Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-vpsfw Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-18T13:37:54.808Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Needle-Mining Habits and Larval Instars of the Spruce Budworm1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Blair M. McGugan
Blair M. McGugan
Affiliation:
Forest Biology Division, Ottawa, Ont.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Many of the early papers on the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), included accounts of the general habits and seasonal history of the insect (9, 13, 18, 10, 22). Later papers have heen concerned principally with ecological or pathological relations, current infestations and damage, or chemical control. There has not been, however, any detailed account of the salient features of the development of the spruce budworm.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 86 , Issue 10 , October 1954 , pp. 439 - 454
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1954

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

(1)Atwood, C. E. 1944. The feeding habits of young spruce budworm larvae. Canad. Ent. 76: 64–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2)Blais, J. R. 1953. Effects of the destruction of the current year's foliage of balsam fir on the fecundity and habits of the spruce budworm. Canad. Ent. 85: 446–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(3)Campbell, I. M. 1953. Morphological differences between the pupae and the egg clusters of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) and C. pinus Free. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canad. Ent. 85: 134–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(4)Chapman, R. N. 1931. Animal ecology with especial reference to insects, pp. 34–83. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc., New York.Google Scholar
(5)Fettes, J. J. 1951. Investigations of sampling techniques for population studies of the spruce budworm on balsam fir in Ontario. Unpublished thesis. University of Toronto.Google Scholar
(6)Fracker, S. B. 1915. The classification of lepidopternus larvae. Ill. Biol. Monog. 2: No. 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(7)Freeman, T. N. 1947. The external morphology of the spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canad. Ent. 79: 21–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(8)Freeman, T. N. 1953. The spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), and an allied new species on pine (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canad. Ent. 85: 121–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(9)Gibson, A. 1925. Observations on the spruce budworm. Trans. Roy, Soc. Can. 19: 195–205.Google Scholar
(10)Greenbank, D. O. 1950. Spruce budworm moth flight on Green River Watershed. Can. Dept. Agric. Div. For. Biol. Bi-monthly Prog. Rept. 6(1): 1.Google Scholar
(11)Greenbank, D. O. 1951. Spruce budworm moth population studies. Can. Dept. Agric. For. Biol. Div. Bi-monthly Prog. Rept. 7(6): 1.Google Scholar
(12)Henson, W. R. 1951. Mass flights of the spruce budworm. Canad. Ent. 83: 240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(13)Johannsen, O. A. 1913. Spruce budworm and spruce needle miners. Maine Agric. Exp. Stat. Bull. 210.Google Scholar
(14)Lejeune, R. R. 1950. The effects of jack-pine staminate flowers on the size of larvae of the jack-pine budworm, Choristonenura sp. Canad. Ent. 82: 34–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(15)MacKay, M.R. 1953. The larvae of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) and C. pinus Free. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canad. Ent. 85: 128–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(16)Mathers, W. G. 1932. The spruce budworm in British Columbia. For. Chron. 8: 154–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(17)Morris, R. F. 1954. A sequential sampling technique for spruce budworm egg surveys. Canad. J. Zool. 32: 302–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(18)Packard, A. S. 1890. Fifth report of the United States Entomological Commission. U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, pp. 830–838.Google Scholar
(19)Pierson, H. B. 1923. Insects attacking forest and shade trees. Bull. 1. Maine Forest Service.Google Scholar
(20)Rose, A. H. and Blais, J. R.. 1954. A relation between April and May temperatures and spruce budworm larval emergence. Canad. Ent. 86: 174–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(21)Shelford, V. E. 1927. An experimental investigation of the relations of the codling moth to weather and climate. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull., 16, pp. 307–440.Google Scholar
(22)Swaine, J. M., Craighead, F. C. and Bailey, I. W.. 1924. Studies on the spruce budworm, Cacoecia fumiferana Clem. Can. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. No. 37(N.S.).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(23)Swaine, J. M. 1928. Forest entomology and its development in Canada. Can. Dept. Agric. Pamph. No. 97, 20 pp.Google Scholar
(24)Wellington, W. G. and Henson, W. R.. 1947. Notes on the effects of physical factors on the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). Canad. Ent. 79: 168–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(25)Wellington, W. C. 1948. The light reactions of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canad. Ent. 80: 56–82A.CrossRefGoogle Scholar