Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T13:25:55.505Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Promotion de la démocratie dans les Balkans: L'efficacité inégale de la conditionnalité et des incitatifs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 December 2006

Diane Éthier
Diane Éthier
Affiliation:
Université de Montréal
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Résumé. Certains travaux indiquent qu'en matière de promotion de la démocratie, la conditionnalité des élargissements de l'Union européenne (UE) vers l'Europe du Sud et de l'Est s'est avérée plus efficace que les incitatifs employés par diverses organisations internationales. Cet article confirme la validité de ce constat en démontrant que, dans les Balkans, la conditionnalité du Processus de stabilisation et d'association de l'UE a eu des retentissements plus marqués que les incitatifs du Pacte de stabilité pour l'Europe du Sud-Est. En outre, à l'aide des théories des relations internationales, l'article analyse les fondements de l'efficacité de la conditionnalité de l'UE et les raisons pour lesquelles celle-ci a néanmoins des effets inégaux d'un pays à l'autre.

Abstract. Various works indicate that, in the matter of democracy promotion, the conditionality of the European Union (EU) enlargements towards Southern and Eastern Europe has proved to be more effective than incentives of many international organizations. This article confirms the validity of this finding. It shows that, in the Balkans, the conditionality of the EU Stabilization and Association Process has had more significative impacts than the incentives of the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe. Furthermore, with the help of international relations theories, it explains the determinants of the EU conditionality efficiency and the reasons why its effects nevertheless vary from one target state to another.

Type
Research Article
Information
Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique , Volume 39 , Issue 4 , December 2006 , pp. 803 - 825
Copyright
© 2006 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ouvrages de référence

Albanian Institute for International Studies. 2003. Albania and European Union: Perceptions and Realities. Tirana. (www.aiis-albania.org)
Anastasakis, Othon et Dimitar Bechev. 2003. “ EU Conditionality in South-East Europe: Bringing Commitment to the Process ”. European Balkan Observer, 1: 2–4.Google Scholar
Bartlett, Will et Visnja Samardzija. 2001. “ The Reconstruction of South-East Europe. The Stability Pact and the Role of the EU: an Overview ”. MOCT-MOST 10: 145–160.Google Scholar
Berg-Schlosser, Dirk et Raivo Vetik. 2001. Perspectives on Democratic Consolidation in Central and Eastern Europe. Boulder: East European Monographs.
Berglund, Sten, Joakim Ekman et Frank H. Aarebrot. (dir.) 2003. The Handbook of Political Change in Eastern Europe. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Blair, Harry. 1996. “ Spreading Power to the Periphery. An Assessment of Democratic Local Governance ”. USAID Programs and Operations Assessment Report no.21. Washington D.C.: USAID Center for Development Information and Evaluation.
Brown, Stephen. 2000. “ Donor's Dilemna in Democratization. Foreign Aid and Political Reform in Africa ”. Ph.D. thesis in political science. Princeton University.
Bugajiski, Janusz. 2002. Political Parties in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-Communist Era. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Carothers, Thomas. 1995. “ Recent US Experience with Democracy Promotion ”, International Development Studies Bulletin 26: 63–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carothers, Thomas. 1999. Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve. Washington D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Checkel, Jeffrey. 1997. “ International Norms and Domestic Politics: Bridging the Rationalist-Constructivist Divide ”, European Journal of International Relations, 3: 473–495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Checkel, Jeffrey. 2003. “ International Norms and Democratic Politics: Bridging the Rationalist Constructivist Divide ”. European Journal of International Relations, 3: 473–495.Google Scholar
Commission européenne (CE). 2000. Le processus de stabilisation et d'association en faveur de l'Europe du Sud-Est, Bruxelles, 3 avril (www.europa.eu.int/scadplus).
CE 2002. Le processus de stabilisation et d'association en faveur de l'Europe du Sud-Est. Premier rapport annuel. Bruxelles, 3 avril (www.europa.eu.int/scadplus).
CE 2003. The Stabilization and Association Process of South East Europe. Second Annual Report. Bruxelles, 26 mars (www.europa.eu.int/scadplus).
CE 2004. The Stabilization and Association Process for South East Europe. Third Annual Report, Bruxelles, mars (www.europa.eu.int/scadplus).
CE 2005a. Les relations de l'UE avec les pays des Balkans de l'Ouest: USM, BiH, Croatie, Albanie, Macédoine, Bruxelles, mars (www.europa.eu.int/scadplus).
CE 2005b. Albanie. Rapport de suivi 2005. Bruxelles, 9 novembre (www.europa.eu.int/scadplus).
CE 2005c. Bosnie-Herzégovine. Rapport de suivi 2005. Bruxelles, 9 novembre (www.europa.eu.int/scadplus).
CE 2005d. Union de la Serbie et du Monténégro. Rapport de suivi 2005. Bruxelles, 9 novembre (www.europa.eu.int/scadplus).
CE 2005e. Report on the Preparedness of Serbia and Montenegro to Negotiate a Stabilization and Association Agreement with European Union, Bruxelles, 12 avril (www.europa.eu.int/scadplus).
CE 2005f. Rapport global de suivi sur le degré de préparation à l'adhésion à l'UE de la Bulgarie et de la Roumanie, Bruxelles, 25 octobre (www.europa.eu.int/scadplus).
Dawisha, Karen et Bruce Parrott. (dir.) 1997a. Democratization and Authoritarianism in Post Communist Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dawisha, Karen et Bruce Parrott (dir.) 1997b. Politics, Power and Struggle for Democracy in South-East Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
De Waele, Jean-Michel (dir.) 2004. Les clivages politiques en Europe centrale et orientale. Bruxelles: Presses de l'Université libre de Bruxelles.
Duina, Francisco. 1999. Harmonizing Europe. Nation-States within the Common Market. New-York: State University of New-York Press.
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) Country Profiles, années 2000 à 2005.
Éthier, Diane. 1997. Economic Adjustment in New Democracies. Lessons from Southern Europe. Londres/New-York: Macmillan/St-Martin's Press.
Éthier, Diane. 1998. “ Le paradoxe est-européen: attachement et insatisfaction envers la démocratie ”. Transition 39: 7–27.Google Scholar
Éthier, Diane. 2003. “ Is Democracy Promotion Effective ? Comparing Conditionality and Incentives ” Democratization 10: 99–121.Google Scholar
Fatic, Aleksander. 2000. “ Stability and Corruption in Southern-Eastern Europe ”. South-East Europe Review for Labour and Social Affairs, 3: 61–72.Google Scholar
Featherstone, Kevin et Claude M. Radaelli. (dir.) 2003. The Politics of Europeanization, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Friss, Lykke et Ana Murphy. 2000. “ Turbo-Charged Negotiations: the EU and the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe ”, Journal of European Public Policy 7: 776–783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giroux, Marie-France. 2000. La protection des minorités en droit international. Hongrie et Roumanie, une étude de cas. Montréal: Thémis.
Gliogorov, Vladimir. 2001. “ Notes on the Stability Pact ”. Dans Balkans Reconstruction, T. Veremis et D. Daianu (dir.). Londres: FrankCass: 12–19.
Haggard, Stephen et Robert Kaufman. 1992. The Politics of Economic Adjustment. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Kelley, Judith. 2000. The Role of European Institutions Use of Norms and Membership Incentives on Ethnic Politics. Communication présentée au colloque annuel de l'American Political Science Association, Washington D.C.
Keohane, Robert. 1984. After Hegemony. Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Keohane, Robert et Arid Underbald. 1998. “ Explaining Compliance and Defection: Three Models ”. European Journal of International Relations, 4: 5–30.Google Scholar
Kopecky, Petr et Cas Muddle. (dir.) 2000. “ What has Eastern Europe Taught Us about the Democratization Literature (and vice versa)?. ” European Journal of Political Research 37: 517–539.Google Scholar
Kubicek, Paul J. (dir.) 2003. The European Union and Democratization. Londres/New-York: Routledge.
Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina. 2003. “ Of Dark Sides and Twilight Zones: Enlarging to the Balkans”, East European Politics and Societies, 17 (1), 83–90.Google Scholar
Nelson, Joan (dir.) 1990. Economic Crisis and Policy Choice. The Politics of Adjustment in the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Nelson, Joan et Stephanie J. Eglinton. 1992. Encouraging Democracy. What Role for Conditional Aid? Washington D.C.: Overseas Development Council.
Office for South East Europe (OSEE) 2001. Report on Activities of the European Commission World Bank Office for South East Europe (www.stabilitypact.org).
Perron, Catherine. 2003. “ Local Political Elites Perceptions of the EU ”. Dans The Road to European Union, J. Rupnik et J. Zielonka (dir.), vol. 1. Manchester: Manchester University Press: 199–220.
Pridham, Geoffrey et Tom Gallagher. 2000. Experimenting with Democracy: Regime Change in the Balkans. Londres: Routledge.
Proksch, Sven-Oliver. 2000. Negotiating European Foreign Policy: the EU and the Stability Pact for South-Eastern Europe. Princeton University Woodrow Wilson School for International Affairs Case Study 3/01.
Risse, Thomas, Stephen C. Ropp et Kathryn Sikking (dir.) 1999. The Power of Human Rights. International Norms and Domestic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rose, Richard et Neil Munro. 2003. Elections and Parties in New European Democracies. Washington D.C.: Congressional Quarter Press.
Rupnik, Jacques et Jan Zielonka (dir.) 2003. The Road to the European Union. Volume I “ The Czech and Slovak Republics ”, Volume II “ Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania ”. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Schimmelfennig, Frank et Ulrich Sedelmeier. 2002. “ Theorizing EU Enlargement: Research Focus, Hypotheses and the State of Research ”. Journal of European Public Policy, 9: 527–550.Google Scholar
Schmitter, Philippe 1996. “ The Influence of International Context Upon the Choice of National Institutions and Policies . Dans The International Context of Democratization, dir. Lawrence Whitehead. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 26–46.
Smith, K. 1998. “ The Use of Political Conditionality in the EU's Relations in the Third World Countries: How Effective ? ”. European Foreign Affairs Review, 3: 253–274.Google Scholar
Smith, K. 2001. “ The Use of Political Conditionality in the EU's Relations with Third World Countries: How Effective? ”, European Foreign Affairs Review 3: 253–274.Google Scholar
Special coordinator for the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe (SC-SPSEE) 2001a, 2 Years of Stability Pact: Lessons and Policy Recommendations (www.stabilitypact.org).
SC-SPSEE 2001b, Report of the Special Coordinator on the Implementation of the Quick Start Package-Project Fiches for Working Table1 (www.stabilitypact.org).
SC-SPSEE 2003a, Stability Pact Activity Report, 19 mai (www.stabilitypact.org).
SC-SPSEE 2003b, Regional Table Endorses Working Platform 2003 – Situation in Southeast Europe Markedly Improved. Thessalonique, 16 décembre (www.stabilitypact.org).
Spendzharova, Aneta Borislanova. 2003. “ Bringing Europe In? The Impact of EU Conditionality on Bulgarian and Romania Politics ”, Southeast European Politics, 4: 141–156.Google Scholar
Tucny, Edwidge. 2000. L'élargissement de l'Union européenne aux pays de l'Europe centrale et orientale. Paris: l'Harmattan.
Vachudova, Anna Milada. 2003. “ Strategies for Democratization and European Integration in the Balkans . Dans The Enlargement of the European Union, dir. Maria Cremona. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 141–160.
Whitehead, Lawrence. 1986. “ International Aspects of Democratization . Dans Transition from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy. Comparative Perspectives; dir. Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe Schmitter et Lawrence Whitehead. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press: 3–47.
Whitehead, Lawrence (dir.) 1996. The International Context of Democratization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Williamson, John (dir.) 1994. The Political Economy of Policy Reform, Washington D.C.: Institute for International Economics.