Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T02:19:03.408Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Causes and Consequences of Private Food Governance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Doris Fuchs  and
Agni Kalfagianni
Doris Fuchs
Affiliation:
University of Münster
Agni Kalfagianni
Affiliation:
Vrije University of Amsterdam
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper investigates the creation and consequences of private regulation in global food governance. It points to the power to govern and the authority to govern as the two crucial conditions for the emergence and diffusion of private food regulation. More specifically, the paper argues that the power to govern is a function of the structural power of agrifood corporations, particularly retail food corporations in our case. The authority to govern is a function of the perceived legitimacy of retail food corporations as political actors. By linking power and authority to the material and ideational structures existing in the global political economy of food, this paper analyses the processes that serve to create, maintain and reproduce private regulation in food governance. With its analysis, the paper aims to contribute to the theoretical and empirical debates on private authority, private regulation and the challenges for sustainability in the global food system.

Keywords

private governanceregulation
Type
Research Article
Information
Business and Politics , Volume 12 , Issue 3 , October 2010 , pp. 1 - 34
Copyright
Copyright © V.K. Aggarwal 2010 and published under exclusive license to Cambridge University Press 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ActionAid International. 2005. Power Hungry: Six Reasons to Regulate Global Food Corporations. London: ActionAid International. www.actionaid.org./uk/_content/documents/power_hungry.pdf.Google Scholar
Auld, Graeme, Cashore, Ben, Balboa, Cristina, Bozzi, Laura, and Renckens, Stefan. 2010. “Can Technological Innovations Improve Private Regulation in the Global Economy.” Business and Politics 12 (3).Google Scholar
Arendt, Hannah. 1970. On Violence. London: Penguin Press.Google Scholar
Bäckstrand, Karin. 2006. “Democratising Global Environmental Governance? Stakeholder Democracy after the World Summit on Sustainable Development.” European Journal of International Relations 12 (4): 467–498.Google Scholar
Bartley, Tim. 2010. “Transnational Private Regulation in Practice: The Limits of Labor and Environmental Standards Certification in Indonesia.” Business and Politics 12 (3).Google Scholar
Beetham, David. 1991. The Legitimation of Power. Palgrave Macmillan: New York.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Steven. 2005. “Legitimacy in Global Environmental Governance.” Journal of International Law and International Relations 1: 139–166.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Steven and Cashore, Benjamin. 2007. “Can Non-state Global Governance Be Legitimate? An Analytical Framework.” Regulation and Governance 1 (4): 347–371.Google Scholar
Blowfield, Michael. 2005. “Corporate Social Responsibility – The Failing Discipline and Why It Matters for International Relations.” International Relations 19 (2): 173–191.Google Scholar
Boström, Magnus. 2003. “How State-dependent is a Non-state-driven Rule-making Project? The Case of Forest Certification in Sweden.” Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning 5: 165–180.Google Scholar
Burch, David and Lawrence, Geoffrey. 2005. “Supermarket Own Brands, Supply Chains and the Transformation of the Agri-Food System.” International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food 13 (1): 1–28.Google Scholar
Burch, David and Lawrence, Geoffrey eds. 2007. Supermarkets and Agri-food Supply Chains. Cheltenham/Northampton: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Busch, Lawrence. 2000. “The Moral Economy of Grades and Standards.” Journal of Rural Studies 16 (3): 273–283.Google Scholar
Busch, Lawrence. 2011. “The Private Governance of Food: Equitable Exchange or Bizarre Bazaar?” Agriculture and Human Values (forthcoming).Google Scholar
Tim, Büthe. 2010. “Private Regulation in the Global Economy: A (P)Review.” Business and Politics 12 (3).Google Scholar
Tim, Büthe and Harris, Nathaniel. 2011. “Codex Alimentarius Commission: A Hybrid Public-Private Regulator.” In Handbook on Innovations in Transnational Governance edited by Hale, Thomas and Held, David. Oxford: Polity Press (forthcoming)Google Scholar
Tim, Büthe and Mattli, Walter. 2011. The New Global Rulers: The Privatization of Regulation in the World Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press (forthcoming).Google Scholar
Fabrizio, Calfaggi and Janczuk, 2010. “Private Regulation and Legal Integration: The European Case.” Business and Politics 12 (3).Google Scholar
Campbell, Hugh and Le Heron, Richard. 2007. “Big Supermarkets, Big Producers and Audit Technologies: The Constitutive Micro-Politics of Food Legitimacy Food and Food System Governance.” In Supermarkets and Agri-food Supply Chains edited by Burch, David and Lawrence, Geoffrey. Cheltenham/Northampton: Edward Elgar, 131–153.Google Scholar
Carrefour. 2008. Annual Report. http://www.carrefour.com/cdc/finance/publications-and-presentations/annual-reports/ Google Scholar
Cashore, Benjamin. 2002. “Legitimacy and the Privatization of Environmental Governance: How Non-State Market-Driven (NSMD) Governance Systems Gain Rule-Making Authority.” Governance 15 (4): 503–529.Google Scholar
CEC. 2002. Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 Laying Down General Principles and Requirements of Food Law, Establishing the European Food Safety Authority and Laying Down Procedures in Matters of Food Safety. Official Journal of the European Communities, 1 February 2002, available at http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/foodlaw/traceability/index_en.htm (last accessed 17 August 2010).Google Scholar
CEC. 2004. Guidance on the Implementation of Articles 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 on General Food Law: Conclusions of the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health. At www.eu.int/comm/food/food/foodlaw/guidance/guidance_rev_7_en.pdf (accessed August 2010).Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 1997. “What Makes Mainstream Media Mainstream.” Z Magazine. http://www.chomsky.info/articles/199710–.htm Google Scholar
Chouliaraki, Lillie. 2006. The Spectatorship of Suffering. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Clapp, Jennifer. 2004. “The Privatization of Global Environmental Governance: ISO 14000 and the Developing World.” In The Business of Global Environmental Governance, edited by Levy, David and Newell, Peter. Cambridge: MIT Press, 223–248.Google Scholar
Clapp, Jennifer and Fuchs, Doris. eds. 2009. Corporate Power in Global Agrifood Governance. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Commission on Global Governance. 1995. Our Global Neighbourhood. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cox, Robert. 1987. Production, Power and World Order. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Cutler, Claire. 1999. “Private Authority in International Trade Relations: The Case of Maritime Transport.” In Private Authority and International Affairs edited by Cutler, Claire, Haufler, Virginia, and Porter, Tony. New York: SUNY, 283–332.Google Scholar
Cutler, Claire, Haufler, Virginia and Porter, Tony, eds. 1999. Private Authority and International Affairs. New York: SUNY.Google Scholar
Datamonitor. 2007a. Food Retail in Europe. Industry Profile. Reference Code 0201-2058, June 1007, www.datamonitor.com (last accessed March 2008)Google Scholar
Datamonitor. 2007b. Food Retail in Mexico. Industry Profile. Reference Code 0071-2058, May 2007, www.datamonitor.com (last accessed March 2008)Google Scholar
Datamonitor. 2007c. Food Retail in Asia-Pacific. Industry Profile. Reference Code 0200-2058, May 2007, www.datamonitor.com (last accessed March 2008)Google Scholar
Davis, Mike. 2006. Planet of Slums. London/New York: Verso.Google Scholar
Defra (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs). 2005. The UK Government Sustainable Development Strategy. London: HMSO Publications.Google Scholar
Defra. 2010. Food 2030. London: HMSO Publications.Google Scholar
Dixon, Jane. 2007. “Supermarkets as New Food Authorities.” In Supermarkets and Agrifood Supply Chains edited by Burch, David and Lawrence, Geoffrey. Cheltenham/Northampton: Edward Elgar, 29–50 Google Scholar
Durieu, Xavier. 2003. “How Europe's Retail Sector Helps Promote Sustainable Production.” Industry and Environment 26 (1): 7–9.Google Scholar
Eleytherotypia. 2007. Desperation March (Πορεία Απόγνωσης) (in Greek). 30 October 2007.Google Scholar
EPHA (European Public Health Alliance). 2003. “Social Policy Experts in the UK are Proposing a Tax on the Advertising of Highly Processed and Fatty Foods”. http://www.epha.org/a/523. (last accessed August 2010).Google Scholar
Commission, European. 2008. Sustainable Consumption and Production and Sustainable Industrial Policy Action Plan. Brussels. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM(2008) 397 final.Google Scholar
Parliament, European. 2009. Food Prices in Spotlight amid Concerns over Supermarket Domination. Reference No.: 20090320STO52217, available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//NONSGML+IM-PRESS+20090320STO52217+0+DOC+PDF+V0//EN&language=EN (last accessed July 2010).Google Scholar
FAO. 1996. Declaration on World Food Security. World Food Summit, Rome: FAO.Google Scholar
FAO. 2003. Good Agricultural Practices: An Introduction. Rome: FAO, www.fao.org (last accessed 19 November 2009).Google Scholar
FAO. 2006a. Food Safety Certification: Report. Rome: FAO.Google Scholar
FAO. 2006b. Farm Investment Helps Slow Migration. FAO Newsroom Rome: FAO. www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000313/index.html (last accessed October 2007)Google Scholar
FAO. 2008. The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2008. FAO, Rome, ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/011/i0291e/i0291e00.pdf. (last accessed April 2009).Google Scholar
FAO. 2009. 1.02 Billion People Hungry: One Sixth of Humanity Undernourished-More than ever Before. Press Release, 19 June 2009. http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/20568/icode/. (last accessed August 2009).Google Scholar
Ferdinand, Andrea. 2007. “Wal-Mart Determined to Lead in Corporate Social Responsibility.” Fortune Magazine. 14 February 2007.Google Scholar
Flynn, Andrew, Marsden, Terry and Smith, Everard. 2003. “Food Regulation and Retailing in a New Institutional Context.” The Political Quarterly 74 (1): 38–46.Google Scholar
Friends of the Earth. 2005. Checking Out the Environment? Environmental Impacts of Supermarkets. London: Friends of the Earth, www.foe.co.uk.Google Scholar
Fuchs, Doris. 2005. “Commanding Heights? The Strength and Fragility of Business Power in Global Politics.” Millennium 33 (3): 771–803.Google Scholar
Fuchs, Doris. 2006. “Business and Governance: Transnational Corporations and the Effectiveness of Private Governance”. In Globalization. State of the Art of Research and Perspectives edited by Schirm, Stefan. London: Routledge, 122–142.Google Scholar
Fuchs, Doris and Kalfagianni, Agni. 2009. “Discursive Power as Source of Legitimation in Food Governance.” International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research 19 (5): 553–570.Google Scholar
Fuchs, Doris, Kalfagianni, Agni and Arentsen, Maarten. 2009. “Retail Power, Private Standards and Sustainability in the Global Food System”. In Corporate Power in Global Agrifood Governance edited by Clapp, Jennifer and Fuchs, Doris. Boston: MIT Press, 29–59.Google Scholar
Fuchs, Doris, Kalfagianni, Agni and Havinga, Tetty. 2011. “Actors in Private Food Governance: The Legitimacy of Retail Standards and Multi stakeholder Initiatives with Civil Society Participation.” Agriculture and Human Values (forthcoming).Google Scholar
Fulponi, Linda. 2006. “Private Voluntary Standards in the Food System: The Perspective of Major Food Retailers in OECD Countries.” Food Policy 31 (1): 1–13.Google Scholar
Gereffi, Gary. 1995. “Global Production Systems and Third World Development.” In Global Change, Regional Response: The New International Context of Development, edited by Stallings, Barbara. New York: Cambridge University Press, 100–142.Google Scholar
Gereffi, Gary, Humphrey, John and Sturgeon, Thomas. 2005. “The Governance of Global Value Chains.” Review of International Political Economy 12 (1): 78–104.Google Scholar
Gordon, Kathryn and Miyake, Maiko. 2000. Deciphering Codes of Corporate Conduct: A Review of their Contents. Working Papers on International Investment 1999/2, Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
Jean-Christophe, Graz and Nölke, Andreas. eds. 2008. Transnational Private Governance and its Limits. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gulbrandsen, Lars. 2005. “The Effectiveness of Non-state Governance Schemes: a Comparative Study of Forest Certification in Norway and Sweden.” International Environmental Agreement 5 (2): 125–149.Google Scholar
Gunningham, Neil. 1995. “Environment, Self-Regulation and the Chemical Industry: Assessing Responsible Care.” Law and Policy 17 (1): 67–108.Google Scholar
Haas, Peter. 2004. “When Does Power Listen to Truth? A Constructivist Approach to the Policy Process.” Journal of European Public Policy 11 (4): 569–592.Google Scholar
Halliday, Jess. 2006. “Alliance Wants Malnutrition on the EU Agenda”. NutraIngredients. 23 November 2006. http://www.nutraingredients.com/Regulation/Alliance-wants-malnutrition-on-the-EU-agenda. (last accessed April 2009).Google Scholar
Hall, Rodney Bruce and Biersteker, Thomas J., eds. 2002. The Emergence of Private Authority in Global Governance. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hansen, Hans Krause and Hoff, Jens. eds. 2006. Digital Governance;//Networked Societies. Creating Authority, Community and Identity in a Globalised World. Frederiksberg: Nordicom/Samfundslitteratur Press.Google Scholar
Hansen, Hans Krause and Salskov-Iversen, Dorte. 2008. Critical Perspectives on Private Authority in Global Politics. Palgrave MacMillan, New York.Google Scholar
Harten van, Gus. 2005. “Private Authority and Transnational Governance: the Contours of the International System of Investor Protection.” Review of International Political Economy 12 (4): 600–623.Google Scholar
Harward, Esther. 2010. “Supermarkets’ Food Pricing Attacked.” The Dominion Post 4 July 2010, available at www.stuff.co.nz (last accessed July 2010).Google Scholar
Hatanaka, Maki, Bain, Carmen and Busch, Lawrence. 2005. “Third Party Certification in the Global Agrifood System.” Food Policy 30 (3): 354–69.Google Scholar
Havinga, Tetty. 2006. “Private Regulation of Food Safety by Supermarkets.” Law and Policy 28 (4): 515–533.Google Scholar
Henson, Spencer and Reardon, Thomas. 2004. “Private Agri-Food Standards: Implications for Food Policy and the Agri-Food System.” Food Policy 30 (3): 241–253.Google Scholar
Hughes, Alex, Gregoratti, Catia and Wrigley, Neil. 2009. Transnational Retailers and the Management of Responsible Consumption. Paper prepared for the workshop on “The (New) Borders of Consumption, University of Warwich. 29-30 May 2009.Google Scholar
Humphrey, John. 2006. “Policy Implications of Trends in Agribusiness Value Chains.” European Journal of Development Research 18 (4): 572–592.Google Scholar
Hughes, Alex. 2007. “Supermarkets and the Ethical Trade/Fairtrade Movement: Making Spaces for Alternatives in Mainstream Economics?” In Supermarkets and Agri-food Supply Chains edited by Burch, David and Lawrence, Geoffrey. Cheltenham, Northampton: Edward Elgar, 173–191 Google Scholar
Keller, Kevin and Lehmann, Donald. 2006. “Brands and Branding: Research Findings and Future Priorities” Marketing Science 25: 740–59.Google Scholar
Konefal, Jason, Mascarenhas, Michael and Hatanaka, Maki. 2005. “Governance in the global Agro-Food System. Backlighting the Role of Transnational Supermarket Chains.” Agriculture and Human Values 22 (3): 291–302.Google Scholar
Kroger. 2007. Kroger Public Responsibility Report 2007. http://thekrogerco.com . Google Scholar
Lang, Tim and Heasman, Michael. 2004. Food Wars: The Global Battle for Mouths, Minds and Markets. Earthscan: London.Google Scholar
Lang, Tim and Barling, David. 2007. “The Environmental Impact of Supermarkets: Mapping the Terrain and the Policy Problems.” In Supermarkets and Agri-food Supply Chains edited by Burch, David and Lawrence, Geoffrey. Edward Elgar: Cheltenham/Northampton, 192–218 Google Scholar
Levy David, L. and Newell, Peter J. 2005. The Business of Global Environmental Governance. MIT Press: Boston.Google Scholar
Lock, Peter. 2001. „Sicherheit à la carte? Entstaatlichung, Gewaltmärkte und die Privatisierung des staatlichen Gewaltmonopols.” In Die Privatisierung der Weltpolitik, edited by Brühl, Tanja, Debiel, Tobias, Hamm, Brigitte, Hummel, Hartwig and Martens, Jens. Bonn: Verlag J.H.W. Dietz Nachfolger, 200–231.Google Scholar
Lyons, Kirsten. 2007. “Supermarkets as Organic Retailers: Impacts for the Australian Organic Sector.” In Supermarkets and Agrifood Supply Chains edited by Burch, David and Lawrence, Geoffrey. (eds.). Edward Elgar: Cheltenham/Northampton, 2007: 154–172.Google Scholar
Mattli, Walter and Büthe, Tim. 2003. “Setting International Standards: Technological Rationality or Primacy of Power?” World Politics 56 (1): 1–42.Google Scholar
Mayer, Frederick, and Gereffi, Gary. 2010. “Regulation and Economic Globalization: Prospects and Limits of Private Governance.” Business and Politics 12 (3).Google Scholar
Maze, Armelle. (2010). “The Globalisation of Standard Setting Activities in Agri-Food Sectors: A Governance Perspective.” Paper presented at the Third Biennial Conference of the European Consortium of Political Research's Standing Group on Regulatory Governance with the subject Regulation in the Age of Crisis, UCD Dublin, 17-19 June.Google Scholar
McMahon, Martha. 2011. “Standard Fare of Fairer Standards: Feminist Reflections on Agri-food Governance.” Journal of Agriculture and Human Values (forthcoming).Google Scholar
McMichael, Philipp. 2004. “Global Development and the Corporate Food Regime.” Paper presented at the Symposium on New Directions in the Sociology of Global Development. XI World Congress of Rural Sociology. July 25-30, 2004.Google Scholar
Metro. 2006. Metro Sustainability Report 2006. http://metro-group.com.Google Scholar
Millstone, Erik and Lang, Tim. 2008. The Atlas of Food. Who Eats What, Where, and Why. London: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Mingione, Enzo and Pugliese, Enrico. 1994. “Rural Subsistence, Migration, Urbanisation and the New Food Regime.” In From Columbus to ConAgra: The Globalisation of Agriculture and Food edited by Bonnano, Alessandro, Busch, Lawrence, Friedland, William, Gouveia, Lourdes and Mingione, Enzo. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 52–86.Google Scholar
Morgan, Kevin, Marsden, Terry and Murdoch, Jonathan. 2006. Worlds of Food. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Muthien, Bernadette and Taylor, Ian. 2002. “The Return of Dogs of War? The Privatization of Security in Africa.” In The Emergence of Private Authority in Global Governance, edited by Bruce Hall, Rodney and Biersteker, Thomas J. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 183–202.Google Scholar
Nadvi, Khalid. 2004. “Globalisation and Poverty: How Can Global Value Chain Research Inform the Debate?” IDS Bulletin 35 (1): 20–30.Google Scholar
Neilson, Jeffrey and Pritchard, Bill. 2007. “The Final Frontier? The Global Roll-Out of the Retail Revolution in India.” In Supermarkets and Agri-food Supply Chains edited by Burch, David and Lawrence, Geoffrey. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 219–242 Google Scholar
NRC. 1995. Standards, Conformity Assessment and Trade. Washington DC: National Research Council.Google Scholar
O’Donovan, Gary. 2002 “Environmental disclosures in the annual report: Extending the applicability and predictive power of legitimacy theory.” Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 15 (3): 344–371.Google Scholar
OECD. 2005. Competition and Regulation in Agriculture: Monopsony Buying and Joint Selling, May. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/7/56/35910977.pdf.Google Scholar
OECD. 2006. Competition and Regulation in Agriculture: Monopsony Buying and Joint Selling. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
Pal, John and Medway, Dominic. 2008. “Commentary.” Environment and Planning A 40: 761–765.Google Scholar
Retail, Planet. 2006a. Global Retail Concentration. www.planetretail.net (last accessed September 2009).Google Scholar
Retail, Planet. 2006b. Top 30 Grocery Retailers Worldwide, 2006. Planet Retail Bulletin no. 198, 17 May 2006, at www.planetretail.net (last accessed September 2009).Google Scholar
Popkin, Barry. M. 2001. “An Overview on the Nutrition Transition and its Health Implication: the Bellagio Meeting.” Public Health Nutrition 5 (1A): 93–103.Google Scholar
Porter, Tony. 2005. “Private Authority, Technical Authority, and the Globalization of Accounting Standards.” Business and Politics 7 (3): 1–30.Google Scholar
Tony, Porter and Ronit, Karsten. eds. 2010. The Challenges of Global Business Authority: Democratic Renewal, Stalemate or Decay? New York: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Prakash, Aseem and Potoski, Matthew 2006. The Voluntary Environmentalists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Thomas, Reardon, Timmer, Peter and Berdegue, Julio. 2004. “The Rapid Rise of Supermarkets in Developing Countries: Induced Organizational, Institutional and Technological Change in Agrifood Systems.” Paper presented at the Meetings of the International Society for New Institutional Economics, Tucson, Arizona, September 2004.Google Scholar
Rosenbloom, Stephanie. 2009. “At Wal-Mart, Labels to Reflect Green Intent.” New York Times, 15 July 2009.Google Scholar
Scharpf, Fritz. 1998. Demokratie in der transnationalen Politik. In Beck, Ulrich (ed.). Politik der Globalisierung. Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, 228–253.Google Scholar
Sklair, Leslie. 2002. “The Transnational Capital Class and Global Politics. Deconstructing the Corporate-State Connection.” International Political Science Review 23 (2): 159–174.Google Scholar
Smythe, Elizabeth. 2009. “In Whose Interests? Transparency and Accountability in the Global Governance of Food: Agri-business, the Codex Alimentarius and the World Trade Organization.” In Corporate Power in Global Agrifood Governance, edited by Clapp, Jennifer and Fuchs, Doris. (eds.). Boston: MIT Press, 93–123.Google Scholar
Starobin, Shana and Weinthal, Erika. (2010). “The Search for Credible Information in Social and Environmental Global Governance: The Kosher Label.” Business and Politics 12 (3).Google Scholar
Energy, Sustainable and Design, Environment. 2008. “European Retailers Promise 20% Energy Reduction by 2020.” http://www.icscseed.org/node/328/view13.04.09.Google Scholar
Tallontire, Anne, Opondo, Maggie, Nelson, Valerie and Martin, Adrienne. 2011. “Beyond the Vertical? Using Value Chains and Governance as a Framework to Analyse Private Standards Initiatives in Agri-Food Chains.” Agriculture and Human Values (forthcoming).Google Scholar
Tesco. 2007. Tesco Corporate Social Responsibility Report. http://tescocorporate.com.Google Scholar
Tesco. 2009. Tesco Corporate Social Responsibility Report. http://tescocorporate.com.Google Scholar
Thanassoulis, John. 2008. Europe's Farmers do not Reap the Benefits of Higher Food Prices, 13 June 2008, available at europeanvoice.com (last accessed July 2010).Google Scholar
Thirkell-White, Ben. 2006. “Private Authority and Legitimacy in the International System.” International Relations 20 (3): 335–342.Google Scholar
Tregidga, Helen, Milne, Markus and Kearins, Kate. 2007. “The Role of Discourse in Bridging the Text and Context of Corporate Social and Environmental Reporting.” Paper presented at the 5th Australasian Conference on Social and Environmental Accounting Research, Wellington, New Zealand, 22-24 November, and the 5th Asia-Pacific Interdisciplinary Research in Accounting (APIRA) Conference, Auckland, New Zealand, 8-10 July.Google Scholar
Uhlig, Robert and Foster, Peter. 2002. “Angry Farmers Set their Sights on the Supermarkets.” The Daily Telegraph 19 September 2002.Google Scholar
Van der Grijp, Nicolien. 2008. Regulating Pesticide Risk Reduction: The Practice and Dynamic of Legal Pluralism. Amsterdam: Vrije University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Van Dijk, Teun. 1993. “Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis.” Discourse and Society 4 (2): 249–283.Google Scholar
Vogel, David. 2005. The Market for Virtue. The Potential and Limits of Corporate Social Responsibility. Brookings Institution Press: Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Vorley, Bill. 2007. “Supermarkets and Agri-food Supply Chains in Europe: Partnerships and Protest.” In Supermarkets and Agrifood Supply Chains edited by Burch, David and Lawrence, Geoffrey. Edward Elgar: Cheltenham/Northampton, 243–267 Google Scholar
Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1979. The Capitalist World Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wal-Mart. 2007. Wal-Mart Annual Report. http://walmartstores.com.Google Scholar
Wal-Mart. 2009. Wal-Mart Global Sustainability Report. http://walmartstores.com.Google Scholar
Webb, Kernaghan. ed. 2004. Voluntary Codes: Private Governance, the Public Interest and Innovation. Ottawa: Carleton University.Google Scholar
Weber, Max. 1968. Economy and Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2005. Challenges and Opportunities with International Agro-Food Standards. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar