^{page 68 note 1} The best account of the founding, development, and social history of Central City can be found in Perrigo, Lynn Irwin, “A Social History of Central City, Colorado, 1859-1900,” unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Colorado, 1936Google Scholar. Of the various published works the best general treatment of Central City may be found in Hall, Frank, History of Colorado (Chicago: Blakely & Co., 1889–1895), 4 volsGoogle Scholar.

^{page 68 note 2} From 1859 to 1893 Gilp:n County (of which the Central City and Black Hawk districts were the chief centers) produced more gold than any other Colorado county. Up to 1923, when the gold camps became virtual ghost towns, the mines of Gilpin County had yielded $98,411,325 in gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc. Of this total, $84,114,389 was realized solely from gold production. Charles W. Henderson, Mining in Colorado (U. S. Geological Survey, Dept. of the Interior, “Professional Paper 138,” Wash., G. P. O., 1926), p. 122.

^{page 70 note 3} This sketch of the life of Thatcher is taken from material in the biographical file of the State Historical Society of Colorado and from the following: The Trail, November, 1918, vol. XI, No. 6, pp. 25Google Scholaret seq.; Maria Davies McGrath, “The Real Pioneers of Colorado,” ms., 1934, vol. III. p. 378; autobiographical account published in the Denver Post, January 15, 1913, 5:1-3; Sketches of Colorado (Denver: Western Press Co., 1911Google Scholar), vol. I, p. 123.

^{page 70 note 4} The Daily Register-Call (Central City), April 5, 1880, 1:4, placed the bank's resources at $382,537.07 on February 21. The same source on May 1 (1:4) published a summary dated April 23 and showed the total resources as. $467,617.96—a gain of $85,080.89 in sixty days.

^{page 71 note 5} The First National Bank of Central City was liquidated October 9, 1933. Production of gold and silver after 1923 had become almost negligible.

^{page 74 note 1} Arthur's drug store would have been modern even today; in addition to drugs it contained musical instruments and notions. All interest rates quoted in this study are monthly.

^{page 75 note 2} This was a New York corporation, and Thomas I. Richman, mayor of Central City, was designated as agent for company on December 7, 1880. Harry DeBrot, New York, was president and Joseph Pool, also of New York, was secretary of the corporation. Incorporation Records, Secretary of State, Denver.

^{page 75 note 3} Charles H. Briggs was born in 1837 in Dayton, Ohio, and came to Colorado in 1860. He engaged in mining with his brother, J. Smith Briggs, at Black Hawk. The “Briggs Mine” on the Gregory Lode was one of the best in Gilpin County and was later sold for a large sum to Wolcott, Field & Company. George W. Briggs was the youngest of the three brothers and made the overland trip from Indiana to Black Hawk in 1863. For a time he served as resident partner for the Briggs interests. J. Smith Briggs, the oldest of the trio, had been one of the thousands that rushed to California in the “gold rush of 1849.”

^{page 75 note 4} Ballard was born in Vassalboro, Maine, in 1831, and was apprenticed as a carpenter and millwright. After practising his trade in Boston, and serving in the northern forces during the Civil War, he emigrated to Colorado in 1866. In Black Hawk he joined with Richard W. Mosley in the formation of Mosley & Ballard, Contractors and Millwrights. Ballard later purchased an interest in a mine on the Gunnell Lode, and was elected an alderman and member of the school board at Black Hawk.

^{page 76 note 5} Born Lewistown, Pa., 1837, and educated at Dickinson College. He was; admitted to the bar in 1859. After a short residence in Missouri Belford moved to Indiana (in 1861), and in addition to practising law took an active part in politics. He was selected as a presidential elector in the Lincoln reëlection of 1864 and served as a member of the Indiana State Legislature of 1866-67. President Grant appointed Belford an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Colorado in June, 1870. The justice moved to Colorado and settled at Central City. Upon retirement from the bench in 1875, he opened a private practice in Central City in partnership with Clinton Reed. In 1876 he was elected to Congress as the State's first representative, a position which he held until 1885.

^{page 76 note 6} Buckman was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1834, and emigrated to the United States in 1849. He arrived in Denver during the height of the Pike's Peak gold rush. After an attempt at prospecting on the Gregory Lode, he opened a bakery and grocery at Mountain City in 1860. Two years later he was jointly engaged in a mining venture and a stock business. Subsequently he became a farmer and stage-station operator at the Michigan Ranch, started a freighting business at Idaho Springs, bought the, Golden-City Toll Road and operated it, and then returned to the meat-market business at Black Hawk. He later opened a successful milling business.

^{page 77 note 8} The abbreviation is for “Certificate of Deposit.”

^{page 77 note 9} Born in Prussia, 1814, and emigrated to United States in 1841. He arrived in Black Hawk in 1859 and became a grocer. He later moved to Aspen and entered business. In addition to serving as treasurer of Pitkin County, he became the owner of the famous “Aspen Mine.”

^{page 77 note 10} Church was born in Illinois in 1845 and moved to Central City in 1866. After five years of not too successful mining he moved to Georgetown where he served as purchasing agent for the Boston and Colorado Smelting Company from 1871 to 1876. In 1880, after several years' operation in mining near Boulder, Church moved to Arizona where he had a large interest in copper mines at Clifton. He founded the town of Morenci and became president and general manager of the Detroit Copper Mining Company of Arizona.

^{page 77 note 11} William C. Fullerton. See footnote No. 17.

^{page 77 note 12} Joseph Dostal was born in Bohemia and emigrated to the United States in 1850. He arrived in Central City in 1866, and took employment as a butcher in the market operated by William Nicholson. With Nicholson he operated meat markets at Nevadaville and Central City, but lost his entire investment in the great fire of 1874. Late in the same year he completed construction of a new all-brick building, the Dostal Block, and reopened his market. Two years later his health forced him to give up his rigorous activity and he moved to his ranch on the Big Sandy near Aroya—a shipping point on the Kansas Pacific Railway, 130 miles east of Denver. He was one of the original promoters of the Colorado Cattle Growers Association.

^{page 78 note 13} The Dillon Mining Company was incorporated in February, 1879, by Hal Sayr, Samuel Mishler, and Harper M. Orahood, with a paid-in capital stock of $10,000. Sayr (later spelled Sayre) was a pioneer surveyor and civil engineer in Gilpin County. He later became president of the Rocky Mountain National Bank at Central City. Mishler arrived in Colorado in 1859 and engaged in mining at Dory Hill. Orahood, like Mishler, had emigrated to Colorado from Ohio. After trying his hand at prospecting he turned to the mercantile business and later became proprietor of a drug store at Black Hawk. He studied law in the office of Henry Teller and later became the latter's partner. In addition to postmaster he served as city attorney of Central City.

^{page 78 note 14} Drips was born in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, in 1833, and arrived in Black Hawk in July, 1860. Three years later he moved to Georgetown where he served as County Treasurer of Clear Creek County for eight years. He returned to Gilpin County in 1878 and engaged in mining operations. In 1883 he was elected to the Territorial House of Representatives.

^{page 78 note 15} Born in New York (Clinton County) in 1818, Doe moved to Colorado in 1860 after some years in Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. In Gilpin County he entered the mining business and became owner of a claim on the famous Gunnell Lode. With the funds thus obtained Doe returned to Oshkosh, Wisconsin, where he studied law and served a term in the Wisconsin State Legislature. Soon after his return to Colorado he was elected to the State Assembly, serving as Speaker of the House of Representatives. He was also a director of the First National Bank of Idaho Springs.

^{page 78 note 16} The Reverend Matthew Evans served as pastor of St. James Methodist Episcopal Church at Central City.

^{page 79 note 17} Fullerton was born in Maine and studied law at Hamline University in Winona, Minn. After his admission to the bar he moved to Colorado, settling in Central City in 1875. In addition to his law business, Fullerton took an active part in mining operations in Black Hawk and in Central City, and, in 1880, when this notebook was written, he was a director of the First National Bank of Central City.

^{page 79 note 18} This company was never formally incorporated, but was in reality a partnership between Kimber and Fullerton. In 1893 the assets were placed in a new organization which was then incorporated as the Gunnell Gold Mining Company. Job Vernon Kimber was another of the many Pennsylvanians who entered Colorado in the early years of the Pike's Peak gold rush. He arrived at California Gulch in 1860 and soon settled at Central City, where he formed a partnership with Fullerton to exploit a number of mining claims and leases. The arrangement was very profitable.

^{page 79 note 19} Goldman operated a confectionery and fruit store which also specialized in tobacco and liquors.

^{page 79 note20} Gray was born in Scioto County, Ohio, in 1831, and in 1852 emigrated to California. He arrived in Central City in July, 1863, and engaged in mining. After working the Whiting and Gunnell mines, and claims on the Jolmes and Matson Lode, he moved to Georgetown. In 1878 he opened the Fanny Mine on Silver Hill after acquiring a quarter-interest in the property.

^{page 80 note 21} Hammond Gilbert was a native of New Hampshire who had emigrated to California in 1851. After almost fifteen years of not too successful mining in northern California he moved to Black Hawk in the fall of 1865, and in the following year undertook mining operations at Nevadaville. In 1877 he discovered the Clifford Silver Mine, and in succeeding years opened the Clifford No. 2, War Eagle, Little Chief, and Rosita mines on Clifford Mountain. He was also half-owner of the Parish Mine in the Nevada District.

^{page 81 note 22} Henderson was one of the original Argonauts of 1859. He was born in Ohio in 1818, and after trying his hand at teaching he moved to Iowa. He arrived in Auraria (Denver) in April, 1859, and proceeded to the Gregory Diggings where he purchased a claim from John Gregory. In succeeding years he built mills and operated mines, amassing a fortune of $100,000 by 1870. In addition to his mining, milling, and smelting interests Henderson served as treasurer of Gilpin County and receiver for the land office at Central City.

^{page 81 note 23} Hager operated a saloon in Nevada. His guarantor, Jake Mack, was the town grocer and baker.

^{page 81 note 24} Charles Francis Hendrie had established an office in Central City in order to represent the two large machinery foundries in Iowa (Council Bluffs and Burlington) established by his father. A large part of the mining equipment used in the Central City mining district was manufactured by his foundries. His interests included mines and foundries in Gilpin County, together with railroads and financial institutions in Denver. In later years, in company with another of the Gilpin County pioneers, he founded the firm of Hendrie and Bolthoff Manufacturing and Supply Company.

^{page 82 note 25} See footnotes 17 and 18.

^{page 82 note 26} Samuel Lorah was a native of Pennsylvania and was educated at Jefferson College, Cannonburg, Pa. He served as a bookkeeper in a private banking house in St. Louis, and emigrated to Colorado in 1860. In addition to serving in the postoffice and land office at Mountain City, Central City, and Denver, he held the office of City Clerk at Central City from 1871 to 1879. In 1878 he was the local freight and ticket agent for the Colorado Central Rail Road. He was half-owner of the Saratoga Mine and other mining interests.

^{page 82 note 27} Charles W. Ladd arrived in Colorado during the gold rush of 1859. While investing in some of the mines Ladd concentrated on building up his hardware business. By 1880 his business included the manufacturing of heavy sheet iron, copper work, a stamp mill, and his prosperous hardware establishment. He was also a director of the First National Bank of Central City at the time this notebook was written.

^{page 82 note 28} Lehmkuhl was born in Bavaria in 1838, and was apprenticed to a brewer. In 1859 he emigrated to America and practised his trade in New York, Chicago, St. Louis, and Leavenworth. After his arrival in Denver in 1862, Lehmkuhl moved to Central City and in 1866 built his own brewery on Eureka Street. He was also a stockholder in the German Tunnel Company.

^{page 83 note 29} Charles Leitzmann emigrated to Milwaukee in 1852 from his native Russia, and learned the blacksmith trade in his father's shop. In 1860 he opened his own shop at Black Hawk. He is credited with having built the first wagon constructed in Colorado.

^{page 83 note 30} Dr. Henry Paul, a graduate of Iowa Medical College, entered Colorado in 1859 and engaged in mining and farming. He took an active part in politics, was a member of the Hawley Merchandise Company, stockholder and superintendent of mines. See also page 87.

^{page 83 note 31} Martin arrived in Colorado in 1860 and enjoyed success as a miner at Central City where he discovered the rich Caribou Mine. He was also one of the founders and a director of the First National Bank at Central City.

^{page 83 note 32} Richard W. Mosley was born in Pennsylvania and apprenticed as a carpenter. He settled in Denver in 1863 and moved to Black Hawk the following year where he established himself as a contractor and millwright. In 1868 he formed a partnership with J. B. Ballard (see footnote 4). In addition to their contracting business and lumber yard the partners acquired extensive and profitable mining interests.

^{page 84 note 33} Marx Brothers was one of the better clothing stores in Central City.

^{page 84 note 34} Thomas Mullen was a native of Quebec, Canada, who early entered the contracting business in Vermont and Massachusetts. After short stays in Ohio, Missouri, and Kansas, he joined the Argonauts at Gregory Diggings in 1860. In the 'seventies he attained success as contractor for the Wyoming Penitentiary and for the University of Colorado, and later as superintendent of construction for the State Capitol at Denver.

^{page 85 note 35} Maynard was educated at Columbia School of Mines as an engineer, and came to Colorado in 1864 where he established the first assay and engineering office in Gilpin County.

^{page 85 note 36} Brother of Samuel Newell; came to Central City in 1860 and operated a sawmill in Middle Park.

^{page 85 note 37} In addition to their coal, feed, and transfer business, Newell & Westman operated a public stable and omnibus business. Samuel V. Newell, a native of Indiana, arrived in Central City in 1872, and became a bookkeeper for his cousin W. T. Newell. He served as treasurer for the Hidden Treasure mine and later purchased an interest in the business. In May, 1879, with his brother Lynne he formed a coal and transfer business which became Newell & Westman in March, 1880. Samuel Newell sold his interest to A. Westman in the same year and returned to mining. He served as alderman of Central City in 1879, and was elected State Senator in 1887. Some years after his success with the Hidden Treasure mine he became a partner in the banking firm of J. Mellor & Company in Central City. Westman was a native of Canada, who moved to Vermont in 1874 and to Deadwood in the Black Hills in 1877; he arrived at Black Hawk in 1878 and opened a hay and grain business.

^{page 86 note 38} Newton D. Owen was born in Whitestown, New York, and was appren- ticed as a carpenter and joiner. He emigrated to Paraje, New Mexico, and joined his uncle Henry D. Hall who operated a general mercantile business. In April, 1868, he arrived at Central City and took employment at the Winnebago Mill. He soon entered the contracting and building business and from 1870 to 1874 built such structures as the Teller House, the High School, and the Episcopal Church. After a short visit to New York he returned to Central City in 1875 and enjoyed success in a number of mining ventures—at least one of which was in partnership with Hal Sayr.

^{page 86 note 39} Colonel Thomas J. Oyler was born in Morristown, New Jersey, in 1838. After several years' employment as a printer in Iowa and Missouri he moved to Denver in 1860, but soon settled at Mosquito and subsequently at Fair Play in South Park. In the latter mining community he became co-publisher with Dick Allen of the Fair Play Sentinel. He changed the place of operations to Black Hawk in 1864 and engaged in a variety of businesses including mining, baking, and groceries. He founded and edited the Black Hawk Post (weekly) in September, 1876, and was recognized as an authority on local mining affairs.

^{page 86 note 40} This company was incorporated as the Winnebago and O. K. Mining Company in New York on November 7, 1879, by Drake De Kay, Henry C. Gardiner, and Spencer C. Platt. William F. Buckley of New York was president of the corporation, and John N. Palmer of Central City was appointed local agent. The company had a fixed, and paid-in, capitalization of $2,000,000.

^{page 87 note 41} See footnote 30.

^{page 87 note 42} A native of Surrey, Maine, George A. Patten was born in 1835. He migrated to Colorado in 1859 and located temporarily at Golden. In 1861 he settled at Idaho Springs and in succeeding years became a successful merchant, mine owner, and operator. He served as a member of the town board, as state representative, and as post master of Idaho Springs. At his death in 1901 he was “reputed to be the wealthiest man in the county.”

^{page 87 note 43} Pease operated a gentlemen's furnishings store.

^{page 88 note 44} Richman was agent for the Briggs Consolidated Gold Mining Company and mayor of Central City.

^{page 88 note 45} Rockwell was in partnership with both Clinton Reed and L. C. Rockwell.

^{page 88 note 46} Reimer operated a Coal business in Central City.

^{page 88 note 47} Dr. Reid advertised as a “Homeopathic”—a popular form of practitioner in the 'seventies and 'eighties.

^{page 88 note 48} This New York corporation was incorporated August 6, 1879, by Elisha Cole, Isaac Freese, Mathew Taylor, John Q. A. Rollins (president), and Richard B. Kimball, all of New York, with a capital stock of $5,000,000. The company owned and operated mining properties at Rollinsville, ten miles from Central City. John Quincy Adams Rollins, president and resident agent for the company, was a native of Gilmantown, New Hampshire, who had enjoyed success in the wholesale grocery business in both Boston and Chicago, and had become wealthy as the result of his cattle business on the Mississippi. He arrived in Denver in 1860 with a nineteen-team ox train, and immediately began to prospect for gold in the Boulder district. His success was overshadowed by financial reverses in connection with a salt works in South Park, and an especially ill-timed venture into the stage coach business with Colonel D. A. Butterfield of Overland Stage fame. His operations at Rollinsville brought him wealth and recouped his losses in other enterprises. In addition to his many other activities he constructed a wagon road from Rollinsville over the range to Hot Sulphur Springs in Middle Park.

^{page 89 note 49} See footnote 53.

^{page 89 note 50} This company was incorporated by act of the Pennsylvania General Assembly on May 7, 1878. Its incorporators were Samuel Broadbent: Amos B. Keith; Thomas C. Garrett; Frank A. Messinger, agent at Black Hawk; Albert G. Buzby, president; Henry C. Lincoln, secretary. The company was not incorporated as a domestic corporation until 1911.

^{page 89 note 51} Standley was a native of Illinois who had moved to Central City in 1863. His success at prospecting led to other ventures in the mining field and ultimately to ownership of the fabulous California Mine from which he made a fortune. In 1870 he entered partnership with Joseph A. Thatcher and formed the banking house of Thatcher & Standley, taking over the banking house of Warren, Hussey & Company. When the bank became the First National Bank of Central City in 1873, Standley was elected vice-president. Some years later he moved to Golden and then to Denver. With Thatcher, Otto Sauer, Dennis Sullivan, William H. James, Edward Eddy, and James B. Grant he organized in 1884 the Denver National Bank. Mining and banking were but two of his many interests.

^{page 90 note 52} Seiwell was city treasurer of Black Hawk and operated a book and stationery business in connection with his drugstore.

^{page 90 note 53} Dennis Sullivan was born in New York in 1837 and while still a youth served as conductor on the New York Central Railroad and the Hudson River Rail Road. Upon his arrival in Colorado in 1866 he joined the thousands of prospectors in the Central City district, and almost immediately made a “strike” He realized several hundred thousand dollars from the Roderick Dhu Mine alone. Sullivan was prominent in the development of Leadville and held large mining interests in Mexico. In later years he moved to Denver and in addition to being one of the incorporators, with Thatcher, of the Denver National Bank, he became interested in the Denver Water Company, Denver Gas Company, and later the City Service Company. He was one of the promoters of the Colorado sugar-beet industry and the packing business. His fortune was further increased by large and successful ventures in ranching and cattle-raising.

^{page 90 note 54} Advertised as “Pioneer Grocer of Central.” In addition to groceries he handled miners' supplies, hay, grain, and feed. Sauer was vice-president and later president of the bank; he later moved to Denver and joined Thatcher in founding the Denver National Bank.

^{page 91 note 55} In addition to the Ophir Mine venture this partnership operated the Sullivan and Fagan Quartz Mill at Nevada and a number of other mines and mills.

^{page 91 note 56} John Shanstrom and his brother operated one of Colorado's most successful livestock businesses. It was financed in large measure by Dennis Sullivan and Theodore Wheeler of Central City.

^{page 91 note 57} Scobey operated one of the better saloons and billiard parlors in Black Hawk.

^{page 91 note 58} Snyder was mayor of Black Hawk.

^{page 92 note 50} Born in Erie, Pennsylvania, Smith was one of the Argonauts that entered Colorado in 1859. With his brother M. K. Smith he built the first wagon road from Golden to Black Hawk. He entered into partnership with Jerome B. Chaffee in founding the milling industry in the Central City area. His interests included the Gregory Mine, Bobtail, and Clay County Mine. In later years Smith moved to Leadville where he earned a national reputation as a mine manager. With David Moffat he formed the Smith-Moffat Syndicate and purchased the rich Victor Mine in the Cripple Creek District. These operations were so successful that at his death his estate was valued at two million dollars.

^{page 93 note 60} This company also opened a grocery business.

^{page 93 note 61} Thatcher was evidently very impressed with the, fashionable “clothing emporium” founded by Schey and Rafield.

^{page 93 note 62} Schaffnit was a native of Germany who emigrated to the United States in 1851. He engaged in the blacksmith trade in St. Louis until he made the overland trek to California in 1854. He settled in Central City in 1866 and engaged in mining on the Bobtail and Gunnell Lodes During 1878 and 1879 he was proprietor of the Washington Hotel, but moved to Leadville in the latter year. In later years he operated a ranch near Steamboat Springs.

^{page 93 note 63} Trezise was a native of London, England. With his father, a Cornwall miner, in 1871 he arrived in Central City where the elder Trezise started a mill. In addition to his grocery, furniture and undertaking businesses he operated a jewelry store and livery stable. He also served as alderman at Central City and coroner of Boulder County.

^{page 94 note 64} Tishler operated a small coal business in Central City.

^{page 94 note 65} Thomas was another of the 1859 pioneer settlers of the district. In addition to a feed and stable business, Thomas engaged as a contractor, stonecutter and brick mason.

^{page 94 note 66} Benjamin T. Wells was a native of New York and a wheelwright and carriage-maker by trade. He went to California in 1850 and four years later to Wisconsin where he engaged in contracting, building, and real-estate ventures. For some time he was supervisor of construction of shops and bridges and acting director of the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway. He engaged in the oil business in Canada from 1865 to 1867, and for a time was proprietor of a piano-manufacturing company. In 1868 he came to Colorado as agent and manager of the Smith and Parmelee Company mine (later the New York & Colorado Company); he later became one of the owners of this mine. After a term as member of the City Council of Black Hawk he became mayor of the town in 1876.

^{page 95 note 67} ”Curly” Wall was a native of Kentucky who migrated to Gilpin County in 1856. He was one of the builders of the toll road from Golden to Black Hawk.

^{page 95 note 68} Young was born in New York City in 1844 and as a youth apprenticed to a printer. He made the overland trip to Colorado in 1865. After a short stay in Central City as agent for the Adams Express Company he moved to Mill City where he was employed by a mining company. In 1865 he joined the staff of Hollister's Mining Journal at Black Hawk, but soon left this field to become teller and accountant at the bank of Warren, Hussey & Company in Central City. After Thatcher and Standley had purchased the bank Young continued with the new organization, ultimately becoming cashier. He remained with the First National Bank of Central City until May, 1880, when he became partner of E. W. Rollins and formed the security house of Rollins and Young. He later became treasurer of the Consolidated Electric Company of Denver and president of the Gunnell Gold Mining and Milling Company. In a privately published book in 1903 entitled Echoes From Arcadia, he recounted some of his experiences in the Central City district.