1. In this paper, unless otherwise mentioned, I refer to legal rights when discussing rights. The applicability of the claims to non-legal rights requires further investigation.

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10. Austin, supra note 5 at 161-62 (Lecture XII). But cf. Raz, supra note 6 at 178 who sees no conceptual problem in attributing rights to a dog, if the necessary conditions apply.

11. Bentham, supra note 5 at 188-89.

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20. Neil MacCormick, “Rights in Legislation” in Hacker & Raz, supra note 9 at 195.

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23. E.g., Nigel Simmonds, “Rights at the Cutting Edge” in A Debate Over Rights, supra note 4 at 141-44; see also Nicholas Bamforth, “Hohfeldian Rights and Public Law” in Kramer, Rights, Wrongs and Responsibilities, supra note 4 at 1.

24. I use “condition” here very loosely since, as indicated, control over the duty is actually a consequence of a right and therefore cannot logically be its condition. Kramer states that one’s competency to waive enforcement is neither a sufficient nor a necessary condition of holding a right. However, his only example of such a case (the right to be betrayed) is not only bizarre, but also far from convincing. See Kramer, Rights Wrongs and Responsibilities, supra note 4 at 98. For a critique see Hillel Steiner, “Working Rights” in A Debate Over Rights, supra note 4 at 296.

25. Butler v. Fife Coal Co. (1912), [1912] A.C. 149 at 165 (H.L); Philips v. Brittania (1923), [1923] 2 K.B. 832 at 841 (CA.); Cutler v. Wandsworth (1949), [1949] AC 398 at 416-17 (H.L).

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82. Cox, supra note 70 at 10.

83. Rosanvallon, supra note 35 at 79.

84. Dworkin, supra note 21 at 199 [emphasis added]. See also page 92.

85. Case C-173/99 BECTU v. DTI [2001] E.C.R.I. 4881 [53] [emphasis added]; see Collins, Hugh, Ewing, K.D. & McColgan, Aileen, Labour Law Text and Materials (Oxford: Hart, 2001) at 399–403 Google Scholar.

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95. The terminology is my own. In American jurisprudence the doctrine is termed “unconstitutional conditions”.

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114. Supra note 105 at 593-94.

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118. Simons, supra note 110 at 312.

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121. Sullivan, supra note 100 at 1457.

122. Ibid. 1469-73.

123. Cf. ibid. at 1476.

124. For such conditions see Baker, supra note 104 at 1189.

125. Ibid. 1490-99.

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140. A similar argument is advanced by Richard Epstein in his “Foreword”, supra note 93 at 12-13.

141. Sullivan, supra note 100 at 1489.

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143. Kramer, supra note 4 at 43.