page 1 note * S. Augustini Confessionum lib. xi. c. 25. “Et confiteor tibi, Domine, ignorare me adhuc quid sit tempus; et rursus confiteor tibi, Domine, scire me in tempore ista dicere, et din me jam loqui de tempore, atque ipsum diu non esse diu nisi mora temporis. Quomodo igitur hoc scio, quando quid sit tempus nescio ?”

page 1 note † Porphyrii Isagog. c. 2, as translated by Boethius, the edition used in the schools (MS. Arund. No. 383, fol. 1, ro). “Genus enim dicitur et aliquorum quodammodo se habentium ad unum aliquid et ad se invicem collectio.” This is a literal version of the original Greek: γένος γὰρ λέγεται καὶ ἡ τινν ἐχόντων πως πρὸς ἕν τι καὶ πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἄθροισις. (The printed editions differ from the English manuscripts of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.) Mapes has not quoted Porphyrius accurately, but, perhaps citing from memory, he confused this definition with what follows.—“Et quidem uniuscujusque generationis principium prius genus est appellatum, deinde multitudo eorum quæ sub uno sunt principio.”

page 2 note * Briareus,—“Si reaurgat centimanus gigas.” Horat. Lib. ii. Od. xvii. 1. 14.

—“centum cui brachia dicunt Centenasque manus, quinquaginta oribus ignem Pectoribusque arsisse.” Virg. Æn. x. 565.

page 2 note † —“Herculeis pressum sic fama lacertis Terrigenam sudasse Libyn, cum fraude reperta Raptus in excelsum, nee jam spes ulla cadendi, Nee licet extrema matrem contingere planta.” Stat. Thebaid. vi. 890.

page 2 note ‡ “Tu fortunam putas erga te esse mutatam? Erras. Hi semper ejus mores sunt, ista natura. Servavit circa te propriam potius in ipsa sui mutabilitate constantiam.” Boethius de Consolat. Philos, lib. ii. prosa 1. Mapes again quotes from memory, and gives the sense instead of the exact words.

page 3 note * It was an article of popular belief in the middle ages that Adam was created of gigantic stature. This legend was of Oriental origin. The rabbinical writers tell us that after his expulsion from Paradise, when his stature was diminished, he was, according to different authorities, one, two, three, or nine hundred cubits high. See Bartoloccii Bibliotheca Rabbinica, i, p. 65, The mark of his feet and measure of his body were said to be preserved in Ceylon (Serendib). Fabric. Codex Pseudipigr. Vet. T. vol. i. p. 30, vol. ii. p. 30. See also D'Herbelot, Bibliothèque Orientale, vol. i. p. 95, and vol. iii. p. 309. The beds of stone pretended to be shown in Palestine as those of Adam and Eve were thirty feet long. Fabric. Codex Pseud, vol. i. pp. 58, 87. Montfaucon, Biblioth. Coisliniana, p. 413, describes a tract in Greek, in a MS. of the twelfth century, giving a legendary account of the shape and stature of Adam, the Prophets, Christ, Paul, and the Fathers, entitled Έκ τν Έλπίου το Ῥωμαίον ἀρχαιολογουμένων ἐκκλησιαστικς ἱστορίας περὶ Χαρακτήρων σωματικν. A note of similar personal descriptions will be found in the Reliquiæ Antiquæ, vol. i. p. 200, where Moses is said to have been 13 feet 8½ inches high, Christ 6 feet 3 inches, and the Virgin Mary 6 feet 8 inches. The following extract gives also a curious account of the giants of legendary history. “Tres gigantes robustissimi in mundo fuerunt famosi. Nembro divus, qui post diluvium turrim ad cœlum erexit. Calosius longissimus, qui ante diluvium maria et flumina sine nave perrexit pede. Herculesis, qui inter Affricam et Europam pontem super mare facere voluit, sed non fecit.” Pseud-(?) Isidorus de Numero, MS. Reg. 5 E. vi. fol. 57, ro.

page 4 note * This legend is found in Pliny, Hist. Nat. lib. xxxvii. c. 4. “Siquidem illa invicta vis duarum violentissimæ naturæ rerum ferri ignisque contemptrix, hircino rumpitur sanguine, nec aliter quam recenti calidoque macerata, et sic quoque multis ictibus, tune etiam, præterquam eximias, incudes malleosque ferreos frangens … et cum feliciter rumpere contigit, in tam parvas frangitur crustas, ut cerni vix possint. Expetuntur a scalptoribus, ferroque includuntur, nullam non duritiam ex facili cavantes.” See also Solinus, Folybist. c. 52. In the metrical treatise on gems published by Marbodus, and so widely popular in the middle ages, we have the following lines on this subject, evidently taken from Pliny:—

“Ultima præcipuum genus India fert adamantis, Et cristallorum natum sumptumque metallis Hunc ita fulgentem cristallina reddit origo, Ut ferruginei non desinai esse colons: Cujus duritiea solidissima cedere nescit, Ferrum contemnens nulloque domabilis igne. Quæ tamen hircino calefacta cruore fatiscit; Incudis damno percussorumque labore. Hujus fragmentis gemmæ sculpuntur acutis. Hic sed avellana major nuce non reperitur.”

Marbodi Liber de Gemmis, § 1.

page 5 note * Our author seriously starts the difficulty, which has frequently since been raised in joke, as to the experience by which the long lives given legendarily to certain animals could have been ascertained. The following lines (De œtatibus) are attributed to Bede:—

“Ter binos deciesque novem super exit in annos Justa senescentum quos implet vita virorum; Hos novies superat vivendo garrula cornix, Et quater egreditur cornicis sæcula cervus, Æripedem cervum ter vincit cornus, et illum Multiplicat novies phœnix reparabilis ales, Quem nos perpetuo decies prævertimus ævo Nymphæ Hamadryades quarum longissima vita est.”

Bedæ Opera, ed. Giles, vol. i. p. 104.

Pliny, Hist. Nat. lib. vii. c. 48, says, “Hesiodus, qui primus aliqua de hoc prodidit, fabulose (ut reor) multa de hominum ævo referens, cornici novem nostras attribuit ætates, quadruplum ejus cervis, id triplicatum corvis.” Compare also the Demaundes Joyous, ap. Reliq. Antiq. vol. ii. p. 75.

page 5 note † Horat. de Arte Poet. v. 4.

page 6 note * “Tantalus a labris sitiens fugientia captat Flumina.”

Horat. lib. i. Sat. i. 68.

page 6 note † Ezech. xi. 19. “Et dabo eis cor deum de carne eorum, et dabo eis eor carunam, et spiritum uovum tribuam in neum.”

visceribus eorum: et auferam cor lapi-

page 7 note * A leaf of the MS. is evidently lost here.

page 7 note † The priory of Witham in Somersetshire, commonly called the Charter-house in Selwode, was the first house of the Carthusians in England. It was founded by Henry II.; and St. Hugh, made in 1187 bishop of Lincoln, was the first prior. Giraldus Cambrensis, De Vitis Episcoporum Lincolniensinm, c. 26, says that he lived in great familiarity with the king, who frequently hunted in Selwood forest in order to have the opportunity of conversing with him. It was evidently on one of these visits that the circumstance occurred which is told in our text. See also on bishop Hugh, Giraldus Camb. de Vitis Sex Episcoporum Coætaneorum, p. 431, and Godwin de Episcopis.

page 7 note ‡ This is a curious instance of the facility of approach to the royal person in the reign of Henry II. It may be compared with the account which Jordan Fantosme gives of the arrival of Ranulph de Glanville's messengers from the North, with intelligence of the capture of the king of Scotland; they penetrate to the door of the chamber in which the king was sleeping (it being the middle of the night) without interruption, and when their further ingress is there forbidden by the chamberlain, the king is awakened by their conversation, and calls the messengers in. The passage of the metrical chronicler is a curious picture of the manners of the time. See the Chronicle of the war between the English and the Scots, by Jordan Fantosme, ed. Michel, for the Surtees Soc. p. 90.

page 8 note * Matth. xxii. 21, Marc. xii. 17, Luc. xx. 25.

page 8 note † Randulf, or Ranulf, de Glanville, was agreat favourite of Henry II. who made him grand justiciary of England. He was one of the barons who defeated the Scots in the battle of Alnwick, and himself took the Scotish king prisoner. After the death of king Henry he accompanied king Richard to the Holy Land, and died at the siege of Acre. A further account of him will be found in Dugdale's Baronage.

page 9 note * This, with what follows, is a curious illustration of the condition of the peasants, or villans, in England during the twelfth century. Mapes shares in the prejudice of the feudal age against this oppressed class of society. On the villana in England, see my paper on the political condition of the English peasantry during the middle ages, in the Archæologia, vol. xxx, pp. 205–244. On the condition of the agricultural population in France see M. Guizot, Histoire de la Civilization en France, tom. iv. leçon viii.; and the Introduction to the Chartulary of St. Peter of Chartres, by M. Guérard. The passage of Walter Mapes shows that the term servi was synonymous with villani.

page 9 note † Claudian. in Eutrop. i. 181, 183.

page 9 note ‡ Luc. vi. 8. “Et laudavit Dominus villicum iniquitatis, quia prudenter fecisset: quia filii hujus sæculi prudentiores filiis lucis in generatione sua sunt.”

page 10 note * In the MS. it is u'ni. It appears that it might be read m'ii, which may be a contraction of manerii or monasterii.

page 13 note * One of the nepotes of Walter Mapes (Philippo Map nepoti meo) is witness to a charter of his uncle printed in the Appendix to the Introduction to my edition of his Poems, p. xxix.

page 13 note † Under the Anglo-Normans even the personal property of the serf, peasant, or villan, was considered as virtually belonging to the lord of the soil. See Archæol. vol. xxx. p. 229, et seq.

page 13 note ‡ Chremes, in Terent. Phorm a. iv. sc. 1, 20.

Quod si fit, ut me excutiam, atque egrediar domo, Id restat: nam ego meorum solus sum meus.”

page 14 note * This chapter is a very curious illustration of a class of legends which are common among all the branches of the Teutonic race. The name Herla, which I do not find in any of the lists of mythic British kings, is evidently connected with the French Herluin, or Hellequin, and perhaps also with the German Holla. The troop or mainie of Herlewin was known in England, as well as in France. See the note to the Alliterative Poem on the Deposition of Richard II. p. 54. The legend was ancient in our island: see an instance in the Saxon Chronicle, sub an. 1127. See on the French Hellequin, and on the different legends concerning him, M. Paulin Paris's Catalogue des MSS. Français, vol. i. p. 322; the Livre des Légendes of M. Le Roux de Lincy, pp. 148 and 240; the Chronique de Benoit, ed. Michel, vol. ii. p. 336; and the Romant de Richart filz de Robert le diable (reprint by Silvestre). In Spanish the mid riders were called huesta antigua, or exercito antiguo. See the Appendix to the Introduction to the Narrative of Proceedings against Alice Kyteler, pp. xxxviii. and xl. On the same legend among the Germans, and other nations, see Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, pp. 515–534. The legend of Herne the Hunter belonged to the same class of superstitions.

page 15 note * Pliny, iv. 11, speaks of the pygmies as “sedentes arietum caprarumque dorsis.”

page 15 note † In the Bestiaries of the Middle Ages the tiger is described as the swiftest of all animals. Pliny, N. H. viii. 18, says, “Tigrin Hircani et Indi ferunt animal velocitatis tremenda.”

page 16 note * See Ovid. Metamorph. lib. ii. v. 1.

page 17 note * The quickness with which time passes in fairy land was also the source of a numerous class of legends in the popular mythology of the Germanic race. The English reader will remember Washington Irving's story of Rip van Winckle.

page 17 note † The river Wye in Herefordshire.

page 17 note ‡ The King of Portugal at this time was, Sanchez I. who reigned from 1185 to 1211; but I do not find that any historian has alluded to the events related here by Walter Mapes.

page 19 note * Gilbert Foliot, one of the most learned men of his time, was bishop of London from 1163 or 1164 to his death, which is placed in Feb. 1187 (? 1188). Matthew Paris says, under the year 1188, “Eodem anno Gilebertus Londoniensis episeopus naturæ debitum solvit.” He had previously held the see of Hereford; and made himself remarkable in history hy constantly siding with the king in his quarrels with Thomas of Canterbury. However, in a letter among the Epist. S. Thomæ, lib. iii. ep. 5, the abbot of Ramsey says of him, “Venerabilis pater noster, Gilbertus Londinensis episcopus, vir mentis et nomine conspicuus— qui sæculari literatura et lege divina ad unguem institutus, singulis fere tam religiouis quam ecclesiæ ordinis et dignitatis gradus attigisse et conscendisse dignoscitur.” See Tanner and Godwin. The book on which Mapes states that he was occupied in his old age does not appear to be extant.

page 20 note * Bartholomew is said to have been consecrated bishop of Exeter in 1161, but there is some uncertainty as to the date of his death, which has been wrongly fixed in the year 1175. The allusion in the text of Walter Mapes shows that he was still alive in 1187. Some of his writings are preserved. See Tanner.

page 20 note † Baldwin, so well known as the preacher of the crusade and patron of Giraldus Cambrensis, was made bishop of Worcester about 1180, and was afterwards promoted to the archbishopric of Canterbury. According to Tanner he was translated to Canterbury in 1185, which date does not agree with that in which Mapes here speaks of him as still bishop of Worcester. He was a man of considerable learning, and has left several books.

page 20 note ‡ Gischard de Beaulieu was known by name as an Anglo-Norman poet, from a metrical sermon which is still preserved, in MS. Harl. No. 4388, and in a MS. in the Bibl. royale at Paris, from which an imperfect edition was published by M. Jubinal in 1834. This poem contains several allusions to his conversion from a secular life. The information here given by Walter Mapes is quite new. The MS. has Belloioco, probably a mere error of the scribe.

page 22 note * The chroniclers of the time say nothing of the physical misfortunes of this year, though they speak of the great earthquake of the year preceding. (Matthew Paris says, under the date 1186, “Factus est his diebus per orbem Universum terræmotus magnus et horribilis, ita ut etiam in Anglia, ubi raro contigit, multa ædificia subverterentur.”) They are all, however, more or less prolix on the different political troubles which characterized the year 1187.

page 23 note * Jerusalem was taken by Saladin on the 3d of October, 1187. The present chapter was probably written in the midst of the consternation which the news of that event caused among the Christians of the west. The latter, in their zeal for the church, overlooked the moderation shown by the conqueror towards the Christian population of the holy city.

page 23 note † Lamentat. Jerem. i. 4.

page 25 note * “Intolerabilius nihil est quam femina dires.”

Juvenal. Sat. vi. b. 460.

page 26 note * Hildebert. Locor. Scripturæ Moralia Applicatio, ex Nov. Test. § xxiii. Opera, ed. 1708, p. 1227.

page 26 note † See Luc. x. 38–42.

page 26 note ‡ Hugh, bishop of Grenoble. The foundation of the order of Chartreux by Bruno occurred in 1086. Bruno himself was a native of Cologne. This account by Walter Mapes is the most authentic we have. The Statutes of the Order are printed in the sixth volume of the Monasticon. See for the history of this order the Histoire des Ordres Religieux, of Père Heliot, tom. vii. p. 366.

page 27 note * The following account of the mode of life of the Carthusians, given in the Speculum Stultorum of Nigellus Wireker, will in some points illustrate our text:

“Quid si Carthusiam me convertendo revertar, Pellibus et tunicis pluribus utar ibi ? Cella mihi dabitnr qnarn solarii solus habebo, Nemo mihi socius, nemo minister erit. Solus enim psallam, solusque cibaria sumam, Et sine luce meum solus adibo torum. Semper solus ero, cella retinente trimembri, In qua continue pes meus alter erit. Semper enint præsto, pulmento conociendo, In cella propria ligna, legumen, aqua, Qualibet hebdomada ter pane cibantur et unda, Non comedunt carnes sit nisi festa dies. Et semel in mense vel bis de jure venire Ad missam poterunt, si vacat, atque volunt.”

page 28 note * The bishopric of Morienne is in the same province (Vienne) as that of Grenoble.

page 28 note † The order of Grandmont was first founded at Muret, near Limoges, by Stephen, a native of Auvergne, who, from the name of the place to which he retired, is commonly called Stephen de Muret, in 1076. After Stephen's death, some disputes arising relating to the title to the spot on which they had settled, his disciples removed to the desert mountain of Grandmont in Burgundy. See Heliot, Hist, des Ordres Relig. tom. vii. p. 409.

page 29 note * An allusion to the incident of Martha and Mary, Luc. x. 38–42.

page 29 note † On the early disputes between the priests and the lay clerks of the order of Grandmont, see Père Heliot, ut sup. He says that they were terminated by Pope Innocent III., and therefore after 1198. The king of England had interfered in this dispute.

page 29 note ‡ Mathew Paris, who places the foundation of the order of the Knights Templars in 1118, calls him Hugo de Paganis, and another authority, printed in the Monasticon, names him Hugo de Paiens de lé Troies. The particulars here given concerning Hugh de Payens are not found elsewhere. The subsequent reflections of Walter Mapes on the Templars, and on their early degeneracy from their original purity, are remarkable.

page 32 note * Matth. xxvi. 51. Joan, xviii. 10.

page 32 note † This word is indistinct in the MS.

page 32 note ‡ 1 Reg. xvii. 45, 46. “Dixit autem David ad Philisthæum: Tu venis ad me cum gladio et hasta et clypeo: ego autem

venio ad te in nomine Domini exercituum. … Et noverit universa ecclesia hæc, quia non in gladio nec in hasta salvat Dominus: ipsius enim est bellum, et tradet vos in manus nostras.”

page 33 note * III Reg. six. ii. Ecce Dominus transit, et spiritus grandis et fortis subvertens montes et conterens petras ante Dominum: non in spiritu Dominus, et post spiritum commotio: non in commotione Dominus, et post commotionem ignis: non in igne Dominus, et post ignem sibilus auræ tenuis.

page 33 note † This incident is related less fully, but with other circumstances, by William of Tyre, Hist. lib. xviii, c. 9. ed. Bongars.

page 35 note * The best work on the history of the sect of the Assassins is that of the baron von Hammer-Pürgstall, which has been translated into French and English. The medieval Christian writers, mistaking the meaning of the title of the chief of this sect, always represent him as an old man (senex). The story here told will be found much more detailed in the History of William of Tyre, lib. xx, cc. 31 et seq. p. 994, ed. Bongars.

page 35 note † Jocelin was a native of Lombardy, and died in 1184. The date of his election to the bishopric of Salisbury is uncertain. His son Reginald was bishop of Bath and Wells from 1174 to 1191, after which he was for a very brief period archbishop of Canterbury. The archbishop of Canterbury appears to have refused to confirm him in his bishopric, because he was too young (only 24 years of age, according to some), and he probably accompanied him to Rome, for he subsequently consecrated him at San Giovanni in Savoy.

page 36 note * The Knights Hospitalers were founded at the beginning of the Crusades; the date given by some is 1092–by others, perhaps more accurately, 1099. Their first guardian is pretended to have been one Girardus, who had formed a society at Jerusalem for the defence of pilgrims before the arrival of Godfrey of Bologna. Raymund de Puy, said to have succeeded him, was the real founder of the order: it was he who drew up their statutes, and obtained the Pope's bull which acknowledged them. The hospitalers first had a house in London in 1100.

page 37 note * This was probably the general council held in 1179.

page 37 note † Omnia vincit amor, et nos cedamus amori.—Virgil. Eclog. x. 1. 69.

page 38 note * The order of Citeaux, or of the Cistercians, called afterwards White or Grey monks, was founded in 1098, by Robert abbot of St. Michel de Tonnerre. A small number of monks who had established themselves in the forest of Golan, near the abbey just mentioned, in order to live solitarily and abstemiously, prevailed upon him to put himself at their head, and he led them thence first to the forest of Molesme, and then to Citeaux, at that time a wild and solitary spot, five leagues from Dijon, in the diocese of Châlons.

page 38 note † It is well known that Walter Mapes and his friend Giraldus Cambrensis bore a great hatred to the Cistercian monks, who had become the richest order in England. Mapes has preserved a scandalous story of the origin of the order, which, I think, is not found elsewhere. The facts appear to be correct: Stephen, who had the surname or patronymic of Harding, and who was one of the first settlers at Citeaux, and afterwards their abbot, was an Englishman, a monk of Sherburn in Dorsetshire, and perhaps at least part of his companions may have been his countrymen. A long account of him, and the part he took in the foundation, is given by William of Malmsbury, De Gest. Reg. lib. iv. p. 127. Stephen is said to have been the composer of the rule of the order. He was elected abbot in 1109.

page 38 note ‡ St. Paul the Egyptian was the founder of the eremitic sect in the deserts of Egypt, in the third century. St. Hilarion in the fourth century laid the foundation of the ascetic establishments in Syria.

page 39 note * Virgil, Eclog. III. 1. 65.

page 39 note † Luc. x. 38.

page 39 note ‡ An allusion to Psal. cxviii. 62. “Media nocte surgebam ad confitendum tibi, super judicia justificationis tuæ.”

page 39 note § The first lines of the hymn for Sunday at prime in the common Romish church service.

page 40 note * Pope Leo III., who occupied the papal chair from 795 to 816.

page 40 note † Nigellus Wircker says of the Cistercian monks,—

“Non comedent carnes, nisi cum permiserit abbas, Præpositusve loci, de pietate sua. Et quia quadrupedum prohibet sua regula carnes, Nec sinit his vesci pro gravitate sui, Quæ volat aut currit semper cupiunt bipedalem, Non quia sit melior, sed quia rara magis.”

page 40 note ‡ Bernard of Clairvaux.

page 41 note * Geoffrey of Auxerre (Galfridus Autisiodorensis) was first a disciple of Abelard, whom he quitted to become the follower and notary of Bernard of Clairvaux. He wrote the life of Bernard, and a book of his miracles, apparently the one here referred to: both these tracts are printed in the edition of the works of St. Bernard.

page 41 note † Thomas of Canterbury was murdered on the 29th of December, 1170, and therefore the incidents here related must have occurred more than seventeen years before the present book was written.

page 41 note ‡ This is the letter mentioned in the next note. We have here a curious instance of the practice of reading at dinner. It is ordered in most of the monastic and college statutes. The Magister Petrus here spoken of was of course Peter Abelard, the leader of the philosophical sect of the Nominalists.

page 41 note § The letter to which Mapes alludes is addressed to Pope Innocent II. and not to Eugenius. In speaking of Peter Abelard Bernard says, “Procedit Golias procero corpore nobili illo suo bellico apparatu circummunitus, antecedente quoque ejus armigero Arnaldo de Brixia.” Bernard. Epist. clxxxix. col. 1547, in the edition of his works published in 1632. Arnald of Brescia, one of the most zealous disciples of Abelard, who obtained so much popular influence as to drive the pope from Rome and keep possession of the city ten years, was burnt in 1155. Abelard died in 1142. Their opponent Bernard of Clairvaux died in 1153.

page 43 note * I have not been able to find any account of this Robert de Burneham. The name of Burneham is not uncommon in the earlier records.

page 43 note † This is a remarkable account of the preaching and end of Arnald of Brescia, who seems to have been regarded with a favourable eye in England. It shows also considerable liberality of sentiments in Walter Mapes.

page 44 note * This line, which stands thus in the MS., appears to be a corruption of Virgil, “Ante focum, si frigus erit, si messis, in umbra.” Ecl. v. 1. 70.

page 44 note † The Benedictine monks.

page 44 note ‡ The Cistercians were indiscriminately named white monks or grey monks.

page 45 note * Matth. vii. 15.

page 47 note * Luc. vi. 35.

page 47 note † Luc. xv. 15, 21.

page 47 note ‡ Marc. i. 7. Venit fortior me post me, cujus non sum dignus procumbens solvere corrigiam calceamentorum ejus.

page 47 note § Act. Apost. v. 41. Et illi quidemibant gaudentes a conspectu concilii, quoniam digni habiti sunt pro nomine Jesu contumeliam pati.

page 47 note ¶ Psal. xcv. 5.

page 47 note ** Luc. iii. 11.

page 48 note * Psal. xl, 2. Beatus qui intelligit super egenum et pauperem: in die mala liberabit eum Dominus.

page 48 note † Luc. xxi. 34. Attendite autem vobis, ne forte graventur corda vestra in crapula et ebrietate et curis hujus vitæ, et superveniat in vos repentina dies illa.

page 48 note ‡ Matth. vi. 24.

page 48 note § Horat. Epist. lib. I. ep. i. 65.

“Isne tibi melius suadet, qui rem facias, rem.

Si possis recte; si non, quocumque modo rem.”

page 48 note ∥ Ovid. Epist. i. 53.

“Jam seges est ubi Troja fuit.”

page 50 note * Psalm xxxvi. 35. Junior fui, etenim senui, et non vidi just um derelictum, nec semen ejus quærens panem.

page 50 note † Luc. v. 32. Non veni vocare justos, sed peccatores ad pœnitentiam.

page 50 note ‡ Psalm i. 19.

page 51 note * Luc. xv. 7.

page 51 note † Matth. vii. 16.

page 52 note * The Cistercians wore no breeches, a circumstance which afforded a frequent subject of ridicule to the satirists of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The writer of a piece printed in the Poems attributed to Walter Mapes, perhaps our author himself, says (p. 56),

“Carent femoralihus partes turpiores, Veneris ut usibus sint paratiores, Castitatis legibus absolutions.”

page 53 note * Nigellus Wireker, satirizing the Cistercian monks, seems to allude to some such incident as this:—

Ergo quid facerem, veniens si ventus ab austro

Nudaret subito posteriora mea? Quod si contingat mea nuda pudenda videri,

Numquid de reliquo monachus albus ero? Dispensare tamen mecum poterunt et oportet,

Ne pila quam porto sit manifesta foro.

page 53 note † Mapes appears to allude to some affair of his time in which the Cistercian monks had spoken in these terms.

page 54 note * Roger was archbishop of York from 1154 to 1181, and is described by William of Newbury, Hist. lib. iii. c. 5, as a great enemy of the monks, and therefore the monkish writers generally speak ill of him. See the long account of this prelate given by the historian just quoted, and also the notice in Godwin, de Episc.

page 54 note † Neath, in Glamorganshire. There was a Cistercian abbey at this place, the walls of which still remain.

page 54 note ‡ William, son and successor of the Robert earl of Gloucester who made so much figure in the reign of Stephen. He is enumerated among the benefactors of the abbey of Neath.

page 55 note * Byland Abbey, in Yorkshire.

page 56 note * Pontigny, a Cistercian abbey in France, in the diocese of Auxerre.

page 56 note † Juvenal. Sat. vi. line 280. The MS. reads corruptly, Dic sodes aliguem, die.

page 56 note ‡ 1 Reg. (1. Sam.) xxx. 24. Æqua enim pars erit descendentis ad prælium et remanentis ad sarcinas, et similiter divident.

page 57 note * Tobias, ii. 21.

page 57 note † Juvenal. Sat. i. 80.

page 57 note ‡ Conf. Horat. Sat. lib. 11. iii. 246. Pers. Sat. v. 108.

page 57 note § See what Giraldus says of Mapes' dealings with the Cistercians, in the pieces printed in the Appendix to the Introduction to the “Poems” attributed to him, p. xxxi.

page 57 note ¶ Matth. x. 27. Quod in aure auditis, prædicate super tecta.

page 59 note * This is a curious notice of Gilbert of Sempringham, the founder of one of the most remarkable orders of monks in England. This foundation took place in the troubled reign of Stephen. Gilbert died at a very advanced age, in 1189.

page 59 note † The juxtaposition of the two sexes was, however, a subject of much scandal afterwards. See my Political Songs (Camden Society Publication), p. 138, and the account of this order in the satirical poem of Nigellus Wireker.

page 60 note * PS. xiii. 1. “Dixit insipiens in corde suo, Non est Deus.”

page 60 note † These were rather a horde of plunderers and robbers than a religious seet: as Mapes says, they had no religion at all. They are better known by the general term of Routiers, and play a very active part in the history of the latter half of the twelfth century. See the excellent article on the Routiers of the twelfth century, by M. Guéraud, in the Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Chartes, vol. iii. p. 123. Jacobus de Vitriaco, Hist. Occid. cap. VII. describes them as, “Brabantios, viros sanguinum, incendiarios, Rutarlos, et raptores;” and the anonymous Vita Lud. VII. speaks of William count of Châlon as “infinitos prædones, vulgo dictos Brabantiones, qui nee Deum diligunt, nee viam veritatis cognoscere volunt, colligens.”

page 61 note * The name Publicani, Poplicani, or Populicani (said to be a corruption of Pauliciani), was given to a sect of heretics which arose in France during the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and which is said to have been strongly infected with the doctrines of the Manichæans. They are mentioned in several of the old writers; and the name became in French a common term for a heretic. Huon de Berti, a French writer of the beginning of the thirteenth century, in his Tournament of Antichrist, says,

“De Biois et de Tolousain, Et de Painne et de Mielan, I ot milliers et ne sai quans De bougres et de popelicans.”

The Paterini were, apparently, by origin at least, a different sect; but this name was also in the sequel given to various sects, and we even find it applied to the Waldenses.

page 62 note * This horrible accusation was so generally made against all the sects who at different periods dissented from the church of Rome, and is in itself so improbable, that it deserves no credit. See the Introduction to the Proceedings against Dame Alice Kyteler, pp. v.–viii.

page 62 note † William, surnamed ad albas manus or aux blanches mains, archbishop of Rheims from 1176 to 1202. He was fourth son of Theobald IV. count of Champaine, and therefore brother of Adela queen of Louis VII. king of France.

page 62 note ‡ The person alluded to in the following story was perhaps Eudo de Stella, of whom and his disciples a long account is given by William of Newbury, De Reb. Angl. lib. i. c. 19.

page 64 note * The order of St. James, or of the Sword, was founded about the middle of the twelfth century, for the protection of pilgrims to Compostella, who were then exposed to the attacks of the Spanish Arabs. It was confirmed by a papal bull in 1175.

page 64 note † So much has been written on the history of the Waldenses, that it is not necessary to say much of them here. This sect is commonly said to have been founded soon after the middle of the twelfth century by a native of Lyons named Waldus. Walter Mapes' account of them is extremely curious and important, both from his being contemporary with their first beginnings, and from the circumstance of his having witnessed their reception at Rome.

page 67 note * Epist. 1 Joan. iv. 18. Timor non est in charitate, sed perfecta charitas foras mittit timorem.