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Disturbances in Eastern Afghanistan, 1839–42

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 December 2009

M. E. Yapp
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Extract

The collapse of the authority of the Saddozai rulers of Afghanistan in the early years of the nineteenth century left their empire divided into a number of separate states. By 1838 the only states still under Afghan rule were those of Herat, Qandahar, and Kabul. At that time fear that Russia had gained a preponderant influence in Persia which would be extended to Afghanistan caused the British authorities in India and England to decide to remove Dost Muḥammad Khān, the ruler of Kabul, and his brothers, who ruled in Qandahar, and to restore Shāh Shujā' al-Mulk, the deposed Saddozai monarch, to the government of those territories.

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Articles
Information
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 25 , Issue 3 , October 1962 , pp. 499 - 523
Copyright
Copyright © School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 1962

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References

1 Khalfin, N. A.‘ Angliyskaya ekspansiya v Afganistane i osvoboditelnaya borba Afganskogo naroda v pervoy polovine xix veka’, Nezavisirmïy Afganistan, Moscow, 1958, 180–218Google Scholar.

1 Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed.;Macgregor, C. M., Central Asia. Part I. North West Frontier, I, Calcutta, 1873Google Scholar.

2 Mackeson to Torrens 20 Aug. 1840, Enclosures to Secret Letters (ESL), vol. 71, No. 41 of No. 112 of 16 Oct. 1840 (Commonwealth Relations Office).

1 Macgregor to Macnaghten 16 Feb. 1840, ESL, 68, No. 11 of No. 44 of 8 May 1840. See also Masson to Wade 31 Mar. 1837, ESL, 47, No. 20 of No. 22 of 27 Dec. 1837, and Wade to Macnaghten 27 Oct. 1837, ESL, 48, No. 26 of No. 1 of 8 Feb. 1838.

2Lal, Mohan, Life of Dost Mohammed Khan, London, 1846, I, 173Google Scholar.

3 Wade to Carron 3 Aug. 1839, ESL, 64, No. 64 of No. 2 of 8 Jan. 1840; Alī, , Sikhs and Afghans, 2nd ed., London, 1849, 295–8, 325–8, 350–3, 510–12Google Scholar.

4 Mackeson to Macnaghten 27 Jan. 1840, ESL, 68, No. 14 of No. 29 of 14 Apr. 1840.

1 SirLawrence, G., Forty-three years in India, London, 1874, 36Google Scholar.

2 Macnaghten to Maddock 17 Apr. 1840, ESL, 69, No. 10 of No. 60 of 6 June 1840.

3 Mackeson to Macnaghten 20 Aug. 1840, ESL, 71, No. 41 of No. 112 of 16 Oct. 1840.

4 Mackeson to Macnaghten 5 June 1840, ESL, 69, No. 44 of No. 72 of 6 July 1840.

5 Macnaghten to Conolly 17 Apr. 1840, ESL, 69, No. 24 of No. 64 of 8 June 1840.

6 Conolly to Macnaghten 2 June 1840, ESL, 70, No. 12 of No. 85 of 10 Aug. 1840; Mackeson to Macnaghten 20 Aug. 1840, ESL, 71, No. 41 of No. 112 of 16 Oct. 1840.

1 Macnaghten to Maddock 13 May 1840, ESL, 69, No. 3 of No. 77 of 11 July 1840.

2 Macgregor to Macnaghten 22 June 1840, ESL, 70, No. 92 of No. 85 of 10 Aug. 1840; Macnaghten to Torrens 4 Aug. 1840, ESL, 70, No. 23 of No. 101 of 13 Sept. 1840; Macgregor to Macnaghten 20 Aug. 1840, ESL, 72, No. 45 of No. 124 of 16 Nov. 1840.

3 He had in fact done so as early as 13 May. See Macnaghten to Maddock 13 May 1840, ESL, 69, No. 3 of No. 77 of 11 July 1840.

4 Mackeson to Macnaghten 21 June 1840, ESL, 70, No. 105 of No. 85 of 10 Aug. 1840; Mackeson to Macnaghten 24 July 1840, ESL, 71, No. 34 of No. 112 of 16 Oct. 1840; Peshawar Akhbar 4 Oct. 1840, ESL, 73, No. 26 of No. 138 of 5 Dec. 1840.

5 Mackeson to Macnaghten 18 Aug. 1840, ESL, 71, No. 38 of No. 112 of 16 Oct. 1840; Amīr to Mackeson in Mackeson to Torrens 20 Aug. 1840, ESL, 71, No. 41 of No. 112 of 16 Oct. 1840.

1 Mackeson to Macnaghten 7 Sept. 1840, ESL, 72, No. 57 of No. 124 of 16 Nov. 1840.

2 Auckland to Macnaghten (pte.) 6 May 1840 (BM Additional MS 37699, fol. 60); Torrens to Macnaghten 6 July 1840, ESL, 69, No. 4 of No. 77 of 11 July 1840; pencilled note by Hobhouse on Conolly to Macnaghten 2 June 1840, ESL, 70, No. 12 of No. 85 of 10 Aug. 1840.

3 Macnaghten to Mackeson 26 Oct. 1840, ESL, 73, No. 26 of No. 138 of 5 Dec. 1840.

4 Macnaghten to Maddock 18 Mar. 1841, ESL, 76, No. 24 of No. 37 of 12 May 1841; Macgregor to Macnaghten 3 Apr. 1841, ESL, 80, No. 30 of No. 96 of 20 Nov. 1841.

5 Mackeson to Macnaghten 7 Sept. 1840, ESL, 72, No. 57 of No. 124 of 16 Nov. 1840.

6 Mackeson to Macnaghten 21 June 1840, ESL, 70, No. 105 of No. 85 of 10 Aug. 1840.

1 Macgregor to Macnaghten 16 Feb. 1840, ESL, 68, No. 11 of No. 44 of 8 May 1840. This is the report which forms the basis of the article in Macgregor, C. M., Central Asia. Part II. Afghanistan, Calcutta, 1871Google Scholar. See also W. Jenkyns, ‘Notes on Kunar’ 20 Jan. 1879, Foreign Department, Political, 1879 (in Northbrook collection at SOAS, accession no. 18739, p. 247).

2 Macnaghten to Wade 25 Sept. 1839, ESL, 64, No. 64 of No. 2 of 8 Jan. 1840.

3 Wade to Macnaghten 25 Sept. 1839, ESL, 64, No. 64 of No. 2 of 8 Jan. 1840; ‘Alī, op. cit., 443, 449, 513–15.

4 Low suggests that he was never serious in the negotiations but only wanted time to arm; Abbott, A., The Afghan War (ed. Low, ), 119–20Google Scholar.

5 Macnaghten to Macgregor 10 Jan. 1840, ESL, 66, No. 6 of No. 14 of 15 Feb. 1840.

6 For details of the expedition see Orchard to Douglas 19 Jan. 1840, ESL, 66, No. 6 of No. 14 of 15 Feb. 1840, and A. Abbott, The Afghan War (ed. Low).

1 Cotton to Maddock 6 Feb. 1840, ESL, 66, No. 48 of No. 23 of 16 Mar. 1840.

2 Wade to Macnaghten 25 Sept. 1839, ESL, 64, No. 64 of No. 2 of 8 Jan. 1840.

3 Macgregor to Macnaghten 20 Aug. 1840, ESL, 72, No. 45 of No. 124 of 16 Nov. 1840.

4 The connexion alleged by Macgregor (Macgregor to Macnaghten 22 June 1840, ESL, 70, No. 92 of No. 85 of 10 Aug. 1840) had no foundation.

5 Macgregor to Macnaghten 3 April 1841, ESL, 80, No. 30 of No. 96 of 20 Nov. 1841.

6 Macgregor to Macnaghten 16 Feb. 1840, ESL, 68, No. 11 of No. 44 of 3 May 1840; and 7 Mar. 1840, ESL, 69, No. 21 of No. 68 of 22 June 1840.

1 Macnaghten to Conolly 18 Mar. 1840, ESL, 68, No. 25 of No. 44 of 8 May 1840; Conolly to Macnaghten 1 Apr. 1840, ESL, 69, No. 10 of No. 64 of 8 June 1840.

2 Macgregor to Macnaghten 22 May 1840, ESL, 69, No. 59 of No. 72 of 6 July 1840; and 31 May 1840, ESL, 70, No. 16 of No. 85 of 10 Aug. 1840.

3 Macgregor to Macnaghten 20 Aug. 1840, ESL, 71, No. 36 of No. 112 of 16 Oct. 1840; and Macgregor to Macnaghten 24 Aug. 1840, ESL, 71, No. 45 of No. 112 of 16 Oct. 1840.

1 Macgregor to Macnaghten 4 Oct. 1840, ESL, 73, No. 28 of No. 138 of 5 Dec. 1840.

1 Copy of translation of treaty in ESL, 70, No. 19 of No. 85 of 10 Aug. 1840.

2 Lord to Macnaghten 30 Aug. 1839, ESL, 64, No. 42 of No. 2 of 8 Jan. 1840.

3 See Lord to Macnaghten 6 Jan. 1840, ESL, 66, No. 4 of No. 21 of 16 Mar. 1840; Macnaghten to Maddock 15 Jan. 1840, ESL, 66, No. 4 of No. 21 of 16 Mar. 1840; Maddock to Macnaghten 30 Dec. 1839, ESL, 64, No. 13 of No. 6 of 13 Jan. 1840.

4 Macnaghten to Lord 2 Oct. 1839, ESL, 66, No. 19 of No. 9 of 10 Feb. 1840.

5 Lord to Macnaghten 11 June 1840, ESL, 70, No. 42 of No. 85 of 10 Aug. 1840.

6 Lord to Macnaghten 3 Nov. 1839, ESL, 64, No. 11 of No. 6 of 13 Jan. 1840; Lord to Macnaghten 20 June 1840, ESL, 70, No. 46 of No. 85 of 10 Aug. 1840.

1 Macnaghten to Lord 15 June 1840, ESL, 70, No. 42 of No. 85 of 10 Aug. 1840.

2 Mīr Walī to Lord 26 May 1840 and 28 May 1840, ESL, 70, No. 5 of No. 85 of 10 Aug. 1840.

3 Statement of the -i-Mullā July 1840, ESL, 70, No. 50 of No. 99 of 13 Sept. 1840.

4 Lord to Macnaghten 22 June 1840, ESL, 70, No. 95 of No. 85 of 10 Aug. 1840.

5 Lord to Macnaghten 10 Aug. 1840, ESL, 71, No. 3 of No. 112 of 16 Oct. 1840.

6Stocqueler, J. H., Memorials of Afghanistan, Calcutta, 1843, 87–91Google Scholar. For background to this see Lord to Macnaghten 7 May 1840, ESL, 69, No. 20 of No. 72 of 6 July 1840.

7 For a narrative of these events see Stocqueler, op. cit., 91–6.

8 Lord to Macnaghten 7 July 1840, ESL, 70, Secretary's No. 1 of No. 7 of 1840.

1 Rattray to Macnaghten 16 Jan. 1841, ESL, 75, No. 28 of No. 19 of 21 Mar. 1841; Garbett to Macnaghten 17 Feb. 1841, ESL, 75, No. 29 of No. 19 of 21 Mar. 1841.

2Burslem, R., A peep into Toorkisthan, London, 1846, 153Google Scholar.

3 Burslem, op. cit., 153. Lord to Macnaghten 25 Sept. 1840, ESL, 72, No. 23 of No. 124 of 16 Nov. 1840.

4 Burslem, op. cit., 151.

1 Rattray to Macnaghten 16 Jan. 1841, ESL, 75, No. 28 of No. 19 of 21 Mar. 1841.

2 Note by Mullā Raḥīm , received Kabul 30 Aug. 1840, ESL, 71, No. 28 of No. 112 of 16 Oct. 1840.

3 Lord to Macnaghten 29 Aug. 1840, ESL, 71, No. 4 of No. 115 of 19 Oct. 1840.

4 Lord to Macnaghten 19 Sept. 1840, ESL, 72, No. 37 of No. 124 of 16 Nov. 1840.

1 But see Kaye, J. W., History of the war in Afghanistan, London, 1857, II, 84Google Scholar.

2 Lord to Macnaghten 19 Sept. 1840, ESL, 72, No. 37 of No. 124 of 16 Nov. 1840.

3 Rattray to Lord 6 Oct. 1840, ESL, 73, No. 3 of No. 138 of 5 Dec. 1840.

4 Lord to Macnaghten 7 Oct. 1840, ESL, 73, No. 5 of No. 134 of 20 Nov. 1840.

5 Macnaghten to Maddock 1 May 1841, ESL, 77, No. 17 of No. 47 of 8 June 1841; and 11 June 1841, ESL, 79, No. 3 of No. 68 of 20 Aug. 1841.

1 Macnaghten to Maddock Jan. 1841, ESL, 75, No. 29A of No. 19 of 21 Mar. 1841.

2 Rattray to Macnaghten 16 Jan. 1841, ESL, 75, No. 28 of No. 19 of 21 Mar. 1841.

3 Lord to Macnaghten 24 Sept. 1840, ESL, 72, No. 23 of No. 124 of 16 Nov. 1840.

4 Brigadier Roberts to Macnaghten 30 Sept. 1840, ESL, 72, No. 59 of No. 124 of 16 Nov. 1840.

5 Lord to Macnaghten 6 Sept. 1840, ESL, 71, No. 30 of No. 112 of 16 Oct. 1840.

6 Lord to Macnaghten 10 Sept. 1840, ESL, 71, No. 31 of No. 112 of 16 Oct. 1840. Kaye, J. W., History of the war in Afghanistan, London, 1857, 79–80Google Scholar, says Salih Muhammad later claimed that it was the conduct of the European N.C.O.‘s which caused him and his men to desert.

7 Lord to Macnaghten 12 Sept. 1840, ESL, 71, No. 32 of No. 112 of 16 Oct. 1840.

8 But the remainder of Hopkins' regiment were disarmed after the arrival of Dennie with reinforcements.

9 Lord to Macnaghten 30 Sept. 1840, ESL, 72, No. 27 of No. 124 of 16 Nov. 1840.

1 Stocqueler, op. cit., 78–83.

2 Lord to Macnaghten 9 Oct. 1840, ESL, 73, No. 4 of No. 138 of 5 Oct. 1840.

3 Sir Lawrence, G., Forty-three years in India, London, 1874, 51Google Scholar.

4Lal, Mohan, Life of Dost Mohammed Khan, London, 1846, II, 273–85Google Scholar.

5 Burnes to Macnaghten 7 Aug. 1840, ESL, 71, No. 65 of No. 112 of 16 Oct. 1840.

1 Sulṭān Muhammad Bārakzai to Dost Muhammad, ESL, 74, No. 5 of No. 24 of No. 13 of 19 Feb. 1841.

2 See ‘Alī to Dost Muhammad, ESL, 74, No. 4 of No. 24 of No. 13 of 19 Feb. 1841.

3 ‘Alī, op. cit., 198.

4 Mohan Lal, op. cit., II, 276.

5 Macnaghten to Burnes 21 Sept. 1840, ESL, 72, No. 5 of No. 124 of 16 Nov. 1840.

6 Cotton to Auckland 23 Sept. 1840, ESL, 72, No. 5 of No. 124 of 16 Nov. 1840; Macnaghten to Auckland 24 Sept. 1840, ibid.

1 Burnes to Macnaghten 5 Nov. 1840, ESL, 73, No. 17 of No. 140 of 19 Dec. 1840.

2 Mohan Lal, op. cit., II, 349–50.

3ibid., 348–9.

4ibid., 352.

1 Chiefs of Kāh Darra to Dost Muhammad, ESL, 74, No. 3 of No. 24 of No. 13 of 19 Feb. 1841.

2‘Alī to Dost Muhammad, ESL, 74, No. 4 of No. 24 of No. 13 of 19 Feb. 1841.

3 ESL, 74, No. 5 of No. 24 of No. 13 of 19 Feb. 1841.

1 Macnaghten to Torrens 22 Aug. 1840, ESL, 71, No. 7 of No. 112 of 16 Oct. 1840. See also Macnaghten to Lord 27 Aug. 1840, ibid., No. 22.

2 ESL, 71, No. 6 of No. 115 of 16 Nov. 1840.

3 ESL, 70, No. 5 of No. 112 of 16 Nov. 1840.

4 Mohan Lal, op. cit., II, 363–4; see also 373–9.

5 See the large collection of letters in ESL, 70, Nos. 7 and 8 of No. 112 of 16 Nov. 1840.

1 ESL, 70, No. 6 of No. 112 of 16 Nov. 1840.

2 Macnaghten to Torrens 11 Sept. 1840, ESL, 71, No. 5 of No. 115 of 19 Oct. 1840.

3 ESL, 74, No. 10 of No. 13 of 19 Feb. 1841.

1 Dost Muhammad to Malik ESL, 74, No. 68 of No. 4 of 21 Jan. 1841. See also Muhammad Akbar to Daryā quoted ’Alī, op. cit., 358–60.

2 Mohan Lal, op. cit., II, 259. See also Peshawar News Letter, 20 May 1839, ESL, 63, No. 3 of No. 2 of 1839 (secret and confidential) and ‘Alī, op. cit., 237.

3 Dost Muhammad to Mihrāb of Kalāt, ESL, 66, No. 12 of No. 23 of 16 Mar. 1840. See also Macnaghten to Lord 27 June 1840, ESL, 70, No. 103 of No. 85 of 10 Aug. 1840. Also Dost Muhammad to ‘Alī ESL, 66, No. 9 of No. 23 of 16 Mar. 1840.

4 Mohan Lal, op. cit., II, 259.

5ibid., 308. See also Lal, Mohan, Travels, London, 1846, 72Google Scholar.

6 Note by Mullā Rahīm , ESL, 71, No. 28 of No. 112 of 16 Oct. 1840.

1 Sultān Muhammad Bārakzai to Dost Muhammad, ESL, 70, No. 6 of No. 112 of 16 Nov. 1840.

2 ESL, 73, No. 12 of No. 138 of 5 Dec. 1840.

3 3 ESL, 74, No. 3 of No. 24 of No. 13 of 19 Feb. 1841.

4 ESL, 74, No. 5 of No. 24 of No. 13 of 19 Feb. 1841.

5 Maulawī Rahīim to Nau Nihāl Singh 10 Sept. 1840, ESL, 71, No. 6 of No. 115 of 19 Oct. 1840; Mackeson to Clerk (pte.) 18 Sept. 1840, ESL, 71, No. 14 of No. 115 of 19 Oct. 1840.

6 ESL, 74, No. 10 of No. 24 of No. 13 of 19 Feb. 1841.

7 7 ibid, No. 16.