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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 January 2016
This paper traces the emergence of the Standard Modern Greek perfect έχω + infinitive in the Early Modern Greek period. It shows that the construction appears in written sources towards the very end of the seventeenth century. Special attention is given to ‘phantom’ perfects, which can be found in editions of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century literary and non-literary texts as well as in the bibliography and which distort the picture of its emergence.
At David Holton’s and Geoffrey Horrocks’ Grammar of Medieval Greek Project (University of Cambridge) over the years my colleagues Tina Lendari, Io Manolessou and Notis Toufexis and I collected a wealth of material from a vast number of non-literary and literary sources, which I have used, with gratitude, for this study. Gratitude is also due to Klaas Bentein, Arnold van Gemert, Martin Hinterberger, David Holton and Marc Lauxtermann for their valuable comments on earlier drafts of this paper, as well as to Peter Mackridge and the anonymous referees of BMGS. A very warm thank you goes to Katerina Korre for her help in chasing ghosts in the Archivio di Stato in Venice.
1 Markopoulos, Th., The Future in Greek (Oxford 2009) 33-8Google Scholar.
2 See Jannaris, A. N., An Historical Greek Grammar Chiefly of the Attic Dialect, etc. (London 1897) 553 Google Scholar, whose earliest example is from Ignatius of Antioch (1st c. AD). Jannaris deems it a scholastic construction, thus underestimating its frequency in the Medieval Greek period. Gignac, F. T., A Grammar of the Greek Papyri of the Roman and Byzantine Periods, II (Milan 1981) 289 Google Scholar gives the following example from the early second century: ούκ εχεις άκ[οΰ]σαι PMich. 476.12. For more examples see e.g. Jannaris, An Historical Greek Grammar, 553-4; Psaltes, S. B., Grammatik der Byzantinischen Chroniken (Göttingen 1913) 216-17Google Scholar; Bänescu, N., Die Entwicklung des griechischen Futurums von der frühbyzantinischen Zeit bis zur Gegenwart (Bucharest 1915) 78–84 Google Scholar, and Markopoulos, The Future, 60-70.
3 N. Bänescu, Die Entwicklung, 78-81; and Markopoulos, The Future, 94-9.
4 See [M. C. Janssen], ‘Verb morphology’ in D. W. Holton, G. C. Horrocks, M. C. Janssen, S. Lendari, I. Manolessou and N. Toufexis, The Cambridge Grammar of Medieval and Early Modern Greek (forthcoming).
5 Chatzidakis, G. N., Μεσαιωνικά και Νέα Ελληνικά, I (Athens 1917) 600 Google Scholar (henceforth MNE, I). However, Chatzidakis is mistaken when he claims that the construction can be found in Cretan literature, as pointed out by Manolessou, I., ‘Μεσαιωνική γραμματική και μεσοαωνικές γραμματικές’, in Mavromatis, G. K. and Agiotis, N. (eds), Πρώιμη νεοελληνικτ) δημώδης γραμματεία. Πρακτικά του 6ου ΔιεθνούςΣννεδρίου Neograeca Medii Aevi (Ioannina, 29 Sept.-2 Oct. 2005) (Herakleion 2012) 300 Google Scholar.
6 Horrocks, G. C., Greek. A History of the Language and its Speakers, 2nd edn (Chichester and Maiden, MA 2010) 297 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 300-1, 387 and 425.
7 Tonnet, H., Histoire du grec moderne: la formation d’une langue (Paris 1993) 107 Google Scholar.
8 Setatos, M., ‘O νεοελληνικός παρακείμενος’, Επιστημονική Επετηρίδα της Φιλοσοφικής Σχολής του Αρισ-τοτέλειου Πανεπιστημίον Θεσσαλονίκης. Περίοδος 2. Τεύχος Τμήματος Φιλολογίας 3 (1993) 506 Google Scholar. The examples from Glykas are futures, whereas those from the Chronicle are futurative subjunctives, for which see Aerts, W. J., Periphrastica. An Investigation into the Use of ειναι and εχειν as Auxiliaries or Pseudo-auxiliaries in Greek from Homer up to the Present Day (Amsterdam 1965) 182 Google Scholar and Markopoulos, The Future, 149-55.
9 See Ralli, A. et al., ‘О παρακείμενος στη νέα ελληνική και στις διαλέκτους: παρατηρήσεις για τη μορφή και την εξέλιξή του’, Μελέτες уха την Ελληνική Γλώσσα 27 (2007) 361-72Google Scholar. For a discussion of these instances see examples 1, 10, 18 and 19 below.
10 Markopoulos, The Future, 147-8. For a discussion see examples 3, 4 and 14 below.
11 Schmitt, J. (ed.) The chronicle of Morea (London 1904)Google Scholar
12 This unfortunate mistake in Aerts, Periphrastica, 182, was adopted by Browning, R. in his authoritative Medieval and Modern Greek, 2nd edn (Cambridge 1983)80 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and thus in many studies after him, including the Grammar devoted to the Chronicle: Egea, J. M., Gramática de L• Crònica de Morea un estudio sobre el griego medieval (Vitoria 1988) 78 Google Scholar. Although the mistake was already pointed out as early as 1997 by Horrocks, G. C., Greek. A History of the Language and its Speakers (New York 1997) 231 Google Scholar, and although Aerts rectified it in his lexicon of the Chronicle ( Aerts, W. J. and Hokwerda, H., Lexicon on the Chronicle of Morea (Groningen 2002) 199 Google Scholar), the example lingered on in the secondary bibliography until quite recently.
13 So, among others, the classic studies on the perfect periphrases, Aerts, Periphrastica and Moser, A., The History of the Perfect Periphrases in Greek, unpublished PhD dissertation, Cambridge 1988 Google Scholar. Neither scholar distinguishes between έχω + infinitive and είχα + infinitive, even though the two constructions followed rather different paths of development, as already noted by Chatzidakis, MNE, I, 598-609.
14 See [Janssen], ‘Verb morphology’.
15 Markopoulos, The Future, 70-2.
16 Chatzidakis, , MNE, I, 598–609 Google Scholar, followed among others by Aerts, Periphrastica; Moser, The History; Horrocks, G. C., ‘On condition ...: Aspect and modality in the history of Greek’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 41 (1995) 169-70Google Scholar; and Horrocks, Greek (2nd edn), 300-1.
17 The earliest example quoted in Markopoulos, The Future, 158: από τον ευγενήν άνθρωπον ... είχεν δοθείν γης του αυτού Οικονόμου (taken from Miklosich, F. and Müller, J., Acta et diplomata Graeca medii aevi: sacra et profana, collecta et edita, VI (Vienna 1890)Google Scholar CII.1-2) cannot provide conclusive proof for a thirteenth-century dating. The document is a Greek translation of a 1296 (not 1295) Latin original (= Miklosich/Müller, Acta, VI, App. I, 1, 387-8) (for the date, January 1295 according to the Venetian calendar, see Maltezou, Ch., ‘Τα λατινικά έγγραφα του Πατμιακού Αρχείου’, Σύμμεικτα 2 [1970] 351)Google Scholar. It is unknown when the Greek translation was made, and although it cannot be excluded that it is contemporary with the Latin original, it has come down to us in a seventeenth-century copy; see the edition of the same document by Sakellion, I., Άπογραφή των εν τη Μονή της Πάτμου σωζομένων επισήμων εγγράφων’, Pandora 19 (1869) 459 Google Scholar, and note that the later copy displays other innovations that are not thirteenth-century, such as the form ήτονεν for ήτον.
18 Schopen, L. and Niebuhr, B., Ioannis Cantacuzeni ex imperatoris Historiarum Libri IV, III (Vienna 1832) 97 Google Scholar,l. 8-9. Diplomatic letter from the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt Al-Nasir Hasan to John VI Kantakouzenos. The provenance of the Greek scribe is unknown.
19 For more information see [Janssen], ‘Verb morphology’.
20 Chantraine, P., Histoire du parfait grec (Paris 1927) 245 Google Scholar.
21 Konomos, D., Ζακυνθινάχρονικά (1485-1953) (Athens 1970) 27–59 Google Scholar.
22 Only the construction with the invariable participle in -α is occasionally used with intransitive verbs, e.g. θε νά ‘χεις διψασμένα (Erofili, Intermedio I, v. 175); see [Janssen], ‘Verb morphology’.
23 Sathas, K. N. (ed.), Μεσαιωνική Βιβλιοθήκη ή συλλογή ανεκδότων μνημείων της ελληνικής ιστορίας, VI (Venice and Paris 1877)Google Scholar.
24 Alexiou, S. and Aposkiti, M. (eds), Ερωφίλη, τραγωδία Γεωργίου Χορτάτση (Athens 1988)Google Scholar.
25 It first appears in areas that were under western rule, the earliest example being from S. Italy: (to χωράφιον...) το άπερ και έχω αγορασμένον (no. 13, 1. 13-14; 1005, S. Italy) in Trinchera, F., Sylbbus Graecarum membranarum, etc. (Naples 1865)Google Scholar. It is absent from twelfth- to fourteenth-century texts and the earliest unambiguous examples outside Italy can be found in Assizes B (15th-c. ms), the War of Troy (15th-16th-c. mss) and fifteenth-century Cretan documents; see [Janssen], ‘Verb morphology’.
26 Manolessou, ‘Μεσαιωνική γραμματική’, 302.
27 Trinchera, Sylhbus, no. 60,1. 36-9. Note that Spyridon Zambelios edits the same document but offers a completely different, quite nonsensical reading (ακουσμένως?): διότι ακουσμένως έχουν δεθείν εις εσάς; see Zambelios, S., ΐταλοελληνικά, ήτοι πραγματεία περί των εν τοις αρχείοις της Νεαπόλεως ανεκδότων ελληνικών περγαμηνών (Athens 1864) 159 Google Scholar.
28 Caracausi, G., Lessico greco della Sicilia e dell’Italia meridionale (secoli X-XIV) (Palermo 1990)Google Scholar s.v. άκκομανδεύω. Minas gives the example in Zambelios’ version (see previous footnote), suggesting that δεθείν should be interpreted as δοθείν: Minas, K., H γλώσσα των δημοσιευμένων μεσαιωνικών ελληνικών εγγράφων τηςΚάτω Ιταλίας και της Σικελίας (Athens 1994) 124 Google Scholar.
29 Manolessou, ‘Μεσαιωνική γραμματική’, 302.
30 Ms. Par. gr. 2898, fol. 148v; after επάρην.αι with its curious dot, there are two or three letters in blotted ink, the first one possibly <κ>, the last one perhaps <i>.
31 For this periphrasis see now Giannaris, Th., ‘Pluperfect periphrases in Medieval Greek: a perspective on the collaboration between linguistics and philology’, Transactions of the Philological Society 109:3 (2011) 232-45Google Scholar. See also [Janssen], ‘Verb morphology’.
32 The scribe of ms P tends to add -(ν)ε to the infinitive whenever he needs an extra syllable, e.g. ήτον ερωτήσοντα Chron. Mor. H 5770 - είχεν ερωτήσεινε Chroń. Mor. P 5770.
33 Aerts and Hokwerda, Lexicon, 199.
34 Kaklamanis, S. and Lambakis, S., Μανουήλ Γρηγορόπουλος, νοτάριος Χάνδακα 1506-1533: διαθήκες, απογραφές, εκτιμήσεις (Herakleion 2003) no. 50,l. 18–19 Google Scholar.
35 I am very grateful to Dr Lambakis, who confirmed this in a personal communication.
36 In Maras’ script <a> and <ω at the end of the word, though distinguishable, look quite similar. I am much indebted to Dr Drakakis for providing the Grammar of Medieval Greek Project with a copy of the relevant page.
37 Marmareli, T. and Drakakis, M. G., Μιχαήλ Μαράς, Νοτάριος Χάνδακα. Κατάστιχο 149. Τόμος Γ’ (1 Ιουλίου-28 Σεπτεμβρίου 1549) (Herakleion 2006) no. 59,l. 5–7 Google Scholar.
38 Joannou, P., О Πιστικός Βοσκός. Der treue Schäfer. Der Pastor Fido des G. B. Guarirti von einem Anonymus im 17. Jahrhundert in kretische Mundart übersetzt (Berlin 1962)Google Scholar.
39 Here είχε δοκιμάσει is equivalent not to a pluperfect but to an aorist; cf. examples 10 and 11.
40 B. Schartau, ‘Δευτερα Παρουσία διά στίχου - The Second Coming of Christ in rhyme. The text of Cod. Vind. hist. gr. 119, ff. 116-25 edited with an introduction, English translation, and index verborum’, Scandinavian journal of Modern Greek Studies 3 (2005) 7-75.
41 Mertzios, K. D., ‘Κεφάλαιον Z’: Εμπορική αλληλογραφία εκ Μακεδονίας (1695-1699)’, in Μνημεία μακεδονικής ιστορίας (Thessaloniki 1947) 209-64Google Scholar.
42 I am deeply indebted to Katerina Korre, who gave up more of her time than I had ever hoped necessary to investigate these forms in the Archivio di Stato in Venice. She provided me with accurate transcriptions of the relevant passages and information on the whereabouts of the documents. The Archive was reorganized in the 1980s. As a result, the documents as edited by Mertzios have been assigned different file numbers, and some have been moved to different files. One of the letters, Mertzios’ no. 33, appears to have been misplaced and could not be found in the Documenti Greci, nor in the Documenti Turchi or Documenti Armeni. For the unverified example from this letter see example 24.
43 Mertzios, Έμπορική αλληλογραφία’, no. 68, 1. 10-11. The document, dated 23 June 1697, is now filed as Documenti Greci, busta 2, no. 108; it is a duplicate of no. 109, dated 03 June 1697.
44 Note that the absence of the /¡/-augment in the imperfect of έχω is not uncommon in the EMG period. For details see [Janssen], ‘Verb morphology’.
45 Mertzios, , Έμπορική αλληλογραφία’, no. 71,l. 5–6 Google Scholar. The document is now filed in Documenti Greci, busta 2, no. 136.
46 Mertzios, K. D., ‘Κεφάλαιον Θ’: Από το αρχείον του εν Δυρραχίω Προξενείου της Βενετίας (1700-1779)’, in Μνημεία μακεδονικής ιστορίας, 269,l. 5–6 Google Scholar. The document is now filed in Cinque savi alla mercanzia, Prima serie, busta 661.
47 For the late appearance and relative rarity of the 2nd Pl. imperfect ending -ατε see [Janssen], ‘Verb morphology’. For είχα + infinitive used as an aorist indicative, expressing temporal anteriority in relation to the present, not the past, see Kriaras, E., ‘Κριτικά και γραμματικά εις το «Κρητικόν Θέοαρον»’, BNJ 25 (1936) 53-5Google Scholar (repr. in id., Μεσαιωνικάμελετήματα, I (Thessaloniki 1988) no. 8).
48 Vincent, A. (ed.), Μάρκου Αντωνίου Φόσκολου Φορτουνάτος (Herakleion 1980)Google Scholar.
49 See e.g. Moser, The History, 185, 193.
50 Mertzios, K. D., ‘To εν Βενετία Ηπειρωτικόν Αρχείον. Κεφάλαιον ΚΑ’. Παράρτημα εις την μονογραφίαν «Η οικογένεια των Γλυκέων ή Γλυκήδων»’, ΗπειρωτικάΧρονικά 11 (1936) 295–327 Google Scholar, no. 12,1. 3-4.
51 As the text breaks off in mid-sentence, it is not clear whether the sorrows or the Turks are the subject of έχουν τρέξει, or whether an altogether different subject is mentioned further on in the sentence.
52 Vagiakakos, D., ‘Μανιάτοα εις Ζάκυνθον. Επί τη βάσει ανεκδότων εγγράφων του αρχειοφυλακείου Ζακύνθου. A’ H οικογένεια Νίκληδων-Νικλιάνων (1554-1559)’, Ετιετηρίς του Αρχείου της Ιστορίας του Ελληνικού Δικαίου 5 (1954) 3–96 Google Scholar, no. 52,1. 17-19.
53 The meaning of δεύτερη και τρίτα is not entirely clear to me.
54 Delendas, I. Ch., Οι καθολικοί της Σαντορίνης. Σνμβολή στην ιστορία των Κυκλάδων (Athens 1949) 76 Google Scholar, l. 26-30.
55 Skopeteas, S., “Εγγραφα ιδιωτικά εκ Δ. Μάνης των ετών 1547-1830’, Επετηρίς του Αρχείου της Ιστορίας του Ελληνικού Δικαίου 3 (1950) no. XX, l. 11–16 Google Scholar.
56 Ralli et al., ‘O παρακείμενος’, 356.
57 Cf. την εχω αφηερόσην εγώ (no. 17,1. 79; 1108, S. Italy) in Robinson, G., History and Cartulary of the Creek Monastery of St Elias and St Anastasius of Carbone. II I. Cartulary (Rome 1929)Google Scholar, for which the editor rightly proposes to read την έχω αφιέρωσιν (the accentuation in the original is unreliable).
58 Antoniadis, X., Αρχείο εγγράφωνΣκύρου (Athens 1990) no. 47, 1. 17 Google Scholar (facsimile).
59 Gritsopoulos, T. A., ‘Πωλητήρια καί άλλα έγγραφα της παρά την Δημητσάναν μονής του Φιλοσόφου (1626-1787)’, Επετηρίς του Αρχείου της Ιστορίας του Ελληνικού Λικαίου 3 (1950) no. 7,1. 10 Google Scholar.
60 Zoras, G. Th., Χρονικόν περί των Τούρκων σουλτάνων (κατά τον Βαρβερινόν ελληνικόν κώδικα 111) (Athens 1958)Google Scholar.
61 For the Chronicle see also Zoras, G. Th., ‘Σύμμεικτα’, Επιστημονική Επετηρίς Φιλοσοφικής Σχολής Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών 16 (1965-6) 597–604 Google Scholar, in which Zoras edited three additional folia of the manuscript. This puts the date of the Chronicle back to the early seventeenth rather than the late sixteenth century (the text now runs up to the year 1603, but there are still folia missing). See also M. Philippides, ‘Chronicle of the Turkish Sultans’, at: http://www.ottomanhistorians.com.
62 Other (published) vernacular works of Aitolos are a historical poem edited by Bànescu, N. (ed.), Un poème en grec vulgaire relatif à Pierre le Boiteux de Valachie (Bucharest 1912)Google Scholar and two encomiastic poems published by Lambros, S. (ed.), ‘Δύο ανέκδοτα στιχουργήματα εις Μιχαήλ και Ανδρόνικον τους Καντακουζη-νούς’, Νέος Ελληνομνήμων 9 (1912) 252-64Google Scholar.
63 Namely ότ’ από το κεφάλι μου όλα τάχω χαμένα, Pierre le Boiteux, v. 259; and о βασιλεύς ... να μ’ έχει ωργισμένη, ibid., v. 263.
64 Parasoglou, G. M. (ed.), Αισώπου Μύθοι (Athens 1993)Google Scholar.
65 For this meaning of πάη cf. γάδαρος έναν κηπωρόν εδούλευε με πάθη in Fable 44,1.1 (‘a donkey worked for a gardener in conditions of hardship’).
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70 The combination of έχω with certain nouns (e.g. αγορά, ορδινία, παραγγελία) can be semantically equivalent to a resultative perfect and is quite common in the LMedG and EMG periods; for details see [Janssen], ‘Verb morphology’.
71 Also note that the modern dialect of Mykonos does not have the έχω + infinitive perfect, see Ralli et al., ‘О παρακείμενος’, 356.
72 Visvizis, I. T., ‘Δικαστικαί αποφάσεις του 17ου αιώνος εκ της νήσου Μυκόνου’, Επετηρίς του Αρχείου της ΐστορίας του Ελληνικού Δικαίου 7 (1957) no. 4,l. 9–10 Google Scholar.
73 Kaplanis, T. A. (ed.), Ioakeim Kyprios’ Struggle. A narrative poem on the ‘Cretan War’ of 1645-1669. Editio Princeps (Nicosia 2012)Google Scholar.
74 Unfortunately, immediately after the caption there are four pages missing from the manuscript, making it impossible securely to verify the meaning of the passage.
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77 Tsourka-Papastathi, H νομολογία, no. A, 25, fol. 51v, l. 2.-4 (facsimile provided).
78 Example from Mertzios, Έμπορική αλληλογραφία’, no. 74, 1. 14-15. The reading has been verified by Katerina Korre (see above, n. 42). The document is now filed as Documenti Greci, busta 2, no. 118.
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81 The Modern Greek perfect cannot normally be used with a temporal subordinate clause, see e.g. Setatos, M., ‘O παρακείμενος στην Κοινή Νεοελληνική’, Studies in Greek Linguistics 4 (1983) 111 Google Scholar. Unless we take the temporal clause to refer to την είδες, rather than μου έχεις ειπεί. Unfortunately the text is at times lacunary and the actual scene where Sancho Panza returns from his errand and lies to Don Quixote telling him that he saw Dulcinea is missing from the story.
82 L’ingegnoso Cittadino Don Chisciotte della Mancia. Composto da Michel di Cervantes Saavedra et hora nuovamente tradotto con fedeltà, e chiarezza, di Spagnuolo, in Italiano da Lorenzo Franciosini Fiorentino, II (Venice 1625) 79.
83 No evidence has been found for a Constantinopolitan origin, as tentatively suggested by Ralli et al., ‘О παρακείμενος’, 368.
84 Ralli et al., ‘О παρακείμενος’, 356.
85 See Joseph, B., The Synchrony and Diachrony of the Balkan Infinitive: A Study in Areal, General, and Historical Linguistics (Cambridge 1983) 62-4Google Scholar and 245.
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87 Until the end of the eighteenth century grammars have either the έχω + participle construction or no perfect at all, see Manolessou, ‘Μεσαιωνική γραμματική’, 300-2.
88 The same observation can be found in a Russian-Greek grammar: Nitzoglou, P., Γραμματική Ρωσσικο-Γραικική, ήτοι Μέθοδος ευκολωτάτη εις την χρήσιν των ομογενών και φιλολόγων Νέων, των ποθούντων διδαχθήναι ορθώς τε και κανονικώς την των Ρώσσων Διάλεκτον. Μεταφρασθείσα υπό Παναγιώτου Νίτζογλου του εκ Βουκουρεστίου (Moscow 1810) 78 Google Scholar. Most of the grammars cited in this section can be consulted online at: http://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/.
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99 Vlachos, Elementar-Grammatik, 81-2.
100 Jannaris, An Historical Greek Grammar, 559.
101 Jannaris, An Historical Greek Grammar, 575. It is surprising that Jannaris, just like Darvaris and Soutsos before him (see above), considers the έχω + infinitive construction to be the result of Romance influence, even though no Romance language forms the perfect in this way. On the other hand, the construction that is, in fact, formed in the same way as the perfect of the romance languages, namely έχω + passive participle, this Jannaris calls the ‘genuine popular form’.
102 Thumb, A., Handbuch der neugriechischen Volkssprache (Strassburg 1895) 106-7Google Scholar.
103 The texts sampled include the correspondence of Adamantios Korais (1774-1833); Dimitrios Katartzis’ Δοκίμια (1783-91); Georgios Soutsos’ Αλεξανδροβόδας о ασυνείδητος (1785), Rigas Velestinlis’ Σχολείον των ντελικάτωνεραστών (1790); Ioannis Vilaras’ Ρομεηκη γλοσα (1812); Konstantinos Oikonomos’ ΟΦιλάργυρος (1816); Solomos’ H γυναίκα της Ζάκυθος (1826-29); Makrygiannis’ Memoirs (1829-50); Kolokotronis’ Memoirs (1846); Panagiotis Soutsos’ О Λέανδρος (1834); Grigorios Palaiologos’ О Πολυπαθής (1839); Roidis’ HΠάπισσα Ιωάννα (1866); Psycharis’ To ταξίδι μου (1888) and the Memoirs of Alexandros Rizos Rangavis (1894).
104 The form may be the result of editorial intervention by Tertsetis: see Pandelidis, N., ‘To ώιωματνκό στοιχείο στη γλώσσα των Απομνημονευμάτων του Θεόδωρου Κολοκοιρώνη’, in Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of Greek Linguistics (Rethymno, 18-21 September 2003) (2004) 7 Google Scholar, at: http://www.philology.uoc.gr/conferences/6thICGL/wscl.
