1. The two most complete studies on Menilik and his era are Darkwah, R.H. Kofi, Shewa, Menilek and the Ethiopian Empire, 1831–1889 (London 1975 Google Scholar) and Marcus, Harold, The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913 (Oxford 1975)Google Scholar. For economic conditions during his reign see appropriate sections in Pankhurst, Richard, Economic History of Ethiopia, 1800–1935 (Addis Ababa 1968).Google Scholar

2. The following bibliography can be consulted for a complete account of nineteenth century Ethiopian history. Abir, Mordechai, The Era of the Princes: The Challenge of Islam and the Reunification of the Christian Empire, 1769–1855, (New York 1968)Google Scholar; Crummey, Donald, Priests and Politicians: Protestant and Catholic Missions in Orthodox Ethiopia, 1830–1868 (Oxford 1972)Google Scholar; Rubenson, Sven, The Survival of Ethiopian Independence (London 1976)Google Scholar; idem, King of Kings: Tewodros of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa 1964); idem, Wichale XVII: The Attempt to Establish a Protectorate Over Ethiopia (Addis Ababa 1966); Gabre-Sellassie, Zewde, Yohannes IV of Ethiopia: A Politicial Biography (Oxford 1975)Google Scholar; Erlich, Haggai, Ethiopia and Eritrea During the Scramble for Africa: A Political Biography of Ras Alula, 1875–1897 (East Lansing 1982)Google Scholar. See also Darkwah’s and Marcus’s biographies of Menilik.

3. For an account of Menilik’s employment of foreigners see Pankhurst, Richard, ‘Menilek and the Utilization of Foreign Skills in Ethiopia’, Journal of Ethiopian Studies 5 (1967) 29–86.Google Scholar

4. George A. Kourvetaris, ‘The Greeks of Asi? Minor and Egypt as Middleman Economic Minorities’, paper presented at the Modern Greek Studies Association Symposium, Columbus Ohio, November 1985, mimeo copy in my possession; Kitroeff, Alexander, ‘The Greeks of Egypt: Ethnicity and Class’, Journal of the Hellenic Diaspora 10/3 (1983) 5–16.Google Scholar

5. For discussions on the positions of these minorities see Gregory, Robert G., Indians and East Africa: A History of Race Relations Within the British Empire, 1890–1939 (London 1971)Google Scholar; Winder, R. Bayle, ‘The Lebanese in West Africa’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 4 (1962) 296–333 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kourvetaris (art. cit., note 4 above) 1–6; Yambert, Karl A., ‘Alien Traders and Ruling Elites: The Overseas Chinese and Indians in Southeast Asia’, Ethnic Groups 3 (1981) 173–98.Google Scholar

6. At the turn of the century, Greeks also migrated to developed countries such as the United States where their role was quite different. Most held menial positions and were looked upon by the dominant majority as inferior and therefore were often subject to discrimination. For example, see Papanikolas, Helen, ‘Greek Workers in the Inter-mountain West: The Early Twentieth Century’, BMGS 4 (1978) 187–215.Google Scholar

7. Probably for the same reasons, the Armenian community experienced a similar relationship with Ethiopians.

8. Several works by Richard Pankhurst on the economic history of Ethiopia have included scattered accounts of these ties. He has placed Greek involvement in the economic life of the country within the context of participation by other foreign minorities. See, for example, An Introduction to the Economic History of Ethiopia from Early Times to 1800 (London 1961) and his Economic History. For an overview of the Greeks in Ethiopia, see Natsoulas, Theodore, The Hellenic Presence in Ethiopia: A Study of a European Minority in Africa, 1740–1936 (Athens and Addis Ababa 1977).Google Scholar

9. Sellassie, Sergew Hable, Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1270 (Addis Ababa 1972) 44–55, 67–72, 81–85 Google Scholar; The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travels and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century, trans, and ed. Wilfred H. Schoff (London 1912); Indicopleustes, Cosmas, The Christian Topography of Cosmas, an Egyptian Monk, trans. McCrindle, J.W. (London 1897)Google Scholar; Vasiliev, A.A., ‘Justin I and Abyssinia’, BZ 33 (1933) 67–77.Google Scholar

10. Sathas, Konstantinos, ‘Hoi en Abyssinia Hellenes’, [The Greeks in Abyssinia] Attikon Hemerologion (1868) 184–9 Google Scholar; Fouyas, Panayiotis, ‘James Bruce of Kinnaird and the Greeks in Ethiopia’, Abba Salama 2 (1971) 161–78 Google Scholar; Natsoulas, Theodore, ‘Greeks in the Ethiopian Court, 1700–1779’, Journal of the Hellenic Diaspora 12/2 (1985) 63–76.Google Scholar

11. Combes, E. and Tamisier, M., Voyage en Abyssinie dans le pays des Galla, de Choa, et d’Ifat, II (Paris 1838) 9–10 Google Scholar; Beke, Charles T., A Diary Written During a Journey to Abyssinia in the Years 1840, 1841, 1842, and 1843 (London 1846) 307 Google Scholar; Parkyns, Mansfield, Life in Abyssinia, II (London 1853) 17 Google Scholar; Kotzikas, Ioannis, ‘Abyssiniakon ekthesis autoskedios [An Extemporary Account of Abyssinian Matters], Abba Salama 1 (1970) 25–9 Google Scholar (Greek), 61–3 (English); Natsoulas, Theodore, ‘Prologue to Modern Ties Between Greece and Ethiopia: the Efforts of Ioannis Kotzikas During the Era of Tewodros, 1845–1868’, Northeast African Studies 6 (1984) 147–70.Google Scholar

12. Harrar was an important commercial center for Muslim merchants in northeast Africa.

13. Sellassié, Guèbre, Chronique du règne de Menelik II I (Paris 1930) 239 n. 7 Google Scholar; Gleichen, Count, With the Mission to Menelik, 1897 (London 1898) 34, 66 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Mérab, Paul, Impressions d’Ethiopie, I (Paris 1921-1929) 168.Google Scholar

14. Interview with Dalentzas, E., 5 May 1973 Google Scholar; Robecci-Bricchetti, Luigi, Nell’Harrar (Milano 1896) 283.Google Scholar

15. The term foreign will be used to denote non-African, rather than non-Ethiopian.

16. Robecchi-Bricchetti, 283, 300; Pétridès, Pierre, To Mellon tou Hellenismou en Abyssinia [The Future of Hellenism in Abyssinia] (Athens 1945) 19 Google Scholar; Michel, Charles, Vers Fashoda (Paris 1900), 522 Google Scholar; Pankhurst, Richard, ‘L’utilizzazione degli stranieri durante il regno di Menelik II’, Sestante: documentario semenstrale illustrato delle vita politica, economica, sociale dell’ Ethiopia (Asmara), III (January-June 1967) 61.Google Scholar

17. Pennazi, Luigi, ‘Esplorazioni Baudi e Candeo nelPOgaden’, L’Esplorazioni commerciale (Milano) VI (1891) 275.Google Scholar

18. For a study of Rimbaud’s life in Ethiopia see Natsoulas, Theodore ‘Arthur Rimbaud: Trade and Politics in Northeast Africa, 1880–1891’, Northeast African Studies 3/2 (1981) 49–68 Google Scholar and 3/3 (1981–82) 43–60.

19. Bardey, Alfred, ‘Souvenirs inédits’, Études Rimbaldiennes, I (1968), 34, 41, 53 Google Scholar; Natsoulas, , ‘Rimbaud’, 3/2, 56.Google Scholar

20. Bardey, Alfred, ‘Notes sur le Harar’, Bulletin de géographie, historique et descriptive (1897) 165.Google Scholar

21. Pennazzi, 276; Alexander Anastasiades-Miller, Hellenes sta Vathe tes Afrikes [Greeks in the Depths of Africa] (New York 1946) 99; Rimbaud, Arthur, ‘Rapport sur l’Ogadine’, Comptes rendue des séances de la société géographie de Paris (1884) 99–100, 104 Google Scholar; Starkie, Enid, Arthur Rimbaud in Abyssinia (Oxford 1937) 24–26 Google Scholar; Bardey, , Souvenirs, 38, 49, 51, 53.Google Scholar

22. Bardey, Souvenirs, 23–5; Bardey to Dufour, 20 January 1898, Mercure de France, 15 May 1939, 28; Henri Dehérain, ‘La carrière Africaine d’Arthur Rimbaud’, Revue de l’histoire des colonies Franaises, 4e année (1916) 422. Rimbaud to his family, 10 June 1891, in Rimbaud, Arthur, Oeuvres complétes (O.C.), ed. Adam, Antoine (Paris 1972) 1106.Google Scholar

23. Rimbaud, , O.C., 1188–9 Google Scholar; Rimbaud, , Rapoort, 99–100 Google Scholar; Bardey, , Souvenirs, 49 Google Scholar; Dehérain, 422; Jalabert, Louis, ‘Rimbaud en Abyssinie: aventurier, mercanti, et contrebandier’, Études 238 (20 January 1939) 176.Google Scholar

24. Rimbaud, , Rapport, 102–4 Google Scholar; Jalabert, 176.

25. Dalentzas interview; Robecchi-Bricchetti, 309; Chryseus, Sotiros C., ‘Lettera sull’eccideo della spedizione Porro’, L’Esplorazioni commerciale, I (1896) 176.Google Scholar

26. Procopiou, Socrates, Neo-Hellenes sten Asia kai Afrike [Neo-Hellenes in Asia and Africa] (Athens 1930) 53.Google Scholar

27. Great Britain, Public Record Office, Foreign Office (F.O.) 403–221, Jopp to Fowler, 16 March 1896; F.O. 403/221, Jopp to Fowler, 20 March 1896; Pankhurst, Sestante, 63.

28. Addis Zemen (Addis Ababa), 2 March 1964, 2. Jesman, Czeslaw, The Russians in Ethiopia: An Essay in Futility (London 1958) 93 Google Scholar; Kretike Epitheorasis [Cretan Review] (Crete), 1 March 1970 1; Dalentzas interview.

29. Vignéras, Sylvain, Une mission Française en Abyssinie (Paris 1897) 58–59 Google Scholar; Vanderheym, J. Gaston, Une expédition avec Menelik (Paris 1896) 44 Google Scholar; Dalentzas interview; Kretike Epitheorasis, 1 February 1970, 1; Michel, 522–523; Leymarie, Henri, Un Dieppois en Abyssinie (Dieppe 1898) 150.Google Scholar

30. Adrian Zervos, L’empire d’ Éthiopie: Le miroir d’Éthiopie, 1906–1935 (Alexandria 1936) 466; L’Éthiopie d’aujourd’hui (Addis Ababa), 20 February 1959, 2.

31. Vignéras, 61; Great Britain: Foreign Office, Peace Handbook: Abyssinia, No. 129, XX (London: Historical Section, Foreign Office, 1917) 77.

32. Pétridès, 17; Vanderheym, 44; Procopiou, 82.

33. Pétridès, 16–7; Pankhurst, Sestante, 71.

34. Jennings, J. Wilkes and Addison, Christopher, With The Abyssinians in Somaliland (London 1904) 163 Google Scholar; Pétridès, Pierrek Piérre, Le Héro D’Adowa: Ras Makonnen, prince d’Éthiopie (Paris 1963) 233–34 Google Scholar; Kavvadias, Andreas, He Aithiopia kai Emeis [Ethiopia and us] (Addis Ababa-Athens 1958) 114 Google Scholar. The Liverato house, established in Aden in 1860, was one of the richest and influential concerns in the Middle East. It represented the interests of Great Britain and France in areas where consulates had not been installed.

35. Landor, A.H.S., Across Widest Africa, I (London 1907) 201 Google Scholar; F.O. 401–12, Kelly Report, 10, February 1909; 403/289, Salisbury to Gerolimato, 20 January 1899; 401–12, Hohler to Grey, 20 January 1909; 403/275, Sadler to Salisbury, 17 December 1898; 403/313, Harrington to Lansdowne, 19 October 1901.

36. Hohler, Thomas B., Diplomatic Petrel (London 1943) 138 Google Scholar; Anastasiadis-Miller, 14; F.O. 401/13, Gerolimato to Clerk, 2 October 1909; Hertslet, Godfrey E.S., Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Yearbook for 1921 (London 1922) 342.Google Scholar

37. Vivian, Herbert, Abyssinia (London 1901) 111–12 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Landor, 24; F.O. 369/120 Complaint Against Gerolimato to Foreign Office, 18 August 1908; 371/1042, Thesinger to Gerolimato, 12 Sept., 1910; 371/1042, Byatt to Commissioner’s Office, Berbera, 3 January 1911; 372/1042, Thesinger to Tilley, 2 April 1911.

38. Papamichaelis, Constantinos, Ho ana Afriken Hellenismos [The Greeks of Africa] (Alexandria 1950-1951) 83–4 Google Scholar; F.O. 430/13, Sanford notes on Djibouti Railroad, 16 September 1909; 403/10, Hohler to Grey, 28 June 1907; interview with D. Kireis, 10 July 1973; Interview with A. Myriallis, 26 June 1973.

39. Landor, 13; Anastasiadis-Miller, 29–30; Information on Lemnians supplied by S. Manillas, 20 August 1974.

40. Papamichaelis, 184; Jennings 17; Kireis interview.

41. Kavvadias, p. 10O; Ethiopian Herald (Addis Ababa), 3 March 1969, 3; Procopiou, 101; Zervos, 466; Guèbre Sellassié, II, 521, n.3; Castro, Lincoln De, Nella terra dei negus, I (Milano 1915) 68 Google Scholar; Pease, A.E., Travel and Sport in Africa: Abyssinia, III (London 1902) 68.Google Scholar

42. Procopiou, , Neo-Hellenes, 100 Google Scholar; Zervos, 468. Nicholas de Chedèvre, a Russian adventurer in Ethiopia, acted as the intermediate agent between Menilik and Zervoudakis. Chedèvre wrote a detailed report to the Russian Consul in Alexandria on the interrelated issues of Jerusalem and the Zervoudakis concessions. I thank M. Pierre Pétridès of Addis Ababa, for making a translated copy of this report available to me. Nicholas de Chedèvre, ‘Exposé fait au Consulat Russe à Alexandrie en Juin 1908’, trans. Alexis Chechine (Alexandria 1908). Also see Pierre Pétridès ‘La présence Ethiopienne à Jerusalem’ (Addis Ababa 1961), mimeo copy in my possession. On the efforts of Zervoudakis and other Greeks on behalf of Ethiopian interests in Jerusalem see Kristen Pedersen, The History of the Ethiopian Community in the Holy Land from the Time of Tewodros II to 1974 (Jerusalem 1983) 58–61.

43. F.O. 403/10, Hohler to Grey, 28 June 1970; Procopiou, 70–71; Socrates Procopiou, Eis ta Vasilia tou Menelik [In the Kingdom of Menilik] (Athens 1925) 30; Zevos, 468.

44. Procopiou, Neo-Hellenes, 88; Merab, II, 130; F.O. 403/10, Hohler to Grey, 28 June 1907.

45. Myriallis interview; Éthiopie d’aujourd’hui, 20 February 1959, 9; Guebrè Sellasśié, II, 524, n.7.

46. Emily, J., Mission Marchand (Paris 1913) 317 Google Scholar; Chessman, B.E., Lake Tana and the Blue Nile (London 1936) 315 Google Scholar; Bartlet, E.J., In the Land of Sheba (Birmingham 1934) 150–51 Google Scholar; Pankhurst, Richard, ‘Transportation and Communications in Ethiopia 1835–1935, II’, The Journal of Transport History 5 (May 1962) 170–71 Google Scholar; Myriallis interview.

47. Pankhurst, Sestante, 75, 76; Procopiou, ta Vasilia, 29; Merab, 11, 130; Zervos, 144, 147–48.

48. Kavvadias, 14; Pétridès, To Mellon, 17; Procopiou, Neo-Hellenes. 88; Zervos, 460.

49. Pétridès, To Mellon, 16; Procopiou, Neo-Hellenes, 88, 94.

50. F.O. 403/11, Hohler to Gray, 21 December 1907.

51. LÉthiopie d’aujourd’hui, 20 February 1959,7; De Castro, 1,21; Mérab, II, 103–05; III, 393, 419, 530; Procopiou, ta Vasilia, 24; idem, Neo-Hellenes, 98.

52. Mérab, II, 123–24; Pankhurst, Transportation, 69; Procopiou, ta Vasilia, 24; idem, Neo-Hellenes, 98.

53. Henin, H., ‘Ethiopie’, Recueil consulaire contenant les rapports commerciaux argents Belges à l’étranger CXXXVIII, 1906 (Brussels 1907) 135 Google Scholar; Mérab, II, 104.

54. Michel, 8–9; Pankhurst, Menilek, 79–80; F.O. 403/10, Petition to Clerk from Greek Residents of Addis Ababa, 26 June 1907.

55. Landor, 18; Michel, 523.