¹ The standard reference recording the historical significance of the Newfoundland fishing industry is Innis, H. A., The Cod Fisheries: The History of an International Economy (Toronto, 1954).Google Scholar

² Unless the context requires otherwise, the term “Newfoundland” in this paper refers to the political unit comprising both the island of Newfoundland and the coast of Labrador.

³ See Copes, Parzival, St. John's and Newfoundland: An Economic Survey (Newfoundland Board of Trade, 1961), 50–3Google Scholar and 220.

⁴ Estimates from Copes, Parzival, Government Assistance, Productivity and Income in the Fishing Industry of Newfoundland (rev. ed., Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1964), 3–4Google Scholar and Tables 2–3.

⁵ These data have been tabulated in Parzival Copes, The Role of the Fishing Industry in the Economic Development of Newfoundland (Natural Resources Public Policy Seminar, University of Washington, forthcoming).

⁶ Copes, St. John's and Newfoundland, 10 and 153.

⁷ Copes, Government Assistance, Productivity and Income, 31–2 and Tables 27–9.

⁸ Ibid., 15–8 and Tables 20–5.

⁹ Ibid., 32–3 and Table 30.

¹⁰ See Copes, Parzival, “Government Policy and Investment in the Fishing Industry of Newfoundland,” International Conference on Investment in Fisheries (fao, 1969).Google Scholar

¹¹ See Noel, S. J. R., “Government and Politics in Newfoundland, 1904–1934,” unpublished d phil thesis, Oxford University, 1965.Google Scholar

¹² See Feltham, John, “The Development of the F.P.U. in Newfoundland (1908–1923), un-published ma thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1959Google Scholar; also Panting, G., “‘The People’ in Politics,” Newfoundland Quarterly, LXV, no. 4 (1967), 15–17Google Scholar, and Noel, “Government and Politics.”

¹³ An analysis of Smallwood's political philosophy and an extensive account of his political activities are contained in the biography by Gwyn, Richard, Smallwood: The Unlikely Revolutionary (Toronto, 1968).Google Scholar

¹⁴ Coaker of Newfoundland (London, 1927).

¹⁵ Gwyn, Smallwood, chap. 11.

¹⁶ Ibid., chap. 18.

¹⁷ Cf. Copes, Parzival, “The Place of Forestry in the Economy of Newfoundland,” Forestry Chronicle, XXXVI, no. 4 (1960), 338–9.Google Scholar But see below, n. 33.

¹⁸ See Peters, Robert D., “The Social and Economic Effects of the Transition from a System of Woods Camps to a System of Commuting in the Newfoundland Pulpwood Industry,” unpublished ma thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1965, 122–7.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Wadel, Cato, Marginal Adaptation and Modernization in Newfoundland (Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1969), 145.Google Scholar

²⁰ Brox, Ottar, Maintenance of Economic Dualism in Newfoundland (Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1969), 95.Google Scholar

²¹ A characteristic gesture of Smallwood was to invite a substantial number of nff members from around the coast to come to St John's at government expense in order to participate in a fisheries conference in 1962. They were invited “to tell the Government” how the fishery should be improved.

²² Newfoundland, Proceedings of the House of Assembly, March 30, 1955, p. 233.Google Scholar

²³ Ibid., April 5, 1955, p. 469.

²⁴ See Rothney, Gordon O., “The Denominational Basis of Representation in the Newfoundland Assembly, 1919–1962,” Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, XXVIII, no. 4 (Nov. 1962), 563.Google Scholar

²⁵ Ibid. As Newfoundland had some two-member districts, “most populous” in this context means the largest population per member. From 1955 on only one two-member district remained, viz., Harbour Main.

²⁶ Ibid., 567.

²⁷ Ibid., 546–70.

²⁸ Coefficients of variation were calculated for the distribution of electoral roll sizes in 1959 and 1962 (counting the double-member constituency of Harbour Main as two single-member constituencies, each of half the size). The coefficient for 1959 was 37.6 and that for 1962 was 43.0.

²⁹ The class limits chosen generally coincided with discontinuities in an array of the constituencies – the value for each constituency recording fishermen as a percentage of the electoral roll.

³⁰ The chi-square test was applied to the hypothesis that the division of votes between Liberals and opposition in each group of constituencies was a random sample of the division of these votes for the province as a whole. The chi-square values obtained were 2689.3 (1959), 4450.2 (1962), and 3047.7 (1966). As the chi-square value (with four degrees of freedom) for p = 0.001 is 18.45, the hypothesis may be rejected in each instance.

³¹ See Copes, The Role of the Fishing Industry.

³² Canada, Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Fisheries Statistics, Newfoundland, 1962, 27. The 3 per cent figure applies to the statistical “Fishing Area m” which corresponds closely with the St Barbe South constituency. A reclassification of constituencies according to the number of full-time fishermen instead of all fishermen would undoubtedly have put St Barbe South in the category of “light” fishermen's influence. However, for most constituencies data are not available for the number of part-time fishermen, so that no full reclassification could be carried out.

³³ For another project the author obtained the results of a sample survey of fishermen who had fished enough in 1961 to qualify for seasonal fishermen's benefits under the regulations of the Unemployment Insurance Commission. In area “M” 51 per cent of the qualifying fishermen registered as their occupation “logger,” while only 29 per cent registered as “fisherman.” For Newfoundland as a whole only 6 per cent of persons enjoying fishermen's seasonal benefits registered their occupation as logger.

³⁴ In the calculations for this table it has been assumed that in each constituency all opposition votes were given to one candidate. In fact the Progressive Conservative party has been the main opposition party. Third candidates have rarely received a significant number of votes. No switch is assumed in the three constituencies in which Liberal candidates won by acclamation.

³⁵ The percentage swing in the vote needed to achieve a break-even in seats (assuming equal percentage swings in all constituencies and the concentration of all opposition votes in each constituency on one candidate) was 17.1 per cent in 1959, 10.9 per cent in 1962, and 16.6 per cent in 1966. The lower percentage swing needed for break-even in 1962 obviously relates to the stronger opposition from non-fishermen voters that produced a lower proportion of Liberal votes in the election proper.

³⁶ Contrary to the contentions of most commentators (for example, Gwyn, Smallwood), Rothney discounts the religious element in this opposition to Smallwood, while confirming the regional bias in the vote. “The Denominational Basis of Representation,” 564. However, the fact that in the early elections the Liberal vote on the Avalon Peninsula was much lower in Catholic than in Protestant constituencies (both urban and rural) suggests that the religious bias was still present.

³⁷ Several observers (including Gwyn, Brox, and Wadel) appear to believe that the Newfoundland fishing industry was neglected in terms of financial assistance by the Smallwood government. As this author's previous studies show the facts of government finance strongly indicate the opposite. The aforementioned authors appear to have mistaken the meagre results of government assistance for an absence of such assistance.

³⁸ Smallwood should be given credit for one earlier initiative. He promoted a modest community centralization scheme, starting in 1954, that had the effect of some improvement and consolidation of the services for fishing communities without a major shift in the fishing population by district. See Copes, The Role of the Fishing Industry.

³⁹ See Iverson, Noeland Matthews, D. Ralph, Communities in Decline: An Examination of Household Resettlement in Newfoundland (Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1968)Google Scholar; also Dewitt, Robert L., Public Policy and Community Protest: The Fogo Case (Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1969)Google Scholar, and D. Ralph Matthews, “Communities in Transition: An Examination of Government Initiated Community Migration in Rural Newfoundland,” unpublished PHD thesis, University of Minnesota, 1970.

⁴⁰ These are confirmed by the author's impressions gained from a field trip to St John's and four different coastal areas of Newfoundland during the summer of 1970.