.Google Scholar
Games, D. E., Schofield, C. J., Staddon, B. W. (1974). The secretion from Brindley's scent glands in Triatominae.—Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 67, 820.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghauri, M. S. K. (1976). The Indian triatomine genus Linshcosteus (Reduviidae).—Syst. Ent. 1, 183–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, B. (1976). Possible use of juvenile hormone mimics in vector control.—Scient. Publ. Pan-American Health Organisation no. 318, 282–288.Google Scholar
Gillett, J. D.. Wigglesworth, V. B. (1932). The climbing organ of an insect, Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera; Reduviidae).—Proc. R. Soc. B 3, 364–376.Google Scholar
Gillies, M. T., Smith, A. (1960). The effect of a residual house-spraying campaign in East Africa on species balance in the Anopheles funestus group. The replacement of A. funestus Giles by A. rivulorum Leeson.—Bull. ent. Res. 51, 243–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gómez-Núñez, J. C. (1965). Desarollo de un neuvo método para evaluar la infestación intradomiciliaria por Rhodnius prolixus.—Acta dent, venez. 16, 26–31.Google Scholar
Gómez-Núñez, J. C. (1969). Resting places, dispersal and survival of Co60-tagged adult Rhodnius prolixus.—J. med. Ent. 6, 83–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gómez-Núñez, J. C. (1971). Tapinoma melanocephalum as an inhibitor of Rhodnius prolixus populations.—J. med. Ent. 8, 735–737.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gómez-Núñez, J. C., Cross, A. & Machado, C. (1964). Las radiaciones gamma y el comportamiento reproductive del Rhodnius prolixus macho.—Acta cient. venez. 15, 97–104.Google Scholar
Gringorten, J. L., Friend, W. G. (1979). Wing-beat pattern in Rhodnius prolixus Stål (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) during exhaustive flight.—Can. J. Zool. 57, 391–395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hack, W. H. (1955). Estudios sobre biología del Triatoma infestans (Klug, 1834) (Hem., Reduviidae).—An. Inst. Med. reg., Tucumán 4, 125–147.Google Scholar
Hájková, Z. (1972). Notes on colonization of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera, Reduviidae).—Folia parasit. Praha 19, 183–187.Google ScholarPubMed
Hase, A. (1933). Ueber die Lauterzeugung sowie deren mutmassliche Bedeutung bei der Wanze Panstrongylus, Hemiptera U. Familie Triatomidae.—Biol. Zbl. 53, 607–614.Google Scholar
Hase, A. (1940). Ueber Triatoma dimidiata (Hemiptera, Triatomidae). I. Teil.—Z. Parasikde 11, 419–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haviland, M. D. (1931). The Reduviidae of Kartabo, Bartica District, British Guiana.—Zoologica, N.Y. 7, 129–154.Google Scholar
Hill, P., Campbell, J. A. (1975). Improved rearing of symbiont-free and infected Rhodnius prolixus using rabbit-ear warmers and simple microbiological isolators.—Lab. Pract. 24, 746–747.Google ScholarPubMed
Hocking, B. (1971). Blood-sucking behavior of terrestrial arthropods.—A. Rev. Ent. 16, 1–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kälin, M., Barrett, F. M. (1975). Observations on the anatomy, histology, release site, and function of Brindley's glands in the blood-sucking bug, Rhodnius prolixus (Heteroptera: Reduviidae).—Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 68, 126–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalshoven, L. G. E. (1970). Observations on the blood-sucking reduviid Triatoma rubrofasciata (DeGeer) in Java.—Ent. Ber., Amst. 30, 41–47.Google Scholar
Katagai, T. (1930). Experimental observations on the life-history and blood-sucking habits of Rhodnius prolixus from South America. [In Japanese.].—J. Med. Soc. Formosa no. 306, 21 pp.Google Scholar
Kraus, C. (1957). Versuch einer morphologischen und neurophysiologischen Analyse des Stechaktes von Rhodnius prolixus Stål 1858.—Acta trop. 14, 36–87.Google ScholarPubMed
Lavoipierre, M. M. J., Dickerson, G.. Gordon, R. M. (1959). Studies on the methods of feeding of blood-sucking arthropods. I. The manner in which Triatomine bugs obtain their blood-meal, as observed in the tissues of the living rodent, with some remarks on the effects of the bite on human volunteers.—Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 53, 235–250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehane, M. J.. Schofield, C. J. (1976). Preliminary report on flight by some triatomine bugs.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 70, 526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehane, M. J., Schofield, C. J. (1978). Measurement of speed and duration of flight by triatomine bugs.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 72, 438.Google Scholar
Lent, H., Jurberg, J. (1969 a). O gênero “Cavernicola” Barber, 1937, com um estudosôbre a genitália externa (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae).—Revta bras. Biol. 29, 317–327.Google Scholar
Lent, H., Jurberg, J. (1969 b). O gênero “Rhodnius” Stål, 1859, com um estudo sôbre a genitália das espécies (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae).—Revta bras. Biol. 29, 487–560.Google Scholar
Lent, H., Jurberg, J. (1970). O gênero Eratyrus Stal, 1859, com um estudo sôbre a genitália externa (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae).—Revta bras. Biol. 30, 297–312.Google Scholar
Lent, H., Jurberg, J. (1972). O gênero Dipetalogaster Usinger, 1939, com um estudo sôbre a genitália externa (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae).—Studia ent. 15, 465–484.Google Scholar
Lent, H., Jurberg, J. (1975). O gênero Panstrongylus Berg, 1879, com um estudo sôbre a genitália externa das espécies (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae).—Revta bras. Biol. 35, 379–438.Google Scholar
Lent, H., Wygodzinsky, P. (in press). Revision of the Triatominae (Reduviidae, Hemiptera), and their significance as vectors of Chagas's disease.—Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist.Google Scholar
Leston, D. (1957). The stridulatory mechanisms in terrestrial species of Hemiptera Heteroptera.—Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 128, 369–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loher, W., Gordon, H. T. (1968). The maturation of sexual behavior in a new strain of the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus.—Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 61, 1566–1572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maddrell, S. H. P. (1963). Control of ingestion in Rhodnius prolixus Stål. Nature, Lond. 198, 210.Google Scholar
Maggio, C. (1915). Studien tiber die Chagaskrankheit in Argentinien und die Trypanosomen der “Vinchuchas” (Wanzen, Triatoma infestans Klug).—Zentbl. Bakt. ParasitKde Abt. I Orig. 77, 40–46.Google Scholar
Mangum, C. L., Callahan, P. S. (1968). Attraction of near-infrared radiation to Aedes aegypti.—J. econ. Ent. 61, 36–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marsden, P. D. (1971). South American trypanosomiasis.—Int. Rev. trop. Med. 4, 97–121.Google ScholarPubMed
Maudlin, I. (1976). The inheritance of radiation induced semi-sterility in Rhodnius prolixus.—Chromosoma 58, 285–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mazzotti, L. (1970). Ausencia de emanaciones odoriferas perceptibles en Dipetalogaster maximus. Algunos comentarios sobre esta especie.—Revta Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo 12, 320–324.Google Scholar
Miles, M. A. (1976). Distribution and importance of Triatominae as vectors of T. cruzi.—Scient. Publ. Pan-American Health Organisation no. 318, 48–56.Google Scholar
Miles, P. W. (1958). Contact chemoreception in some Heteroptera, including chemoreception internal to the stylet food canal.—J. Insect Physiol. 2, 338–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minter, D. M. (1976). Feeding patterns of some triatomine vector species.—Scient. Publ. Pan-American Health Organisation no. 318, 33–46.Google Scholar
Minter, D. M., Minter-Goedbloed, E., Marsden, P. D., Miles, M. A., Boreham, P. F. L. (1973). The host selection pattern and infection rates of Panstrongylus megistus in an area of eastern Brazil.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 67, 291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minter, D. M., Minter-Goedbloed, E., Ferro Vela, C. (1977). Quantitative studies with first-instar triatomines in the xenodiagnosis of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruziin experimentally and naturally infected hosts.—Trans. R. Soc. trap. Med. Hyg. 71, 530–541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neghme, A., Schenone, H., Reyes, H., Carrasco, J., Alfaro, E. (1960). Hallazgo de Triatoma infestans en vagones de ferrocarril.—Boln chil. Parasit. 15, 86–87.Google Scholar
Nicolle, P., Mathis, M. (1941). Le thermotropisme, facteur determinant primordial pour la piqûre des réduvidés hématophages.—C. r. Séanc. Soc. Biol. 135, 25–27.Google Scholar
Nocerino, F. (1976). Susceptibilidad de R. prolixus y T. maculata a los insecticidas en Venezuela.—Boln. Dir. Malariol. Saneam. ambien. 16, 276–283.Google Scholar
Nyirady, S. A. (1973). The germfree culture of three species of Triatominae: Triatoma protracta (Uhler), Triatoma rubida (Uhler), and Rhodnius prolixus Stål.—J. med. Ent. 10, 417–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okasha, A. Y. K. (1964). Effects of high temperature in Rhodnius prolixus (Stahl.) —Nature, Lond. 1204, 1221–1222.Google Scholar
Pattenden, G., Staddon, B. W. (1972). Identification of iso-butyric acid in secretion from Brindley's scent glands in Rhodnius prolixus. (Heteroptera: Reduviidae).—Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 65, 1240–1241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, J. W. (1972). The influence of juvenile hormone mimics on the metamorphosis and fertility of mosquitoes and other blood-sucking insects. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. London, 206 pp.Google Scholar
Patterson, J. W. (1973). Prospects of using juvenile hormone mimics in the control of triatomine bugs.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 67, 306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, J. W., Schwartz, M. (1977). Chemical structure, juvenile hormone activity and persistence within the insect of juvenile hormone mimics for Rhodnius prolixus.—J. Insect Physiol. 23, 121–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peixegrino, J. (1950). Nota sôbre o parasitismo de ovos de Triatoma infestans e Panstrongylus megistus pelo microhimendptero Telenomus fariai Lima, 1927.—Mems. lnst. Oswaldo Cruz 48, 669–673.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pessoa, S. B., Barros, N. V. De (1939). Criação do Triatoma infestans na temperatura de estufa.—Folha med. 20, 285–287.Google Scholar
Phillips, N. R. (1958). Experimental studies on epidemiological factors in the transmission of American human trypanosomiasis. —Ph.D. thesis, Univ. London, 231 pp.Google Scholar
Phillips, N. R. (1960). Experimental studies on the quantitative transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi: aspects of the rearing, maintenance and testing of vector material, and of the origin and course of infection in the vector.—Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 54, 397–414.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pifano, C. F. (1973). La dinamica epidemiológica de la enfermedad de Chagas en el vallede los Naranjos, Estado Carabobo, Venezuela. I. Contributión al estudio de los focos naturales silvestres del Schizotrypanum cruzi Chagas 1909.—Arch. Venez. Med. trop. Parasit. méd. 5 (2), 3–29.Google Scholar
Pipkin, A. C. (1969). Transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi by arthropod vectors: anterior versus posterior route infection.—Int. Rev. trop. Med. 3, 1–47.Google ScholarPubMed
Pippin, W. F. (1970). The biology and vector capability of Triatoma sanguisuga texana Usinger and Triatoma gerstaeckeri (Stål) compared with Rhodnius prolixus (Stål) (Hemiptera: Triatominae).—J. med. Ent. 7, 30–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rabinovich, J. E. (1970). Population dynamics of Telenomus fariai (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), a parasite of Chagas' disease vectors. II. Effect of host-egg age.—J. med. Ent. 7, 477–481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rabinovich, J. E. (1972 a). Simulatión en una computadora digital de la regulatión poblacional de triatominos vectores de la enfermedad de Chagas, por parte el parásito Telenomus fariai (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), y de las estrategias para el control integrado.—An. I. Cong. Lat. Ent., Cuzco, Peru, 1971.Google Scholar
Rabinovich, J. E. (1972 b). Vital statistics of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) under laboratory conditions. I. Triatoma infestcns Klug.—J. med. Ent. 9, 351–370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richards, O. W. (1927). Sexual selection and allied problems in the insects.—Biol. Rev. 2, 298–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rocha E Silva, E. O., da Dias Júnior, J., Guarita, O. F. (1969). Suspensão do rociado no combate ao Triatoma infestans em áreas do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil.—Revta Saúde Públ. 3,172–181.Google Scholar
Rocha E Silva, E. O.. da Souza, J. M. P.. de andrade, J. C. R. deMello, C. da Silva & Ferreira, O. A. (1977). Preferéncia alimentar (entre sangue humano e ave) dos Triatoma sordida encontrados em casas habitadas do regiao norte do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, Revta Saúde Públ. 11, 258–269.Google Scholar
Ryckman, R. E. (1951). Recent observations of cannibalism in Triatoma (Hemiptera: Reduviidae).—. Parasit. 37, 33–34.Google ScholarPubMed
Ryckman, R. E. & Ryckman, A. E. (1967 a). Epizootiology of Trypanosoma cruzi in southwestern North America. Part X: the biosystematics of Dipelalogaster maximus in Mexico (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomidae).—J. med. Ent. 4, 180–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryckman, R. E., Ryckman, J. V. (1967 b). Epizootiology of Trypanosoma cruzi in southwestern North America. Part XII: does Gause's rule apply to the ectoparasitic Triatominae? (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) (Kinetoplastidae: Trypanosomidae) (Rodentia: Cricetidae).—J. med. Ent. 4, 379–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salama, H. S. (1966). Taste sensitivity to some chemicals in Rhodnius prolixus Stahl and Aedes aegypti L.—J. Insect Physiol. 12, 583–589.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sankaran, T., Nagaraja, H. (1975). Observations on two sibling species of Gryon (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae) parasitic on Triatominae (Hemiptera) in India.—Bull, ent. Res. 65, 215–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schofield, C. J. (1975). The behavioural biology of Triatominae, with special reference to intraspecific communication mechanisms. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. London, 326 pp.Google Scholar
Schofield, C. J. (1976 a). An actograph for the study of circadian rhythms of locomotor activity of triatomine bugs.—Trans. R. Soc. trap. Med. Hyg. 70, 277.Google Scholar
Schofield, C. J. (1976 b). Time lapse photographic study of nocturnal behaviour in triatomine bugs.—Trans. R. Soc. trap. Med. Hyg. 70, 12.Google Scholar
Schofield, C. J. (1977). Sound production in some triatomine bugs.—Physiol. Ent. 2, 43–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schofield, C. J. (1978). A comparison of sampling techniques for domestic populations of Triatominae.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 72, 449–455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schofield, C. J. (1979). Demonstration of isobutyric acid in some triatomine bugs. Short communication.—Acta trop. 36, 103–105.Google Scholar
Schofield, C. J., Moreman, K. (1976). Apparent absence of a sex attractant in adult Triatoma infestans (Klug), vector of Chagas' disease.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 70, 165–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schofield, C. J., Patterson, J. W. (1977). Assembly pheromone of Triatoma infestans and Rhodnius prolixus nymphs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae).—J. med. Ent. 13, 727–734.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sjogren, R. D., Ryckman, R. E. (1966). Epizootiology of Trypanosoma cruzi in southwestern North America. Part VIII: nocturnal flights of Triatoma protracta (Uhler) as indicated by collections at black light traps (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae).J. med. Ent. 3, 81–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skierska, B., Szadziewska, M. (1976). Laboratory tests for usability of the entomophilic nematodes Steinernematidae Chitwood et Chitwood 1937 in biological control of some noxious arthropods.—Bull. Inst. mar. trop. Med. Gdynia. 27, 207–227.Google ScholarPubMed
Slifer, E. H. (1960). A rapid and sensitive method for identifying permeable areas in the body wall of insects.—Ent. News 71, 179–182.Google Scholar
Smith, J. J. B., Friend, W. G. (1976 a). Further studies on potencies of nucleotides as gorging stimuli during feeding in Rhodnius prolixus.—Insect Physiol. 22, 607–611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, J. J. B., Friend, W. G. (1976). Potencies of combined doses of nucleotides as gorging stimulants for Rhodnius prolixus.—J. Insect Physiol. 22, 1049–1052.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soler, C. A., Schenone, H., Reyes, H. (1969). Problemas derivados de la raparición de Triatoma infestans en viviendas desinsectadas y el concepto de reinfestación.—Boln. chil. Parasit. 24, 83–87.Google Scholar
Steward, C. C., Atwood, C. E. (1963). The sensory organs of the mosquito antenna.—Can. J. Zool. 41, 577–594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szumlewicz, A. P. (1976). Laboratory colonies of Triatominae, biology and population dynamics.—Scient. Publ. Pan-American Health Organisation no. 318, 63–82.Google Scholar
Tonn, R. J., Espínola, H., Mora, E., Jimenez, J. E. (1978). Trampa de luz negra como método de captura nocturna de triatominos en Venezuela.—Boln. Inf. Dir. Malariol. Saneam. ambient. 18, 25–30.Google Scholar
Tonn, R. J., Otero, M. A., Jiménez, J. (1976). Comparacion del metodo horahombre con la trampa Gómez-Núñez en la búsqueda de Rhodnius prolixus.—Boln. Dir. Malariol. Saneam, ambien. 16, 269–275.Google Scholar
Undiano, C. (1968). Predatores naturales do los triatomideos, su biologia y posibilidades de utilizarlos en la lucha biologica.—Rev. Fac. Cienc. med. Cordóba 16, 307–318.Google Scholar
Valdivieso, F. G., Diaz, B. S., Nocerino, F. (1971). Susceptibilidad de R. prolixus a los insecticidas dorados en Venezuela.—Boln. Inf. Dir. Malariol. Saneam. ambient. 11, 47–52.Google Scholar
Ventocilla, J. A., Silva, P. (1968). Triatomíneos capturados em armadilha luminosa na área cacueira da Bahia.—Revta bras. Malar. Doenç. trop. 20, 161–169.Google Scholar
Wiesinger, D. (1956). Die Bedeutung der Umweltfaktoren für den Saugakt von Triatoma infestans.—Acta trop. 13, 97–141.Google ScholarPubMed
Wigglesworth, V. B. (1934). The physiology of ecdysis in Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera). II. Factors controlling moulting and “metamorphosis.—Q. Jl microsc. Sci. 77, 191–222.Google Scholar
Wigglesworth, V. B. (1936). Symbiotic bacteria in a bloodsucking insect, Rhodnius prolixus Stål (Hemiptera, Triatomidae).—Parasitology 28, 284–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wigglesworth, V. B. (1952). The thoracic gland in Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera) and its role in moulting.—J. exp. Biol. 29, 561–570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wigglesworth, V. B. (1969). Chemical structure and juvenile hormone activity: comparative tests on Rhodnius prolixus.—J. Insect Physiol. 15, 73–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wigglesworth, V. B., Gillett, J. D. (1934). The function of the antennae in Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera) and the mechanism of orientation to the host.—J. exp. Biol. 9, 120–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, S. F. (1944). Notes on the feeding of cone-nosed bugs (Hemiptera, Reduviidae).—Parasit. 30, 197–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, S. F. (1950). Dispersal flight of Triatoma in southern Arizona.—J. Parasit. 36, 498–499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, S. F. (1951). Importance of feeding and defecation times of insect vectors in transmission of Chagas' disease.—J. econ. Ent. 44, 52–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, S. F., Wood, F. D. (1964). Nocturnal aggregation and invasion of homes in southern California by insect vectors of Chagas' disease.—J. econ. Ent. 57, 775–776.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, R. H. (1964). Metarchon: a new term for a class of non toxic pest control agents.—Nature, Lond. 204, 603–604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeledón, R. (1974). Epidemiology, modes of transmission and reservoir hosts of Chagas' disease.—Ciba Foundation Symposium no. 20, 51–85.Google Scholar
Zeledón, R., Valerio, C. E., Valerio, J. E. (1973). The camouflage phenomenon in several species of Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae).—J. med. Ent. 10, 209–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeledón, R.. Alvarador, R.Jirón, L. F. (1977). Observations on the feeding and defecation patterns of three triatomine species (Hemiptera: Reduviidae).—Acta trop. 34, 65–77.Google ScholarPubMed