^{page xvii note 1} Antiquaries, 146.

^{page xvii note 2} Harrison, 84.

^{page xvii note 3} Jones, 16–17.

^{page xviii note 1} Finch, M. E., The Wealth of Five Northamptonshire Families 1540–1640 (Northamptonshire Rec. Soc. Publications, xix, Oxford, 1956)Google Scholar, especially xi–xix, 1–3.

^{page xviii note 2} Practical Wisdom, 21.

^{page xviii note 3} Harrison, 83–84.

^{page xviii note 4} See E. J. Fisher, ‘Some Yorkshire estates of the Percys, 1442–1615 ’, unpubd. Leeds Ph.D. thesis, 1956.

^{page xviii note 5} C[alendar of the] P[atent] R[olls], P. and M., iv. 179.

^{page xviii note 6} See Batho, G. R., ‘ The Percies and Alnwick Castle, 1557–1632 ’, Archaeologia Aeliana, 4th Series, xxxv (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1957), 48–63Google Scholar; and James, xi–xxiv.

^{page xix note 1} See Batho, G. R., ‘The Percies at Petworth, 1574–1632’, Sussex Archaeological Collections, xcv (1958), 1–27Google Scholar.

^{page xix note 2} See G. R. Batho, ‘ Henry, ninth Earl of Northumberland and Syon House, Middlesex, 1594–1632 ’, Transactions of the Ancient Monuments Society, New Series, iv (1956), 95–109.

^{page xix note 3} See Batho, G. R., ‘ The Wizard Earl in the Tower, 1605–21 ’, History To-day, vi (1956), 344–51Google Scholar, and Kingsford, C. L., ‘ Essex House, formerly Leicester House and Exeter Inn ’, Archaeologia, lxxiii (1923), 1–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar; almost all the persons cited as using Essex House in the 1610's and 1620's in Kingsford, 13, were connexions of the Earl of Northumberland.

^{page xix note 4} Dallaway, J., A History of the Western Division of the County of Sussex, vol. ii, pt. 1 (1819), 227Google Scholar.

^{page xix note 5} P.R.O., S[tate] P[apers] Dom[estic] Jac. I, cxxii. 31, printed in McClure, N. E., The Letters of John Chamberlain (Philadelphia, 1939, 2 vols.)Google Scholar.

^{page xx note 1} Aln[wick Castle] MS. 101, fos. 9–10, 14 Nov. 1605.

^{page xx note 2} See Notestein, W., Relf, F. H. and Simpson, H., ed., The Commons Debates of 1621 (1935), ii 357Google Scholar.

^{page xx note 3} S[yon] H[ouse] MS. [at Alnwick Castle] O. 1. 2 c, fo. 46^r, 7 Jan. 1608/09. For the secret correspondence, see Bruce, J., ed. Correspondence of King James VI of Scotland (Camden Soc, lxxviii, 1861), 53–76Google Scholar.

^{page xx note 4} Aln. MSS. L[etters] & P[apers], vol. 7, fo. 209, Dec. 1605.

^{page xxi note 1} Howard, v.

^{page xxi note 2} Sir Simonds D'Ewes, Dec. 1641; see Coates, W. H., ed., The Journal of Sir Simonds D'Ewes (New York, 1942), 259Google Scholar.

^{page xxi note 3} S.H.MSS. X. II. 12 (4), ‘ The Booke of housholde expences at Boswell's howse, 1586 ’, fo. 2V.

^{page xxi note 4} Aln. MSS. L. & P., vol. 7, fo. 121^r.

^{page xxi note 5} See Appendix III for a list of servants, wages and pensions.

^{page xxii note 1} For a discussion of the finances of the Countess, see Section III of this Introduction.

^{page xxii note 2} [243] and [245.

^{page xxii note 3} Brathwait, 3–4.

^{page xxiii note 1} Bertie, 460.

^{page xxiii note 2} S.H.MSS. U. I. 3 (1), ‘ Expences in my Lord Thoma's howse, 1568 ’.

^{page xxiii note 3} B.M., Stowe MS. 774, fos. 2^v, 3^r.

^{page xxiii note 4} Derby, 23, 84.

^{page xxiii note 5} F. Peck, Desiderata Curiosa (1732), i. 29–30.

^{page xxiii note 6} B.M., Add. MS. 36,746, fo. 5.

^{page xxiii note 7} Rutland, 296, 487–88.

^{page xxiii note 8} Worcester, 3–6.

^{page xxiii note 9} Howard, Appendix xxxviii.

^{page xxiii note 10} Jones, 11; Upton, A. F., Sir Arthur Ingram (Oxford, 1961), 59–60, 175Google Scholar.

^{page xxiii note 11} Paul Hentzner, Travels in England (1797), 63.

^{page xxiii note 12} Stanley,β, 12.

^{page xxiv note 1} Harrison, 78–84.

^{page xxiv note 2} Harrison, 74–75, 86–87, 107–27.

^{page xxiv note 3} Burghley, 65; Stanley, β, 44.

^{page xxiv note 4} See document no. 6 of Part IV.

^{page xxv note 1} Brathwait, 6, 15.

^{page xxv note 2} J. Foster, ed., The Visitation of Yorkshire, 1584/1585, by R. Glover, and 1612, by R. St George (1875), 377, 410; Blair, C. H. Hunter, Visitations of the North, pt, iv (Surtees Soc. cxlvi, 1932), 14–15Google Scholar.

^{page xxv note 3} Prerogative] C[ourt of] Cfanterbury] 6 Lewyn, proved 4 Jan. 1597/8.

^{page xxv note 4} P.C.C. 32 Weldon, dated 22 Jan. 1616/17.

^{page xxv note 5} P.C.C. 5 Pembroke, proved 15 Jan. 1649/50.

^{page xxvi note 1} P.C.C. 125 Cope, proved 17 Dec. 1616.

^{page xxvi note 2} Harrison, 84.

^{page xxvi note 3} See Cal[endar of] S\tate] P[apers] Dom[estic] Eliz., ccxxxiii. 93; cclxiv. 6; and S.H.MSS. Y. III. 1 (1).

^{page xxvi note 4} P.C.C. 60 Essex, proved 29 Apr. 1648; M. F. Keeler, The Long Parliament 1640–1641 Philadelphia, 1954), 158–59.

^{page xxvii note 1} Thomson, 44.

^{page xxvii note 2} See Appendix I.

^{page xviii note 1} Jones, 139.

^{page xxviii note 2} Cf. Part II; the rents and revenues from the estates in 1585–87 were accounted for by the steward (£362 18 s. 7¼d.), the cofferers (£4,081 6 s. 7 d. and £1,655 17 s. 1 d. respectively), and the clerk of the kitchen (£100), while the pursebearer received borrowed money, for example.

^{page xxviii note 3} S.H.MSS. U. I. 50 (2), a book of disbursements for the stable 1604–05.

^{page xxix note 1} Montague, 188–89.

^{page xxix note 2} S.H.MS. P. 1. 3 g.

^{page xxix note 3} Breviate, 317–18.

^{page xxix note 4} Antiquaries, 281.

^{page xxix note 5} S.H.MSS. U. I. 2, a loose sheet, ‘Steward's charge’.

^{page xxx note 1} Thomson, 126 and 162.

^{page xxx note 2} See Section II of this Introduction for a further discussion of the offices of clerk of the kitchen and cater. An interesting distinction between the functions of the controller, the steward and the clerk of the kitchen is implied in the general account for 1630–31, where the controller accounts for the provisions of the household, the steward for wine, vinegar and cream cheeses, and the clerk of the kitchen for acates and necessaries for diet [244].

^{page xxxi note 1} Brathwait, 13.

^{page xxxi note 2} Burghley, 64.

^{page xxxi note 3} S.H.MSS. U. I. 2, a loose sheet, ‘ Steward's charge ’.

^{page xxxii note 1} Brathwait, 17–18.

^{page xxxii note 1} Montague, 192.

^{page xxxii note 3} For the significance of the terms ‘ solicitor ” and ‘ attorney ’ in this period, see Holdsworth, W. S., A History of the Common Law, vi (1937), 431–57Google Scholar, and Plucknett, T. F. T., A Concise History of the Common Law (1948), 214–16Google Scholar.

^{page xxxii note 4} See Appendix III and cf. Howard, Appendix xxxviii; Huntingdon, 354; Rutland, 260–62, 296–300; B.M., Stowe MS. 774, passim, and Add. MS. 19,208, fos. 42–51.

^{page xxxii note 1} See Jones, 56–57, and the references there quoted, especially Brathwait, 16, 26; cf. document no. 5 of Part II.

^{page xxxiii note 2} Montague, 186. Cf. Stanley, β, 46 and Whytehorne, perhaps the fullest account of life below stairs in Elizabethan times available to us.

^{page xxxiii note 3} Brathwait, 5.

^{page xxxiii note 4} Harrison, 74–76.

^{page xxxiv note 1} Peragallo, E., Origin and Evolution of Double-entry Book-keeping (New York, 1938), 36Google Scholar; see also Littleton & Yamey, 114–74.

^{page xxxiv note 2} Littleton & Yamey, 202–14.

^{page xxxiv note 3} Littleton & Yamey, 98.

^{page xxxiv note 4} Denholm-Young, N., Seignorial Administration in England (1937), 126–27Google Scholar.

^{page xxxv note 1} Brown, R., A History of Accounting and Accountants (Edinburgh, 1905), 58Google Scholar.

^{page xxxv note 2} See the Select Bibliography of this volume.

^{page xxxv note 3} See James, especially xxiv–xxxiv.

^{page xxxv note 4} Montague, 191.

^{page xxxv note 5} Breviate, 328.

^{page xxxvi note 1} [123].

^{page xxxvi note 2} See documents nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 of Part I. Cf. B.M., Add. MS. 33,508, passim; Huntingdon, 389 (butcher's bill), 392 (clothing), and 396 (grocer's).

^{page xxxvi note 3} Q. Jones, 64.

^{page xxxvi note 4} [85], [86] Cf. North, 287–90, for Lord North's expenses at Kirtling on the Queen's visit, Sept. 1577.

^{page xxxvii note 1} B.M., Hargrave MS. 226, no. 21, ‘ A Character of the most excellent Lord, the Earle of Northumberland ’, fo. 242^V.

^{page xxxvii note 2} Breviate, 339.

^{page xxxvii note 3} See document no 5. of Part II. Cf. Howard, 77–86.

^{page xxxvii note 4} Jones, 66.

^{page xxxvii note 5} Brathwait, 19; see also Jones, chs. iv and v.

^{page xxxviii note 1} See documents nos. 9 and 10 of Part I. Cf. Buckingham, passim; Derby, e.g. 13–19; Lestrange, 4811–90.

^{page xxxviii note 1} See documents nos. 7 and 8 of Part I.

^{page xxxviii note 3} A good example of this type of breving book is B.M., Harl. MS. 4,782; see e.g. fos. 2–68.

^{page xxxviii note 4} See document no. 7 of Part I. Cf. e.g. Derby, 19.

^{page xxxix note 1} Montague, 198.

^{page xxxix note 2} Northumberland Household Book, 96–101.

^{page xxxix note 3} Antiquaries, 297.

^{page xxxix note 4} Smyth of Nibley Papers, vol. iii, fo. 79.

^{page xxxix note 5} For bills of fare see e.g. Bertie, 473; Leconfield MS. 330, fo. 51^r.

^{page xxxix note 6} See document no. 12 of Part I.

^{page xxxix note 7} See document no. 14 of Part I.

^{page xl note 1} Brathwait, 46–50.

^{page xl note 2} See document no. 11, A, of Part I.

^{page xl note 3} See documents nos. 11, 12, and 13 of Part I. Cf. Bertie, 459–73; Howard, passim; and Huntingdon, 361–66.

^{page xl note 4} See document no. 14 of Part I. Cf. B.M., Stowe MS. 774, fo. 8.

^{page xl note 5} See M. D. George, ‘ Notes on the Origin of the Declared Account ’, Eng. Hist. Rev., xxxi (1916), 41–58, and Dietz, F. C., English Government Finance 1485–1558 (Urbana, 1921), 76, 180–81.Google Scholar

^{page xl note 6} See the draft declarations listed in Appendix I.

^{page xli note 1} Auditors' memoranda are frequently found with the household rolls in the ‘ U ’ series at Alnwick; for wages lists, see the references in Appendix III.

^{page xli note 2} See document no. 15 of Part I, and Part II. Cf. Elizabeth and Hodgson.

^{page xlii note 1} Cf. the signatures of Stanhope, B.M., Add. MS. 34,785, and of Capel, Add. MS. 40,632 C, fo. 14^r.

^{page xlii note 2} Leconfield MS. D 22/2/1, 17 Jan. 1601/02.

^{page xlii note 3} N. Denholm-Young, Seignorial Administration in England (1937), 127.

^{page xlii note 4} S.H.MSS. P. II. 2 p and Q. I. 31.

^{page xlii note 5} [59].

^{page xliii note 1} [67].

^{page xliii note 2} [76].

^{page xliii note 3} [95].

^{page xliii note 4} [66].

^{page xliii note 5} [75].

^{page xliii note 6} [83].

^{page xliii note 7} S.H.MSS. U. I. 3 (2), a loose sheet, ‘ Borrowed Money 1603 ’.

^{page xliv note 1} For rear accounts of gross provision, see document no. 16 of Part I and cf. Wharton, 19–21; B.M., Add. MS. 19,191, fos. 66–76, and Harl. MS. 4,782, fo. 130. For rear accounts of borrowed money, see document no. 17 of Part I. For a rear account of horses, see B.M., Add. MS. 19,191, fos. 77–78.

^{page xliv note 2} See document no. 7 of Part II, and Part III.

^{page xliv note 3} See document no. 18 of Part I.

^{page xliv note 4} See Derby, 1–7; Wharton; and B.M., Stowe MS. 774, fo. 31.

^{page xliv note 5} Elizabeth is an example of a declaration of account written in book form and Wharton of a declaration of expenses set out chronologically rather than under titles.

^{page xlv note 1} See document no. 1 of Part I. Cf. G. R. Batho, ‘Notes and Documents on Petworth House, 1574–1632 ’, Sussex Archaeological Collections, xcvi (1958), 108–34.

^{page xlv note 2} See document no. 1 of Part IV. Cf. Verney.

^{page xlv note 3} Syon MSS. H. 1. 3 and B. XIII. 2 c.

^{page xlv note 4} See document no. 3 of Part IV. Cf. documents nos. 2 and 4 of Part IV; the inventories of household stuff, including plate, linen and books in the Fairfax Inventories, of goods in More, 288, and of pictures in Lumley.

^{page xlvi note 1} Montague, 197–98. Cf. the inventory of kitchen utensils in B.M., Harl. MS. 4,782, fo. 196^v.

^{page xlvi note 2} The law was 12 Henry VIII, c. 5, s. 4. For a discussion of probate inventories, see S. Jayne, Library Catalogues of the English Renaissance (1956), 9–12.

^{page xlvi note 3} See document no. 5 of Part IV and cf. e.g. Huntingdon, 355–61; Leicester, 28–48; Northampton; Ramsey, 323–42 and Rutland, 344–49. Occasionally, a testator compiled an inventory of his goods to ensure their preservation and proper distribution; see e.g. the inventories attached to the will and codicils of Elizabeth, Countess of Shrewsbury (‘ Bess of Hardwick ’) in the Chatsworth MSS.

^{page xlvi note 4} See document no. 7 of Part IV.

^{page xlvi note 5} Harrison, 77, 84.

^{page xlvii note 1} This section is based upon the editor's article, ‘ The Finances of an Elizabethan Nobleman ’, in the Economic History Review, 2nd Series, ix (1957), 433–50 where tables giving fuller statistics will be found. The information derived from the discovery at Petworth, since the writing of that article, of the household accounts for the period 1620–30 has been incorporated.

^{page xlvii note 2} See Cal. S.P. Dom. Eliz., Addenda 1566–79, xix. 57 and Northumberland County History Committee: A History of Northumberland, viii (1907), ed. H. H. E. Craster, 160 if.

^{page xlvii note 3} [83].

^{page xlvii note 4} The figures given for the income are to the nearest £ those for 1582 are taken from Syon MS. A. 1. 8, a valuation of the eighth Earl of Northumberland's lands by William Stockdale the elder.

^{page xlvii note 5} The demise is Syon MS. F. I. 6 (1), 19 Aug. 1585.

^{page xlviii note 1} Harrison, 79.

^{page xlviii note 2} James, 211–12; a list of the Latimer lands is given in E. B. De Fonblanque, Annals of the House of Percy (privately printed, 2 vols., 1887), ii. 583.

^{page xlviii note 3} Leconfield MS. 24/1, fo. 10; the figure of £17,000 given by Harrison, 81, is an error.

^{page xlviii note 4} C.P.R., P. and M., iv. 179, 16 Aug. 1557.

^{page xlviii note 5} Harrison, 82.

^{page xlviii note 6} Harrison, 82. Cf. the £800 received from wood sales at Petworth in 1585–87, Part II, document no. 2.

^{page xlviii note 7} Harrison, 82–83.

^{page xlviii note 8} James, xxxix. Cf. the fines recorded on the household accounts, Part II, documents nos. 2 and 6.

^{page xlix note 1} Harrison, 83.

^{page xlix note 2} Part II, document no. 2; [8] and [12].

^{page xlix note 3} Cal. S.P. Dom. Eliz., ccxlix. 6, June 1594; Cal. S.P. Horn. Jac. I, viii. 46, 29 May 1604.

^{page xlix note 4} Syon MS. F. II. 1 k.

^{page xlix note 5} [175].

^{page xlix note 6} Cal. S.P. Dom. Jac. I, viii. 89, 4 July 1604; Syon MS. D. XIV. 10 b.

^{page xlix note 7} [43]; [75]; Part III, document no. 3. Cf. Syon MS. G. II. 4 h, 20 Mar. 1618/19.

^{page xlix note 8} Harrison, 94.

^{page xlix note 9} Syon MSS. H. I. 5, 6, letters of administration, Prerogative Court of York, 6 Apr. 1597. and of Canterbury, 14 Nov. 1597.

^{page xlix note 10} [83]; [109]; [116]; [122]; [163].

^{page xlix note 11} Part III, document no. 3.

^{page l note 1} Harrison, 77.

^{page l note 2} S.H.MS. C. IX. 1 b.

^{page l note 3} See Batho, G. R., ‘ The Payment and Mitigation of a Star Chamber Fine ’, The Historical Journal, i (1958), 40–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

^{page l note 4} The leases were prepared but the sequestration was not executed; see Aln. MSS. L. & P. vol. 10, loose letter endorsed by Sir Julius Caesar, 13 Oct. 1613.

^{page li note 1} Byworth, [163], Part III, document no. 4, and Leconfield MS. D.1/D.1, Dec. 1619; Rotherbridge, [175]; Pagham, [179].

^{page li note 2} James, xli.

^{page li note 3} Part III, document no. 3.

^{page li note 4} Part III, document no. 4; [183]; see James, xliv–xlviii, ‘ A Mr Taylor, of Tower Hill, London ’ (James, xlvi) is Mr Henry Taylor, the servant.

^{page li note 5} Aln. MSS. L. & P. vol. 9A, fo. 146, 6 Dec. 1611.

^{page li note 6} S.H.MS. P. II. 2 u.

^{page lii note 1} Aln. MSS. L. & P. vol. 9A, fo. 190, 10 Dec. 1614.

^{page lii note 2} Ibid., fo. 266, 13 Dec. 1620.

^{page lii note 3} Ibid., fo. 267, 13 Dec. 1620.

^{page lii note 4} [152]; [163]; Part III, document no. 4; [183].

^{page lii note 5} S.H.MSS. P. I. 3 n, fo. 12, 25 Apr. 1623.

^{page lii note 6} Ibid., fo. 19^V, 15 May 1624.

^{page liii note 1} Part III, document no. 5.

^{page liii note 2} S.H.MSS. U. I. 5, the general account for 1632–33.

^{page liii note 3} [207]; see Part IV, document no. 4.

^{page liv note 1} Aln. MSS. L. & P. vol. 7, fo. 208, ‘ Debts upon interest, 5 December 1605 ’.

^{page liv note 2} Ibid., fo. 243, ‘ A note how your Lordship stands indebted ’, 1606.

^{page liv note 3} Part III, document no. 3.

^{page liv note 4} [148]; Part III, document no. 4.

^{page liv note 5} [216].

^{page liv note 6} [230]

^{page liv note 7} Part IV, document no. 7.

^{page liv note 8} [230]; S.H.MSS. P. I. 3 n, fo. 11, 11 Feb. 1622/23.

^{page lv note 1} Aln. MSS. L. & P. vol. 7, fo. 29, ‘ A brief note of his Lordship's charges in the Low Countries, 1600 and 1601 ’.

^{page lv note 2} Cal. S.P. Bom. Eliz., cclxxxii. 48, 29 Dec. 160:1.

^{page lv note 3} Aln. MS. 101, fo. 7, 11 Dec. 1605.

^{page lv note 4} S.H.MS. U. I. 13, the book of receipts and disbursements of Christopher Ingram, 1604–05, and S.H.MSS. U. I. 8, the book of disbursements of Christopher Ingram, beginning 4 Apr. 1605.

^{page lv note 5} [191].

^{page lvi note 1} Leconfield MS. H.11/H.12, ‘The whole charge of Goodwood’.

^{page lvi note 2} [207], £3.533; [212], £2,182; [214], £2,537; [221], £1,797.

^{page lvi note 3} H.M.C. Various Collections, iii. 86; the bond is not mentioned on the household accounts.

^{page lvi note 4} S.H.MSS. P. I. 3 n, fo. 15, 7 Oct. 1623.

^{page lvi note 5} Harrison, 75.

^{page lvi note 6} Aln. MSS. L. & P. vol. 9A, fo. 26, 5 Sept. 1606.