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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 July 2014
Drawing attention to the legal and psychoanalytic genealogy of reparations, this article examines the relationship between reparations and racial difference through an analysis of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation’s documentary series 8th Fire: Aboriginal People, Canada and the Way Forward. The representational life of reparations in liberal settler colonialism is a repository for addressing the broader landscape of legality—sovereignty, self-determination and anti-colonialism—beyond the confines of international human rights mechanisms. This article considers the following questions: How do forms of testimony animate connections between reparations and racial difference? In what ways do visual and representational practices operate through racial and colonial temporalities central to reparative juridics? What is the relationship between reparations and possibilities for anti-colonialism? I argue that the social, legal, cultural, and representational life of reparations in settler colonialism is structured by racial difference.
Évoquant la généalogie juridique et psychanalytique des réparations, cet article examine la relation entre les réparations et les différences raciales à partir d’une analyse de la série documentaire 8th Fire : Aboriginal People, Canada and the Way Forward du Réseau anglais de Radio-Canada. Au sein du colonialisme de peuplement libéral, la vie représentative des réparations est un mécanisme permettant d’examiner l’ensemble des questions touchant la légalité—soit la souveraineté, l’autodétermination et l’anticolonialisme—au-delà des limites des mécanismes internationaux de promotion des droits humains. Cet article tente de répondre aux questions suivantes : Comment les différents types de témoignages animent-ils les liens entre les réparations et les différences raciales ? De quelles manières les pratiques visuelles et représentationnelles opèrent-elles à travers les temporalités raciales et coloniales centrales aux réparations judiciaires ? Quelle est la relation entre les réparations et les possibilités d’agir de manière anticoloniale ? Les dimensions sociales, juridiques, culturelles et représentationnelles des réparations sont, à mon avis, structurées par les différences raciales au sein du colonialisme de peuplement.
2 Lee Maracle, “Indigenous in the City,” Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 8th Fire: Aboriginal People, Canada and the Way Forward (2013), http://www.cbc.ca/doczone/8thfire/index.html.
3 Fanon, Frantz, The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Farrington, Constance (New York: Grove Press, 1963).Google Scholar
4 Although “reconciliation is not often considered a legal concept,” Walters maintains, it is nevertheless an “aspect of legality.” Walters, Mark D., “The Jurisprudence of Reconciliation: Aboriginal Rights in Canada,” in The Politics of Reconciliation in Multicultural Societies, eds. Kymlicka, Will and Bashir, Bashir (London: Oxford University Press, 2008), 165.Google Scholar
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6 National Gallery of Canada, Sakahàn: International Indigenous Art, http://www.gallery.ca/en/ about/1372.php.
7 Relying on Michel Foucault’s theorization of power and Michel deCerteau’s “practices of everyday life,” Ewick and Silbey develop the concept of legality in order to capture the everyday, mundane, and routine practices that constitute law. Ewick, Patricia and Silbey, Susan, The Common Place of Law: Stories from Everyday Life (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 22–23.Google Scholar
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11 Bruce DeMara, “CBC Series 8th Fire Aims to Dispel Native Stereotypes,” Toronto Star, January 17, 2012, http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/2012/01/17/cbc_series_8th_fire_aims_to_dispel_native_stereotypes.html.
12 Bob Goulais, “CBC’s 8th Fire Has It Right,” Anishinaabe Blog, January 27, 2012, http://www.anishinaabe.ca/bgc/index.php/tag/stereotypes/.
13 Brian D. Johnson, “Introducing the Canadian Screen Awards, and Their 2013 Nominees,” Macleans, January 15, 2013, http://www2.macleans.ca/2013/01/15/introducing-the-canadian-screen-awards-and-their-2013-nominees/.
14 Jarrett Martineau, “Micro-Review: 8th Fire—CBC Doc Zone,” feministfilm, June 6, 2013, http://feministfilm.tumblr.com/post/17101017996/becoming-wave-culturite-micro-review-8th.
15 Canadian Federation of Medical Students, “Aboriginal Health,” http://www.cfms.org/index.php/global-health/projects/aboriginal-health.html.
16 Ibid.; AASCF, Aboriginal OBSD Resources; Brenda Boreham and Terri Mack, “National Aboriginal Day,” Canadian Teacher Magazine (May/June 2013), http://www.canadianteachermagazine.com/ctm_first_nations_education/may13-national-aboriginal-day.shtml; First Nations Child and Caring Family Society of Canada/University of Alberta, “First Nations Children’s Action Research and Education Service,” http://www.extension.ualberta.ca/research/institutes-and-centres/fncares/; Ontario Secondary School Teachers’ Federation (OSSTF), Full Circle: First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Ways of Knowing (Toronto, ON: OSSTF/FEESO, 2012); Vancouver Island University, “Supporting Aboriginal Higher Learners,” http://www.viu.ca/aboriginal/higher-learners/.
17 Oxford English Dictionary Online, “reparation, n.,” http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/162653.
18 Walker, Margaret Urban, What is Reparative Justice? (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2010).Google Scholar
19 Ibid.
20 UN General Assembly, Resolution A/60/147, “Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law,” December 16, 2005, http://untreaty.un.org/cod/avl/ha/ga_60-147/ga_60-147.html.
21 Goodale, Mark and Merry, Sally Engle, eds. The Practice of Human Rights: Tracking Law Between the Global and Local (Boston: Cambridge University Press, 2007).Google Scholar
22 Walker, Margaret, Taking Responsibility for the Past: Reparation and Historical Injustice (London: Blackwell, 2002), x.Google Scholar
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25 Ibid., 568.
26 Ibid., 568.
27 Eng argues that Antigone symbolizes “both gender and kinship trouble” in her refusal to follow the king’s command not to mourn the death of her brother Polyneices (because he is viewed as a traitor to the king, the law forbids the mourning of his death). Ibid., 563.
28 Ibid., 576
29 Ibid., 565.
30 Ibid., 562.
31 Emphasis in original. Ibid., 565.
32 Emphasis in original. Ibid.
33 Ibid., 564.
34 Melanie Klein, Love, Guilt and Reparation, cited in Eng, “Reparations and the Human,” 578.
35 Eng, “Reparations and the Human,” 579.
36 Ibid., 581.
37 Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth.
38 Kawash, Samira, “Terrorists and Vampires: Fanon’s Spectral Violence and Decolonization,” in Frantz Fanon: Critical Perspectives, ed. Alessandrini, Anthony C. (London and New York: Routledge, 1999), 241.Google Scholar
39 In a 1961 speech in Havana, Che Guevara is said to have proclaimed: “Individualism must disappear.” See Anderson, Jon Lee, Che: A Revolutionary Life (New York: Grove Press, 1997), 456–92.Google Scholar Other scholars have reflected representations of the phrase in Palestinian art. See Ankori, Gannit, Palestinian Art (London: Reaktion Books, 2006), 56.Google ScholarSee also Dionne Brand, In Another Place Not Here (Toronto: Vintage Canada, 1996).
40 Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, 471.
41 Povinelli, Elizabeth A., The Empire of Love (London and Durham: Duke University Press), 231.Google Scholar
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43 Butler, Judith, Giving an Account of Oneself (New York: Fordham University Press, 2005).Google Scholar
44 Leslie Varley, Aboriginal Health, Provincial Health Services Authority of British Columbia, in CBC, “Indigenous in the City,” 8th Fire.
45 Ibid.
46 Berry, Brewton, “The Myth of the Vanishing Indian,” Phlylon 21, no. 1 (1960): 51–57Google Scholar; Deloria, Philip, Playing Indian (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).Google Scholar
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51 The narration describes Monkman’s work in this manner.
52 CBC, “Indigenous in the City,” 8th Fire.
53 Spivak, Gayatri, “Can the Subaltern Speak?,” in Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, eds. Nelson, Cary and Grossberg, Lawrence (Urbana: University of Illinois, 1988), 271–313.Google Scholar
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55 Ibid.
56 Ibid.
57 Ibid.
58 Ibid.
59 Cowlishaw, Gillian, The City’s Outback (Sydney: University of South Wales Press, 2009), 213.Google Scholar
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63 Sliwinski, Sharon, Human Rights in Camera (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011), 4.Google Scholar
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66 Eng, “Reparations and the Human,” 580.
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68 Butler, Judith, Antigone’s Claim: Kinship Between Life and Death (New York: Columbia University Press, 82).Google Scholar
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71 Russell Diabo, “Canada: Prime Minister Harper Launches First Nations ‘Termination Plan,’” Intercontinental Cry Magazine, November 9, 2012, http://intercontinentalcry.org/harper-launches-major-first-nations-termination-plan-as-negotiating-tables-legitimize-canadas-colonialism/.
72 Ibid. These measures are consistent with the significant Statement of the Government of Canada on Indian Policy (The White Paper) (Government of Canada, 1969), http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100010189/1100100010191.
