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1. Jayhdn¯'s Lost Work
ABŪ ‘ABDILLĀH MUḤAMMAD IBN AḤMAD AL-JAYHĀNĪ, who in 302/914 became vazir to the infant Samanid king of Bukhara, was the author of the celebrated geographical work Kitāb al-mas¯lik wal-mamālīk. According to Muqaddasi, this opus magnum was in seven volumes and in it one found incorporated “ the whole of Ibn Khurdādhbih's original work ”. Muqaddasi himself saw it in Fars in ‘Adud al-daula's library. He also saw in Khorasan an abridgment of this geography, one copy of which was attributed to I. Khurdādhbih, and the other (somewhat expanded) to Jayhānī.
Jayhānī's work has not come down to us, probably on account of its bulkiness, and we know it only through the references found in numerous authors belonging chiefly to the eastern part of the Islamic world. These quotations—both those acknowledged by the borrowers, and those which are unacknowledged—have been closely scrutinized and now it would seem about time that they should be collected in a special treatise, similar to the theses published on classical authors who are known to us only in excerpts.
In 1923, in the library attached to the sanctuary of Mashhad, A. Z. Validi found a new copy of Ibn al-Faqīh's Kitāb al-buldān, more complete than the abridgment which de Goeje published in BGA., v. The discovery in itself was highly interesting and the discoverer published a responsible account of it in 1924. Yet two years later rumors, based on mere hearsay, announced the discovery of the original Jayhani. In point of fact, the Mashhad MS. (212 ff.) proved to contain only the second, and still abridged, part of Ibn al-Faqīh (roughly corresponding to pp. 173–330 of the printed edition), and of Jayhānī the only real news was that in 309/921 Ibn Fadlān was his guest in Bukhara, as recorded in the traveller's own introduction to his journey.
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- Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 13 , Issue 1 , February 1949 , pp. 89 - 96
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- Copyright © School of Oriental and African Studies 1949
References
page 89 note 1 Naṣr b. Aḥmad, 301–331/914–943.
page 89 note 2 ‘Adud al-daula reigned in A.D. 975–983.
page 89 note 3 Muqaddasi, Bib. Oeogr. Arab., iii, 3–4, 241.
page 89 note 4 Barthold and Marquart were the pioneers in the Jayhanian studies. References to their works and to some new facts will be found in my translation of the “ Ḥudūd al-’Ālam ”, GMS., 1937, Index, and in my edition of Sharaf al-Zamān Tāhir Marvazi's chapters on China, the Turks, and India, RAS., 1942, Index.
page 89 note 5 A. Z. Validov, “ Meshedskaya rukopis Ibn ul-Fakiha”, Izv. Boss. Akad. Nauk, 1924, 237—248. This MS. also contains a more complete text of I. Fadlān's journey and two risālas by Abū Dulaf Mis'ar ibn Muhalhil.
page 89 note 6 Ephémerides orientates, Leipzig, No. 28, January, 1926, “ Einige Būcherschātze in Persien ”: “ Das Original-werk, der ungekūrzte tausendseitige [sic] Ibn al-Faqīh beflndet.sich in der Bibliothek von Mashhad. Und auch [sic] der Djaihani selbst ist da ! ”
page 90 note 1 “ Al-Djaihān¯'s lost Kitāb al-Masālik wal-Mamālik: is it to be found at Mashhad ? ”, BSOS., 1928, V/l, pp. 15–26.
page 90 note 2 Āryānā, 1321 H., 1/2, pp. 27–32; 1322 H., 1/3, pp. 40–4,1/5, pp. 23–7. The stocks of this review have been destroyed by a fire and I am most grateful to M. R. Curiel, of the Délégation archeologique francaise en Afghanistan for having sent me a microfilm of the article, as I am also obliged to my friends M. Minovi and Dr. Mosaheb for their help in deciphering this copy.
page 90 note 3 Or for that matter from I. Khurdāadhbih's Masālik. Gardīzī refers to Jayhānī's work once as Kitāb-i akhbār, once as Masālik va mamālik, and once as Kitāb-i tavārīkh; Sharaf al-Zaman Marvazi calls it al-Masālik, and ‘Aufi Masālik va Mamālik, see M. Nizamu'd-Din, Introduction to the Jawāmi‘u’l-Hikāyāt, p. 102.
page 90 note 4 Add. 23542: 77 ff. (each page of 18 lines), 19 maps, dated 1251/1835; Or. 1587: 129 ff. (each page of 17 lines), 19 maps, dated 1256/1840; Kabul Museum: 43 ff. (each page of 28 lines), 19 maps, scribe: Ḥajjī khan, son of the late Hājjī Muhammad Husayn Qazvīnī; of the digits of the date only ?18 appear in the colophon.
page 90 note 5 His colophon appears in both Or. 1587 and the Kabul MS.
page 90 note 6 ' See now Juvayni, i, 69; Rashīd al-dīn, ed. Bérézine, xiii, 71 (transl. 46); Barthold, Turkestan, 416.
page 91 note 1 Al-Fīhrīst, 138; Yāqūt, Mu'jam al-udabā, Vi, 293, etc.
page 91 note 2 Qazvini, ‘Ajā'ib, 164, Āthar, 52; cf. Biruni, Chronology, 271 (transl. 263).
page 91 note 3 Mustaufi, Nuzhal abqvlūb, 285, repeats the fact on the authority of Z. Qazvini. [In 1904 I saw a spring of such a kind on the road from Khoy to Mākū.]
page 91 note 4 The MS. on which W¯ustenfeld based his edition bears the title of Tubfat al-kā'ināt; its author is a certain Ahmad al-Takrūrī and its date is 1154/1741. See Ruska, “Kazwinistudien”, Der Islam, 1913, 260–1. The nisba “Takrūrī” is curious in view of p. 92, n. 1. Takrūr (in French: Toucouleur) lies on the Senegal River in Central Africa, see El. under Takrūr.
page 91 note 5 A MS. written in Qazvini's lifetime (in 675/1280) exists in Munich (No. 464).
page 91 note 6 Influenced perhaps by the Ashkāl al-‘alam ?
page 92 note 1 On the same page, ‘Aja'ib, 176, it is followed by a reference to ‘Udhri, “author of the Andalusian Masālik wal-Mamālik”. Speaking of the sources of the Āthar, Wüstenfeld (Gōttgelehrte Anzeigen, 2nd March, 1848, p. 353) says that Qazvini reproduces Rāzl's quotation from the journey of “Abul-Qāsim Jayhani, author of the African [sic] Masālik”. This is an obvious misunderstanding. In the paragraphs on Morocco Qazvini refers to a certain al-faqih ‘Ali ibn Abdillāh Jinḥāni al-Maghribi, whom he seems to have met personally, see Athar, 17: under Takrūr, and 132, under Z.h.nd.r (haddatha-nī al-faqih ‘Ali ibn ‘Abdillāh al-Maghribī al-Jinḥānī). The birthplace of this Moor: 
(?) has been confused with 
in Northern Afghanistan, Yaqfit, ii, 181 (from Hamza al-Isfahānī). I could not identify this Jinḥān. Isṭakhri, i, 109, mentions a 
but in Fare ! (See Addendum.)
Opposite the name of Abū Zayd Balkhi some ill-advised glossator added in the margin of the MS.: wa huwa Abul-Qāsim, see Fihrist, ii, 56, which is entirely wrong.
page 92 note 2 In the conclusion, p. 348, this book is called Kitāb al-ashkāl. Biruni quotes Abū Ishaq al-Farisi's [i.e. Iṣṭakhri's] work as Ashkāl al-aqālīm, see Kitāb al-jamāhir, ed. Krenkow, 1355/ 1936, Index, 40.
page 93 note 1 Cf. Goeje, De, “Die Istakhri-Balkhi Frage”, ZDMG., 1871Google Scholar, xxv, 49: “Der Verfasser (of the Masālik) sagt, dass er sehr viele Beisen gemacht habe, und aus dem Buche erhellt, dass er nicht nur die östlichen Länder, sondem auch Arabien, Syrien, Aegypten, Irak, Khuzistan [N.B., V. M.] und Ray besucht hat. Dies wird wohl kaum von Balkhi gesagt werden kōnnen.”
page 93 note 2 BGA., i, 85: rakibtu-hu anā tnin ‘Askar Mukram ilā-l-Ahwāz. Ashkal (Or. 1587, 51): mu'allifmigūyad: az ‘Askar-i Mukram dar kashtī nishastam tā ba-Ahivaz. The routesin Khuzistan suggest that the traveller was coming from Fare.
page 93 note 3 Farmaān rasīd ki īn kitāb-ra az lughat-i tāzi ba-alfazī-i fārsī naql bāyad kard va dar ān ṭarīq-i ījāz va ikhtiṣār sipard.
page 93 note 4 Muqaddasi, 4, says that Balkhi “briefly described each map without giving useful particulars or setting forth clearly and in order the facts worth knowing”.
page 93 note 5 See Miller, K., Mappae Arabicae, 1926–1930Google Scholar; and a convenient reproduction of them in Kramers, “La question Balhi-Iatahri-Ibn Hauqal et 1'Atlas de l'lslam”, in Ada Orienlalia, X/l, 1931, pp. 9–31.
page 94 note 1 Cf. also in Kramers's edition of Ibn Hauqal the map facing p. 7. (See Addendum.)
page 94 note 2 Edward Barry Conolly was in command of the escort of the British envoy in Kabul and was killed in Kohat on 29th September, 1840.
page 94 note 3 “The Site of the Atropatenian Ecbatana”, JBGS., x, 1840 (communicated by Viscount Palmerston), p. 106.
page 94 note 4 “The Oriental Geography of Ebn-Haukal, an Arabian traveller of the tenth century.” Translated by Sir W. Ouseley, 1800.
page 94 note 5 See Moeller, , Liber climatum auctore scheicho Abu I shako el-Faresi, Gotha, 1839, Preface, p. p2.Google Scholar
page 95 note 1 In the colophon of the transcript he is given every kind of honorific epithet and called balyūz beg. The latter is a Levantine version of Low Latin bajulivus, Fr. bailli. As a designation of the consul the term survived in Kurdistan till the first world war.
page 95 note 2 The figures on the maps (birds, fishes, genii) are the same, but occasionally turned in opposite directions.
page 95 note 3 My argument will gain in force if they have survived in the Kabul copy. (See Addendum.)
page 95 note 4 Whither it may have gone after a copy of it had been taken for Col. Taylor (in 1251/1835–6).