^{page vii note 1} For details of Anglo-Danish negotiations in the years 1660 to 1667 see Sehoolcraft, H. L., The English Historical Review, XXV, 457CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

^{page viii note 1} The treaty, Record Office, Treaties 36. It was ratified by William III, with some modifications, on 4 September (O.S.) 1689. For the reasons for his grudging acceptance of it, see the Historical Manuscripts Commission, Finch MSS. II, 237.

^{page ix note 1} Record Office, Treaties 37. Mutual succours were fixed at 3000 foot and six men-of-war for Denmark, and 5000 foot and ten men-of-war for Great Britain.

^{page ix note 2} Ibid. 38.

^{page ix note 3} See fully on these matters G. N. Clark, The Dutch Alliance and the War against French Trade, 1688–1697, chapter V; Miss M. Lane in the Transactions of the Royal History Society, Third Series, Vol. V.

^{page ix note 4} A copy, Record Office, Denmark 23. For the affair see page 2, below.

^{page x note 1} Record Office, Treaties 39.

^{page x note 2} So little damage was done that it was supposed that the bombs used were not charged. Rooke's instructions and journal, unfortunately most negligently edited (see the English Historical Review, XIII, 17), have been published in Volume IX of the Navy Records Society.

^{page x note 3} Record Office, Treaties 40. It engaged the service of 12,000 Danes.

^{page xi note 1} Cf. Townshend to Glenorchy, page 64, below. That envoy had just advised that no treaty could be made with England unless the arrears were paid up. A composition of the claim, transferred after Prince Charles's death in 1729 to his sister Sophie Hedvige, appears to have been effected in 1731.

^{page xi note 2} See fully the editor's George I and the Northern War, chapters II, III.

^{page xiv note 1} See his dispatch to Glenorchy, pages 75, 76, below.

^{page xiv note 2} The convention, Record Office, Treaties 46. For full details of the negotiation see the editor's The Alliance of Hanover, chapters XIX, XXXII, XLIV.

^{page xiv note 3} See pages 81 f., below.

^{page xv note 1} For particulars of this see Holm, , Danmark-Norges Historie, I, 224 f.Google Scholar

^{page xv note 2} The Company of Merchant Adventurers, incorporated in 1564, had long since fixed its headquarters at Hamburg.

^{page xvi note 1} Probably the Richard Sutton who had been sent on a mission to Hesse-Cassel in 1727. He was at Copenhagen from 30 August to 21 September 1729.

^{page xvii note 1} See Harrington to Titley, pages 100 f., below.

^{page xviii note 1} See Townshend to Titley, pages 93, 94, below.

^{page xviii note 2} “His alert appearance, together with his busy turbulent character, seem to have put the ministers of Denmark on their guard.… I do not perceive that they are downright afraid of him, the his tight habit and brisk motions, with a behaviour that shows him to be entirely gladiatorio animo, are indeed enough to daunt quiet sober people ” (13 May 1732).

^{page xviii note 3} “In short, they give into anything he proposes, and seem to be animated only by him.… Count Plélo seems to be entirely out of the question ” (24 May).

^{page xix note 1} Record Office, Treaties 47.

^{page xix note 2} “These alterations proceed entirely from the Margravine, who has the whole influence at present, and seems resolved to mould the Church the Counsel and the Court to her own likeing, the to the extreme disgust and dissatisfaction of the nation ” (Titley, 28 May 1735).

^{page xx note 1} “His great reputation and abilitys have not been sufficient to secure him from the politicks of the Margravine, and from the hatred which the Queen bears to his wife ; this is the source of the mortifications he meets with ” (the same, 24 December).

^{page xx note 2} See Harrington to Titley and the instructions to the latter, pages 109 f., below. About this time we find a long document, not dated, entitled “Some Considerations upon the Project for making at this time a Defensive Alliance between Great Britain Denmark and Sweden ” (Record Office, Denmark 70).

^{page xxi note 1} Record Office, Treaties 48.

^{page xxii note 1} On 26 January 1740 he set out a tale of grounds for conviction of “some pityful double dealings on foot to get money from Trance and to raise the price upon England at our next bargain.”

^{page xxii note 2} “Thus at last that honest and worthy minister, whose reputation is so well established in the world, and whose management of affairs was equally advantageous and honourable to his master, is wholly discharged ” (30 April 1740).

^{page xxii note 3} In Chavigny's instructions, however, the margrave figures as anti-French (Recueil des Instructions, XIII, 149).

^{page xxiv note 1} As late as January 1743 Titley scouted the idea of electing Prince Frederick as but “a French infusion, designed only to prevent their uniting with us in favour of the Prince of Hesse.”

^{page xxvi note 1} See Carteret to Titley, pages 133–4, below.

^{page xxvii note 1} Particulars about him, Recueil des Instructions, XIII, 143.

^{page xxviii note 1} See Newcastle to Titley, pages 145 f., below.

^{page xxix note 1} “M. Bernsdorf, whose good intentions are unquestionable, is as able and sensible a minister as Denmark, perhaps, ever had, yet the gentleness of his temper, and his extreme caution, seems to hinder his progress, and it is very certain that he cannot influence his Danish Majesty, in the least, by any other way than thro' the canal of the Grand Marshal, who is sole guide of all the royal resolutions of importance, so that the good effects of M. Bernsdorf's ministry are not to be looked for as yet, but may justly be expected, as I have observed formerly, from time and incidents ” (7 March 1752).

It maybe noted that Bernstorff's first doings by no means gave satisfaction at Paris, by reason of his opposition to engagements with Sweden and Prussia ; see the Recueil des Instructions, XIII, 164–6.

^{page xxix note 2} See page 152, below.

^{page xxix note 3} The public ceremony, and her coronation, followed on 8 July.

^{page xxxi note 1} For these see in Holdernesse to Titley, page 161, below.

^{page xxxiii note 1} “What the Danes principally aim at is undoubtedly to secure to themselves the quiet possession of Sleswick and to acquire the ducal part of Hol-stein. Upon this all their policy turns, and with this view it is that they have been led to cultivate the good will of Russia by acceding to the Baltic convention ” (28 May 1760).

^{page xxxiv note 1} Heinrich Karl Schimmelmann, a German who had made a great fortune as an army-contractor to Frederick II and was now Superintendent of Commerce in Denmark, purchased all the royal property in the West Indies for the sum of 400,000 rix-dollars (Titley, 2 April 1763).

^{page xxxv note 1} His marriage to Caroline Matilda was celebrated by proxy at St. James's on 1 October 1766 and publicly at Copenhagen on 8 November. On the same 1 October Christian's sister, Sophie Magdalene, was married by proxy to Prince Gustavus of Sweden.

^{page xxxv note 2} “A man of integrity and resolution,” in Titley's estimation, “listened to and treated by his Majesty with a kind of habitual deference and respect.”

^{page xxxv note 3} Recueil des Instructions, XIII, 177.

^{page xxxv note 4} Christian, says Titley (13 May), had “already hinted to the ministers his inclination for England, and it was by his express direction that Count Bothmer was ordered to sound his Majesty's ministers at London upon the subject of a political alliance ; and this proceeded from my having confidentially enquired of Baron Bernstorff, how far they might be disposed to enter into any engagements, general or particular, with England.”

^{page xxxvi note 1} A copy, in German, authenticated by Bernstorff's signature and seal, Record Office, Denmark 120.

^{page xxxvi note 2} General Conway, secretary of state, had written in September 1766 : “By this time it's probable Mons^r. de Saldern is with you. He seems a gentleman of many words and probably much curiosity, so that his conversation is to be used with caution. He knows the affairs of his court, I believe, pretty intimately, and if treated with confidence may be useful, by a communication of what passes there. He has always profess'd being a warm friend to our interests, and therefore deserves every mark of civility and attention.”

^{page xxxvii note 1} By W. F. Reddaway, VI, 742 f. See also, with particular reference to Struensee, his articles in the English Historical Review, XXVII, 274, XXXI, 59, XLI, 78, and his review of Hansen's great work, XL, 621.

^{page xxxviii note 1} See the dispatches of 1779/80, pages 196 f., below.

^{page xxxix note 1} Copies, Record Office, Denmark 136.

^{page xl note 1} For the scene see the Cambridge Modern History, VI, 755.

^{page xl note 2} Frederica Charlotte, married in 1791 to Frederick, Duke of York.

^{page xli note 1} For particulars see Sir R. Lodge, Great Britain and Prussia in the Eighteenth Century, pp. 183–4. Elliot's own detailed story is in Record Office, F.O. 22, 10.