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INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY AND PERSISTENCE OF PHORATE, PHORATE SULFOXIDE, AND PHORATE SULFONE IN SOILS1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

C. R. Harris  and
R. A. Chapman
C. R. Harris
Affiliation:
Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, London, Ontario N6A 5B7
R. A. Chapman
Affiliation:
Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, London, Ontario N6A 5B7
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Abstract

Laboratory tests indicated that phorate, phorate sulfoxide, and phorate sulfone were toxic contact insecticides with broad spectrum activity. In general, p. sulfoxide was most toxic to insects > p. sulfone > phorate. When compared with other insecticides using 24–48 h old field crickets, Acheta pennsylvanicus (Burmeister), as test insects, the three compounds were less toxic by direct contact than carbofuran and fensulfothion, but as or more toxic than aldrin. P. sulfoxide and p. sulfone were strongly inactivated in moist Plainfield sand and were not as insecticidally active in soil against crickets as phorate. Nevertheless, the sulfoxide arid sulfone in soil were intermediate in toxicity between carbofuran and fensulfothion. The insecticidal activity of phorate, p. sulfoxide, and p. sulfone in soil was influenced by soil type, moisture, and temperature. Fumigant toxicity tests indicated that the three compounds volatilized from soil. Chemical analysis showed p. sulfone was most persistent in sand and muck > p, sulfoxide > phorate. Oxidation was observed to be a major degradation reaction for phorate and p. sulfoxide in both soils. Parallel bioassay tests indicated that, in sand, the biological action of "phorate" was due to the joint action of the three compounds. In a field study phorate EC, applied as a broadcast application at 3.4 kg AI/ha and incorporated into the top 7–8 cm of soil was slightly more persistent in muck than in sand. More than 99% and 98% of the applied phorate and its oxidation products disappeared from the sand and muck, respectively, within a year of treatment, indicating that the residues were only moderately persistent under climatic conditions encountered in southwestern Ontario. Low residues of p. sulfoxide and p. sulfone were detected in radishes grown on both soils in the first year but none were present in the second year. No residues were detected in carrots grown on either soil.

Résumé

Des analyses conduites en laboratoire montrent que le phorate, son sulfoxyde et son sulfone sont des insecticides de contact dotés d’un large spectre d’activité. D’une façon générale, c’est le sulfoxyde qui était le plus toxique pour les insectes, suivi du sulfone et enfin du phorate. Comparés à d’autres insecticides d’après leur action sur des grillons des champs, Acheta pennsylvanicus Burmeister de 24 à 48 h d’âge, les trois produits se sont révélés moins toxiques par contact direct que le carbofuran et le fensulfothion, mais au moins aussi toxiques que l’aldrine. Les formes sulfoxyde et sulfone ont été fortement inactivées sur sable Plainfield humide et n’étaient plus aussi efficaces dans le sol contre les grillons que le phorate. Néanmoins, leur toxicité dans le sol était intermédiaire entre celle du carbofuran et du fensulfothion. L’activité des trois formes de phorate dans le sol était fonction du type de sol, ainsi que de la température et de l’humidité du sol. Des essais de fumigation révèlent que les trois produits se volatilisent à partir du sol. L’analyse chimique montre que le sulfone persiste plus longtemps dans le sable et la terre noire (organique) que le sulfoxyde, et encore davantage que le phorate simple. On a constaté que l’oxydation était un important mécanisme de dégradation du phorate simple et de son sulfoxyde, et cela dans les deux types de sol. Des épreuves de dosage biologique nous apprennent par ailleurs que dans le sable l’action biologique de la fraction phorate était due à l’effet combiné des trois composés. Au champ, l’emploi d’un concentré émulsifiable de phorate épandu en pleine surface à la dose de 3,4 kg m.a./ha et incorporé dans la couche supérieure du sol (7–8 cm) a laissé un effet légèrement plus durable dans la terre noire que dans le sable. Plus de 99% du phorate et 98% de ses métabolites respectivement avaient disparu au bout d’un an dans les sables et la terre noire, ce qui montre que les résidus n’étaient que moyennement rémanents dans les conditions climatiques du sud-ouest de l’Ontario. De légères quantités de résidus du sulfoxyde et de sulfone ont été retrouvées dans des plantes de radis obtenues dans les deux sols dans la première année, mais il n’y en avait plus l’année suivante. On n’a pas retrouvé de résidus de ces substances dans les carottes quel qu’ait été le type de sol utilisé.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 112 , Issue 7 , 01 July 1980 , pp. 641 - 653
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1980

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