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FLAGGING: HOSTS DEFENCES VERSUS OVIPOSITION STRATEGIES IN PERIODICAL CICADAS (MAGICICADA SPP., CICADIDAE, HOMOPTERA)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

JoAnn White
JoAnn White
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
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Abstract

Dissections of eggnests of brood XIV, 17-year periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) confirmed earlier reports that most eggs do not hatch when the host twig is so damaged that it withers, breaks and dies, i.e., “flags”. However, the proportion of eggs hatching in experimentally broken twigs is intermediate between the proportions hatching in flagged twigs and in live twigs. Evidently, the developmental stage of the egg at the time of twig breakage is the major factor reducing hatching success.

Some of the vigorously growing branches respond to oviposition damage by secreting resin or forming callous tissue, which imprisons many eggs, preventing them from hatching. The data suggest that ovipositing cicadas have developed an oviposition strategy that both maximizes the number and percentage hatch of eggs laid per twig, and reduces the incidence of flagging and host defence responses. Large aggregations of ovipositing females may weaken the host plant and prevent it from responding. On the other hand these aggregations increase twig breakage. However, the proportion of twigs broken is reduced by each cicada species using somewhat different twig sizes, by the smaller species adjusting eggnest structure to fit the twig size used, and by all females positioning their eggnests along the twig in such a way as to avoid overlap.

Résumé

La dissection de nids d’oeufs de cigales 17-ans (Magicicada spp.) a confirmé des observations antérieures voulant que la plupart des oeufs n’éclosent pas lorsque la branche réceptrice est tellement endommagée qu’elle se déssèche, casse et meurt. Cependant la proportion des oeufs éclosant sur des branches cassées expérimentalement est intermédiaire entre celle de tiges naturellement cassées, et celle de tiges vivantes. De toute évidence, le stade de développement de l’oeuf au moment où la tige casse est le principal facteur de réduction de l’éclosion.

Certaines branches croissant vigoureusement réagissent aux blessures de ponte en sécrétant de la résine ou en formant du tissu calleux qui confine les oeufs et les empêche d’éclore. Les données indiquent que les cigales ont développé une stratégie d’oviposition qui à la fois, maximise le nombre et le pourcentage des oeufs pondus sur une tige qui écloront, et réduit l’incidence de cassage et de réactions défensives de l’hôte. La ponte massive par un assemblage de femelles peut affaiblir la plante-hôte et empêcher la réaction. Par ailleurs, ces assemblages augmentent le cassage des branches. Cependant l’incidence du cassage est réduite dû aux faits que chaque espèce de cigale choisit des tiges de grosseurs quelque peu différente, que les plus petites espèces ajustent la structure des nids d’oeufs à la grosseur de tige utilisée, et que toutes les femelles placent leurs nids le long de la tige de façon à éviter le chevauchement.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 113 , Issue 8 , August 1981 , pp. 727 - 738
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1981

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