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Physiological basis for flexible voltinism in the spruce beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

E. Matthew Hansen*
Affiliation:
USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 860 N 1200 E, Logan, Utah, United States 84321
Barbara J. Bentz
Affiliation:
USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 860 N 1200 E, Logan, Utah, United States 84321
David L. Turner
Affiliation:
USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 860 N 1200 E, Logan, Utah, United States 84321
*
1 Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed (E-mail: matthansen@fs.fed.us).

Abstract

The spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), has described life cycles of 1–3 years. Although temperature has been shown to be strongly associated with flexible voltinism in the spruce beetle, the physiological basis for this phenomenon is not clear. Two competing hypotheses were tested under laboratory conditions. First, we tested the hypothesis that larval diapause, induced by cool temperatures during or before instar III, initiates prolonged life cycles while larvae not diapausing complete development to adults before the first winter. We compared development times at constant temperature (12 °C) and field-simulated thermoperiod treatments against development times in a reference (21 °C) treatment for which there is no indication of diapause induction. The constant temperature treatment was not significantly different than the reference treatment, although there were a few outliers. The thermoperiod treatment was significantly longer than the reference treatment, but only by a few days. These results provide little support for the hypothesis of larval diapause induction during or before instar III. Second, we investigated the hypothesis of life-cycle regulation through life stage specific developmental temperature thresholds, particularly, a relatively high threshold for pupation that might prevent development beyond the prepupal life stage under cool conditions. We found little evidence of distinct differences in low-temperature thresholds between life stages. Instar-IV larvae held at ≤ 15 °C, however, did not pupate for 125–300 days, a developmental arrest that suggests diapause. Based on all present and previous investigations, the induction-sensitive phase appears to be late in the instar-IV or early in the prepupal stages. For semivoltine spruce beetles, this life stage occurs late in the growing season, after most temperature-dependent development has been completed. It is our conclusion that spruce beetle voltinism is primarily under direct temperature control and that prepupal diapause is the default overwintering strategy for individuals not completing development to maturity by fall.

Résumé

On connaît, chez le Dendroctone de l’épinette, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), des cycles biologiques de 1 à 3 ans. Bien que la température soit étroitement associée au voltinisme flexible de cette espèce, les mécanismes physiologiques en cause restent mal connus. Deux hypothèses ont été éprouvées dans des conditions de laboratoire. D’abord, nous avons testé celle selon laquelle la diapause larvaire, déclenchée par des températures fraîches avant ou au cours du stade III, donne lieu à des cycles biologiques prolongés, alors que les larves qui ne font pas de diapause atteignent le stade adulte avant le premier hiver. Nous avons comparé la durée du développement, d’une part, à température constante (12 °C) et lors de traitements sur le terrain à la thermopériode simulée, et, d’autre part, à une température témoin (21 °C) qui ne semble pas déclencher de diapause. Le traitement à température constante ne donne pas de résultats significativement différents du traitement à la température témoin, bien qu’il y ait quelques données aberrantes. La durée du développement à la thermopériode simulée est significativement plus longue que celle à la température témoin, mais seulement de quelques jours. Ces résultats supportent mal l’hypothèse d’une diapause déclenchée avant ou durant le stade III. En second lieu, nous avons éprouvé l’hypothèse d’un contrôle du cycle par des seuils de température de développement spécifiques à chaque stade et, en particulier, par un seuil relativement élevé pour la nymphose qui peut potentiellement empêcher le développement au-delà du stade de prénymphe dans des conditions fraîches. Nous n’avons pas constaté de différences de seuils de basse température entre les stades. Cependant, les larves de stade IV gardées à 15 °C ont retardé leur nymphose de 125 à 300 jours, un arrêt du développement qui indique peut-être l’existence d’une diapause. D’après ces résultats et ceux d’études antérieures, la phase sensible du déclenchement de la diapause semble se situer vers la fin du stade IV ou au début du stade de prénymphe. Chez les Dendroctones de l’épinette semivoltines, cette étape du cycle apparaît vers la fin de la saison de croissance, après que tout le développement régi par la température ait été complété. Nous croyons que le voltinisme du Dendroctone de l’épinette est surtout contrôlé de façon directe par la température et que la diapause au stade de prénymphe est une stratégie de rechange qui permet aux larves qui n’ont pas atteint leur maturité avant l’automne de survivre à l’hiver.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2001

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