Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-jbqgn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-30T07:04:33.091Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The impact of the Manual of Nearctic Diptera on phylogenetic dipterology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 March 2012

David K. Yeates  and
Brian M. Wiegmann
David K. Yeates*
Affiliation:
CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, PO Box 1700, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
Brian M. Wiegmann
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh North Carolina 27695, United States of America
*
1Corresponding author (e-mail: david.yeates@csiro.au).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Our knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of Diptera advanced through the 20th century at an unprecedented rate; the two crowning achievements of the century were Hennig's magnum opus – the Handbuch der Zoologie treatment of the order and Volume 3 of the Manual of Nearctic Diptera series, edited by McAlpine and Wood. The Manual is outstanding because of its scope and rigorous, consistent approach, treating the relationships of the entire order at family level using Hennigian argumentation. Synapomorphic characters from all life stages were identified using outgroup comparison and monophyletic taxa were established using synapomorphies mapped onto nodes. The Manual chapters energized a generation of students to publish rigorous, quantitative cladistic phylogenetic treatments of many dipteran groups. The chapters also acted as an authoritative scaffold for the development of dipteran molecular systematics in the 1990s. No other megadiverse insect order has had such an influential phylogenetic springboard into the 21st century.

Résumé

Notre connaissance des relations phylogénétiques des diptères a avancé à un rythme sans précédent pendant le 20ème siècle, et les deux plus belles réussites du siècle sont l'analyse de l'ordre par Hennig dans le Handbuch der Zoologie et le tome 3 du Manual of Nearctic Diptera édité par McAlpine et Wood. Ce dernier est exemplaire en raison de son ampleur et son approche rigoureuse et cohérente. Cet ouvrage traite des relations des familles dans l'ordre avec l'argumentation d'Hennig. Les caractères synapomorphiques de tous les stades de vie sont identifiés en utilisant une comparaison avec les groupes distants, et les taxons monophylétiques établis avec les synapomorphies cartographiées sur les nœuds. Les chapitres du Manual ont motivé une génération d’étudiants à publier des traitements cladistiques et phylogénétiques rigoureux et quantitatifs de nombreux groupes de diptères. Les chapitres ont également donné une structure de référence pour le développement de la systématique moléculaire des diptères pendant les années 1990. Aucun autre ordre d'insectes si divers n'a eu un tel travail de préparation phylogénétique pendant le 20ème siècle.

Type
Original Article
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 144 , Issue 2 , April 2012 , pp. 197 - 205
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2012 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amorim, D.S., Rindal, E. 2007. A phylogenetic study of the Mycetophiliformia, with creation of the subfamilies Heterotrichinae, Ohakuneinae, and Chiletrichinae for the Rangomaramidae (Diptera, Bibionomorpha). Zootaxa, 1535: 1–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beckenbach, A.T., Borkent, A. 2003. Molecular analysis of the biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 2. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 27: 21–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernasconi, M.V., Pawlowski, J., Valsangiacomo, C., Piffaretti, J., Ward, P. 2000. Phylogeny of the Scathophagidae (Diptera, Calyptratae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 16: 308–315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bertone, M.A., Courtney, G.W., Wiegmann, B.M. 2008. Phylogenetics and temporal diversification of the earliest true flies (Insecta: Diptera) based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Entomology, 33: 668–687.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bethoux, O., Kristensen, N.P., Engel, M.S. 2008. Hennigian phylogenetic systematics and the “groundplan” vs. “post-groundplan” approaches: a reply to Kukalova-Peck. Evolutionary Biology, 35: 317–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buck, M. 2006. A new family and genus of acalyptrate flies from the Neotropical region, with a phylogenetic analysis of Carnoidea relationships (Diptera, Schizophora). Systematic Entomology, 31: 377–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, B.V. 1992. Generic revision of Phoridae of the Nearctic Region and phylogenetic classification of Phoridae, Sciadoceridae and Ironomyiidae (Diptera: Phoridae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 164: 1–144.Google Scholar
Cameron, S.L., Lambkin, C.L., Barker, S.C., Whiting, M.F. 2007. A mitochondrial genome phylogeny of Diptera: whole genome sequence data accurately resolves relationships over broad timescales with high precision. Systematic Entomology, 32: 40–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, K.P., Wiegmann, B.M. 2002a. Phylogenetic relationships and placement of the Empidoidea (Diptera: Barachycera) based on 28s rDNA and EF-1α sequences. Insect Systematics and Evolution, 33: 421–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, K.P., Wiegmann, B.M. 2002b. Phylogenetic relationships of the lower Cyclorrhapha (Diptera: Brachycera) based on 28S rDNA sequences. Insect Systematics and Evolution, 33: 445–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cumming, J.M., Sinclair, B.J., Wood, D.M. 1995. Homology and phylogenetic implications of male genitalia in Diptera-Eremoneura. Entomologica Scandinavica, 26: 121–151.Google Scholar
Courtney, G.W. 1991. Phylogenetic analysis of the Blephariceromorpha, with special reference to mountain midges (Diptera: Deuterophlebiidae). Systematic Entomology, 16: 137–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dikow, T. 2009. A phylogenetic hypothesis for Asilidae based on a total evidence analysis of morphological and DNA sequence data (Insecta: Diptera: Brachycera: Asiloidea). Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 9: 165–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedrich, M., Tautz, D. 1997. Evolution and phylogeny of the Diptera: a molecular phylogenetic analysis using 28S rDNA. Systematic Biology, 46: 674–698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, J.F., Skevington, J.H., Kelso, S. 2010. Placement of Conopidae (Diptera) within Schizophora based on mtDNA and nrDNA gene regions. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 56: 91–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gleeson, D., Howitt, R., Newcomb, R. 2000. The phylogenetic position of the New Zealand batfly, Mystacinobia zelandica (Mystacinobiidae; Oestroidea) inferred from mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA sequence data. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 30: 155–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffiths, G.C.D. 1972. The phylogenetic classification of Diptera Cyclorrhapha, with special reference to the structure of the male postabdomen. W. Junk N.V., The Hague.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffiths, G.C.D. 1994. Relationships among the major subgroups of Brachycera (Diptera): a critical review. The Canadian Entomologist, 126: 861–880.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grimaldi, D.A. 1990. A phylogenetic, revised classification of genera in the Drosophilidae (Diptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 197: 1–139.Google Scholar
Hall, J.C. 1981. Bombyliidae. In Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 1. Coordinated by J.F. McAlpine, B.V. Peterson, G.E. Shewell, H.J. Teskey, J.R. Vockeroth and D.M. Wood. Agriculture Canada Monograph 27. pp. 589–602.Google Scholar
Han, H.Y., Ro, K.E. 2005. Molecular phylogeny of the superfamily Tephritoidea (Insecta: Diptera): new evidence from the mitochondrial 12S, 16S, and COII genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 34: 416–430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hennig, W. 1969. Die Stammesgeschichte der Insecten. Senckenberg-Büch. (Frankfurt), 49: 1–436.Google Scholar
Hennig, W. 1973. Diptera (Zweiflügler). Handbuch der Zoologie (Berlin), 4: 1–200.Google Scholar
Irwin, M.E., Wiegmann, B.M. 2001. A review of the southern African genus Tongamya (Diptera: Asiloidea, Mydidae, Megascelinae), with a molecular assessment of the phylogenetic placement of Tongamya and the Megascelinae. African Invertebrates, 42: 225–253.Google Scholar
Kerr, P.H. 2010. Phylogeny and classification of Rhagionidae, with implications for Tabanomorpha (Diptera: Brachycera). Zootaxa, 2592: 1–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, D.G. 1991. The origin of an organ: phylogenetic analysis of evolutionary innovation in the digestive tract of flies (Insecta: Diptera). Evolution, 45: 568–588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kutty, S.N., Pape, T., Pont, A., Wiegmann, B.M., Meier, R. 2008. The Muscoidea (Diptera: Calyptratae) are paraphyletic: evidence from four mitochondrial and four nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 49: 639–652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kutty, S.N., Pape, T., Wiegmann, B.M., Meier, R. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of the Calyptratae (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) with an emphasis on the superfamily Oestroidea and the position of Mystacinobiidae and McAlpine's fly. Systematic Entomology, 35: 614–635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambkin, C.L., Trueman, J.W.H., Yeates, D.K., Holston, K.C., Webb, D.W., Hauser, M., et al. 2009. Supertrees and the tree of life: generating a metaphylogeny for a diverse invertebrate family (Insecta: Diptera: Therevidae) using constraint trees and the parsimony ratchet to overcome low taxon overlap. Invertebrate Systematics, 23: 171–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAlpine, J.F. 1989. Phylogeny and classification of the Muscomorpha. In Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 3. Coordinated by J.F. McAlpine and D.M. Wood. Agriculture Canada Monograph 32. pp. 1397–1518.Google Scholar
McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, G.E., Teskey, H.J., Vockeroth, J.R., Wood, D.M. (Coordinators). 1981. Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 1. Agriculture Canada Monograph 27. i–vi, 1–674.Google Scholar
McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, G.E., Teskey, H.J., Vockeroth, J.R., Wood, D.M (Coordinators). 1987. Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 2. Agriculture Canada Monograph 28. i–vi, 675–1332.Google Scholar
McAlpine, J.F., Wood, D.M. (Coordinators). 1989. Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 3. Agriculture Canada Monograph 32.Google Scholar
Meier, R. 1996. Larval morphology of the Sepsidae (Diptera: Sciomyzoidea), with a cladistic analysis using adult and larval characters. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 228: 1–147.Google Scholar
Meier, R., Baker, R. 2002. A cladistic analysis of Diopsidae (Diptera) based on morphological and DNA sequence data. Insect Systematics and Evolution, 33: 325–336.Google Scholar
Meier, R., Wiegmann, B.M. 2002. A phylogenetic analysis of Coelopidae (Diptera) based on morphological and DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 25: 393–407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, B., Crabtree, M., Savage, H. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships of the Culicomorpha inferred from 18S and 5.8S ribosomal DNA sequences (Diptera: Nematocera). Insect Molecular Biology, 6: 105–114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moulton, J.K., Wiegmann, B.M. 2004. Evolution and phylogenetic utility of CAD (rudimentary) among Mesozoic-aged Eremoneuran Diptera (Insecta). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31: 363–378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moulton, J.K., Wiegmann, B.M. 2007. The phylogenetic relationships of flies in the superfamily Empidoidea (Insecta: Diptera). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 43: 701–713.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nirmala, X., Hypsa, V., Zurovec, M. 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Calyptratae (Diptera: Brachycera): the evolution of 18S and 16S ribosomal rDNAs in higher dipterans and their use in phylogenetic inference. Insect Molecular Biology, 10: 475–485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oosterbroek, P., Courtney, G. 1995. Phylogeny of the nematocerous families of Diptera (Insecta). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 115: 267–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pawlowski, J., Szadziewski, R., Kmieciak, D., Fahrni, J., Bittar, G. 1996. Phylogeny of the infraorder Culicomorpha (Diptera: Nematocera) based on 28S RNA gene sequences. Systematic Entomology, 21: 167–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petersen, F.T., Meier, R., Kutty, S.N., Wiegmann, B.M. 2007. The phylogeny and evolution of host choice in the Hippoboscoidea (Diptera) as reconstructed using four molecular markers. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 45: 111–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petersen, M.J., Bertone, M.A., Courtney, G.W., Wiegmann, B.M. 2010. Phylogenetic synthesis of morphological and molecular data reveals new insights into the higher-level classification of Tipuloidea (Diptera). Systematic Entomology, 35: 526–545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rotheray, G.E., Gilbert, F.S. 1989. The phylogeny and systematics of European predaceous Syrphidae (Diptera) based on larval and puparial stages. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 95: 29–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinclair, B.J. 1992. A phylogenetic interpretation of the Brachycera (Diptera) based on the larval mandible and associated mouthpart structures. Systematic Entomology, 17: 233–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinclair, B.J., Borkent, A., Wood, D.M. 2007. The male genital tract and aedeagal components of the Diptera with a discussion of their phylogenetic significance. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 150: 711–742.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinclair, B.J., Cumming, J.M. 2006. The morphology, higher-level phylogeny and classification of the Empidoidea (Diptera). Zootaxa, 1180: 1–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinclair, B.J., Cumming, J.M., Wood, D.M. 1995. Homology and phylogenetic implications of male genitalia in Diptera-Lower Brachycera. Entomologia Scandinavica, 24: 407–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skevington, J.H., Yeates, D.K. 2000. Phylogeny of the Syrphoidea (Diptera) inferred from mtDNA sequences and morphology with particular reference to classification of the Pipunculidae (Diptera). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 16: 212–224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ståhls, G., Hippa, H., Rotheray, G., Muona, J., Gilbert, F. 2003. Phylogeny of Syrphidae (Diptera) inferred from combined analysis of molecular and morphological characters. Systematic Entomology, 28: 433–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuckenberg, B.R. 1990. Book review. Manual of Nearctic Diptera, volume 3. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 53: 203–206.Google Scholar
Stuckenberg, B.R. 1999. Antennal evolution in the Brachycera (Diptera), with a reassessment of terminology relating to the flagellum. Studia Dipterologica, 6: 33–48.Google Scholar
Trautwein, M.T., Wiegmann, B.M., Yeates, D.K. 2010. A multigene phylogeny of the fly superfamily Asiloidea (Insecta): taxon sampling and additional genes reveal the sister group to all higher flies (Cyclorrhapha). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 56: 918–930.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vossbrinck, C.R., Friedman, S. 1989. A 28S ribosomal RNA phylogeny of certain cyclorrhaphous Diptera based upon a hypervariable region. Systematic Entomology, 14: 417–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whiting, M.F., Wheeler, W.C. 1994. Insect homeotic transformation. Nature, 368: 696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whiting, M.F., Carpenter, J.M., Wheeler, Q.D., Wheeler, W.C. 1997. The Strepsiptera problem: phylogeny of the holometabolous insect orders inferred from 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA sequences and morphology. Systematic Biology, 46: 1–68.Google ScholarPubMed
Wiegmann, B.M., Mitter, C., Thompson, F.C. 1993. Evolutionary origin of the Cyclorrhapha (Diptera), tests of alternative morphological hypotheses. Cladistics, 9: 41–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiegmann, B.M., Trautwein, M.D., Kim, J., Cassel, B.K., Bertone, M.A., Winterton, S.L., et al. 2009. Single copy nuclear genes resolve the phylogeny of the holometabolous insect orders. BMC Biology, 7: 34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiegmann, B.M., Trautwein, M.D., Winkler, I.S., Barr, N.B., Kim, J.-W., Lambkin, C., et al. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 108: 5690–5695.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winkler, I.S., Rung, A., Scheffer, S.J. 2010. Hennig's orphans revisited: testing morphological hypotheses in the “Opomyzoidea” (Diptera: Schizophora). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 54: 746–752.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winterton, S.L., Yang, L.L., Wiegmann, B.M., Yeates, D.K. 2001. Phylogenetic revision of Agapophytinae subf.n. (Diptera: Therevidae) based on molecular and morphological evidence. Systematic Entomology, 26: 173–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, D.M. 1991. Homology and phylogenetic implications of male genitalia in Diptera. The ground plan. In Proceedings of the second International Congress of Dipterology. Edited by L. Weismann, I. Országh, and A.C. Pont. SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague. pp. 255–284.Google Scholar
Wood, D.M., Borkent, A. 1989. Phylogeny and classification of the Nematocera. In Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 3. Coordinated by J.F. McAlpine and D.M. Wood. Agriculture Canada Monograph 32. pp. 1333–1370.Google Scholar
Woodley, N.E. 1989. Phylogeny and classification of the “Orthorraphous” Brachycera. In Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 3. Coordinated by J.F. McAlpine and D.M. Wood. Agriculture Canada Monograph 32. pp. 1371–1395.Google Scholar
Woodley, N.E., Borkent, A., Wheeler, T.A. 2009. Phylogeny of the Diptera. In Manual of Central American Diptera, vol. 2. Edited by B.V. Brown, A. Borkent, J.M. Cumming, D.M. Wood, N.E. Woodley, and M.A. Zumbado. NRC Research Press, Ottawa. pp. 79–94.Google Scholar
Yeates, D.K. 1995. Groundplans and exemplars: paths to the tree of life. Cladistics, 11: 343–357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeates, D.K. 2002. Relationships of the lower Brachycera (Diptera): a quantitative synthesis of morphological characters. Zoologica Scripta, 31: 105–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeates, D.K., Irwin, M.E., Wiegmann, B.M. 2003. Ocoidae, a new family of asiloid flies (Diptera: Brachycera: Asiloidea), based on Ocoa chilensis gen. and sp.n. from Chile, South America. Systematic Entomology, 28: 417–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeates, D.K., Wiegmann, B.M. 1999. Congruence and controversy: toward a higher-level classification of Diptera. Annual Review of Entomology, 44: 397–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeates, D.K., Wiegmann, B.M. 2005. Phylogeny and evolution of Diptera: recent insights and new perspectives. In The evolutionary biology of flies. Edited by D.K. Yeates and B.M. Wiegmann. Columbia University Press, New York. pp. 14–44.Google Scholar
Yeates, D.K., Wiegmann, B.M., Courtney, G., Meier, R., Lambkin, C., Pape, T. 2007. Phylogeny and systematics of Diptera: two decades of progress and prospects. Zootaxa, 1668: 565–590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar