Sampling techniques for population and mortality factors of the fruit-tree leaf roller, Archips argyrospilus (Wlk.), on apple in Quebec, were developed at Rougemont from 1958 to 1960 with the object of obtaining reliable statistics for life tables on this species. Biometric techniques have not previously been applied for ecological studies of A. argyrospilus, most workers having been primarily concerned with life history, chemical control, and general observations on natural control factors (Gill, 1913; Caesar, 1916 and 1917; Petch, 1916 and 1942; Herrick, 1917; Muesebeck, 1921; Regan, 1923; Viereck, 1924, Venables, 1924 and 1937; Harman, 1928; Hall, 1930 and 1934; Knull, 1932; Chapman et al., 1941; Greenwood, 1943).

Larvae of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort., can be maintained in drinking straws (Kasting and McGinnis, 1958). It is difficult to care for many larvae at one time, however, because the straws are inconvenient to prepare and handle. Also, the larvae are difficult to locate in the straws, and often they are injured during transfer. This report describes a more suitable container in which to rear the larvae.

Folsomia candida was formerly regarded as being synonymous with F. fimetaria (Linnaeus, 1758), but according to Stach (1947) this is incorrect, F. candida being considered a good species with the following synonyms: Isotom fimetaria var. caldaria Axelson, 1905; Isotoma (Folsomia) fimetaria var. caldaria Axelson, 1905; Folsomia fimetaria var. caldaria (Axelson) Linnaniemi, 1912; Folsomia kingi Bagnall, 1939; Folsomia distincta Bagnall, 1939; Folsomia caldaria (Axels.) Bagnall, 1939.

Buprestis aurulenta L. has become well known as an emergent adult from old or established structures, and many authorities have accepted the implication that development has been progressing since the materials were installed. Because of the length of time involved in some records. an alternative explanation of infestation hy later direct attack has been suggested. The latter unsupported view has caused confusion.

Melanolophia imitata (Walker) has been colloquially referred to as the green-striped forest looper, in reference to its appearance and habitat. The spring-flying adults and the consistently large numbers of larvae attract considerable attention annually. Although the moths evince little migratory movement, their comparatively large size and pale colour, in association with their quantity, combine to create the basis for occasional alarming reports of forest insects. It is not infrequent to hear of clouds of moths scattering about a forest traveller and viewed throughout the woods. Ordinarily the adults fly during late evening, and are less attracted to light than many moths.

This paper deals with the influence of bark moisture and temperature on the hehaviour of the egg-laying female within the host. Fecundity of the insect will he discussed, as well as internal changes associated with the behavioural pattern. The life-cycle, brood development, and time of flight was described in Part I of the present series. The behaviour during mating, egg laying, and gallery construction were described earlier (Reid 1958b).

Many authors noted the attraction of the males of several species of mosquitoes to sound (references summarized by Roth, 1948). The frequencies of sound to which the males respond were investigated by Roth (1948) and the frequencies and intensities by Wishart and Riordan (1959). Tischner (1953) applied electrophysiological methods to the reception of sound in the male of Anopheles subpictus Grassi and advanced a theory to explain the ability of the male of this species to orient itself toward the sound source. In his theory he dismissed the use of phase differences between the two receptors because of the relatively small distance between the two antennae and concluded that each is capable of functioning alone by detecting the relationship bemeen the fundamental and the second harmonic in the microplionics produced by the Johnston's organ. He did not demonstrate this by behaviour experiments nor, do we believe, did he produce sufficient electrophysiological evidence. The present paper is a further examination of this subject in the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.), in an attempt to reconcile the data from electrophysiological experiments with those of behaviour in an explanation of the orientation of male mosquitoes towards sound.

This work supplements that of MacKay (1959), and includes the descriptions and illustrations of the larvae of ten species, and notes on two genera and the colour variations of two species. The subfamily ‘Olethreutinae’ has been substituted for the ‘Olethreutidae’ of MacKay (1959) in the title of the paper; this conforms with the adult studies of Obraztsov (1945), Diakanoff (1952) and other authors.

This paper is based almost entirely on material in the Canadian National Collection. It proposes several taxonomic changes, which are detailed in the summary that concludes the paper. It outlines the Canadian and Alaskan distribution of the forms considered and is, perhaps, justified by the paucity of published records of distribution in the more northern regions. The records for Hippodamia are based on more than 2,000 specimens that were identified by de Ruette; these records supplement those of Chapin (1946, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 106(11): 1-39), who revised the New World forms of the genus and mapped their distribution in the United States.

Lately there has been a concerted effort to elucidate the structure and function of the stylet bundle of suctorial insects. Aphids have received special attention because of their importance as vectors of plant viruses. Several workers have described their observations of stylets penetrating translucent tissues or membranes; for example, Bradley (1952), Mittler (1954), and van Hoof (1958).

The movements most easily seen are rapid alternate oscillations at the stylet tips and a back and forth swinging of the entire stylet bundle as it enters a cell or other liquid medium.

Proof of insect predation by small arthropods is difficult to obtain under orchard conditions. The act of predation is seldom observed and unless some characteristic sign is left by the predator there is little chance of recognizing the species responsible. Many special techniques to study predation have been designed, but because they all have limitations it is still necessary to present circumstantial evidence in most predator-prey field studies. Perhaps the most common technique used is the limb or tree cage whereby both prey and suspected predators are released within the cage and observations made at regular intervals. This cage method, as well as the insecticidal check method of DeBach (1946) as modified by Lord (1956), the precipitin test (MacLellan (1954), West (1950)), the use of radioisotopes (Ahmed et al., (1954), Baldwin et al., (1955), MacLellan (1958b)), and others were considered for use in the present studies but were rejected because of particular limitations.

Life-history and development of Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) have been studied by Smith (1919), Patch (1925), and MacGillivray and Anderson (1958). In most of these studies, considerable variation in temperature was experienced. The effects of different constant temperatures have never been reported. The following experiments were conducted to determine the influence of temperature on development, survival, and fecundity of M. euphorbiae under closely controlled conditions.

This note is on the longevity and behaviour of Buprestis aurulenta L. adults maintained in the laboratory after emergence from prolonged development in structural wood. An opportunity to obtain such information arose when adults began to emerge inside a large log house near Victoria. The house was built of logs cut on the site in 1946-7. Adults first began to emerge in 1956.

The adult life span of forest buprestids appears obscure. Burke (1918) knew of no species that overwintered as adults. Pinned specimens of many species may be noted with dates from spring to fall, but nobody seems to have established whether these records represent continuing emergences, or persistence of earlier emergents. The latter is strongly suggested because some Buprestis species are known to overwinter as adults in pupal cells, while other species overwinter as pupae and become adults in the spring (Burke, 1909). All these adults emerge early in the following season (Burke, 1918).