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Temperature modulation of photoperiodism: an adaptation for long-distance dispersal in the aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2013

M.A.H. Smith ,
P.A. MacKay  and
R.J. Lamb
M.A.H. Smith
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
P.A. MacKay*
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
R.J. Lamb
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
*
1Corresponding author (e-mail: pa_mackay@umanitoba.ca).
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Abstract

Variation in the seasonal occurrence of asexual and sexual phenotypes of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is quantified for a local population in southern Manitoba, Canada. To survive winter, summer asexual generations must produce a sexual generation in a timely way at the end of the season, so that females can lay overwintering eggs. This transition is controlled by day length, which varies in a fixed seasonal pattern with latitude, and the local pattern of day length selects for an appropriate photoperiodic response. Substantial variation in the timing of production of males and mating females occurs among locally collected genotypes. Some of the variation is due to the arrival of long-distance dispersers (1000 km or more), and some is consistent with shorter but still long-distance dispersal. Some of the variation is due to year-to-year changes in late summer temperature. The critical day length in nature, which corresponds to critical photoperiod, increases as the average temperature decreases. This temperature modulation is adaptive because it allows many genotypes to produce some sexual phenotypes before the end of the season, although their photoperiodic responses are characteristic of long-distance dispersers and inappropriate to local day lengths.

Résumé

Nous avons mesuré la variation dans l'occurrence saisonnière des phénotypes asexués et sexués dans une population locale d’Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) dans le sud du Manitoba, Canada. Afin de survivre à l'hiver, les générations asexuées de l’été doivent produire une génération sexuée à un moment approprié à la fin de la saison de manière à ce que les femelles pondent des œufs qui survivent à l'hiver. Cette transition est contrôlée par la photopériode qui varie selon un patron saisonnier fixe en fonction de la latitude; le patron local de durée de l’éclairement journalier entraîne la sélection d'une réponse photopériodique appropriée. Il existe parmi les génotypes récoltés localement une importante variation dans le calendrier de production des mâles et d'accouplement des femelles. Une partie de la variation est due à l'arrivée de pucerons qui se sont dispersés sur une grande distance (1000 km ou plus), alors qu'une autre partie est compatible avec une dispersion plus restreinte, mais quand même de longue distance. La variation est aussi en partie due aux changements interannuels de température à la fin de l’été. La durée critique de l’éclairement en nature, qui correspond à la photopériode critique, augmente à mesure que la température moyenne décroît. Cette modulation par la température est adaptative car elle permet à plusieurs des génotypes de produire des phénotypes sexués avant la fin de la saison, bien que leurs réponses photopériodiques soient celles de pucerons qui se dispersent sur de grandes distances et soient inappropriées en regard des durées locales d’éclairement.

Type
Behaviour & Ecology
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 145 , Issue 3 , June 2013 , pp. 302 - 316
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2013 

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