¹ Capital (Moscow 1962), vol. 3, 862–3

² Ossowski, S., Class Structure in the Social Consciousness (London 1967)Google Scholar; Dahrendorf, R., Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society (Stanford 1963)Google Scholar; Hodges, D.C., “The Role of Classes in Historical Materialism,” Science and Society (Winter 1959), 16–26Google Scholar; Bendix, R. and Lipset, S.M., “Karl Marx's Theory of Social Classes,” in Class, Status and Power: A Reader in Social Stratification (New York 1966)Google Scholar; Ollman, B., “Marx's Use of ‘Class,’” American Journal of Sociology (March 1968), 573–80Google Scholar; Poulantzas, N., Political Power and Social Classes (London 1973)Google Scholar; Santos, T. Dos, “The Concept of Social Classes,” Science and Society (Summer 1970), 166–93Google Scholar

³ “Marx's Use of ‘Class,’” 578–9

⁴ Class Structure, 75

⁵ Class and Class Conflict, 27–32

⁶ For Marx (New York 1970); Althusser, L., Balibar, E., Reading Capital (London 1970)Google Scholar; Godelier, M., Rationality and Irrationality in Economics (London 1972)Google Scholar; Poulantzas, Political Power

⁷ For Marx, 234

⁸ Ibid., 14–15

⁹ For Marx, 227

¹⁰ Political Power, 67

¹¹ See Early Writings, ed. Bottomore, T.B. (New York 1964), 1–31, 120–94.Google Scholar

¹² Ibid., 55–9

¹³ For Marx, 237

¹⁴ Ibid., 232–3

¹⁵ Ibid., 232

¹⁶ See chapters on Alienated Labour, Private Property and Communism, Critique of the Hegelian Dialectic and Philosophy as a Whole, in Early Writings and Theses on Feuerbach.

¹⁷ Early Writings, 162–3

¹⁸ Althusser, For Marx, 234

¹⁹ “Concept of Social Classes,” 190

²⁰ Die moralisierende Kritik and die kritisierende Moral, in Werke Bd. 4 (Berlin 1959), 349

²¹ Selected Works, in one volume (Moscow 1968), 228–9

²² Critique of the Gotha Programme, in Selected Works, 319

²³ Early Writings, 132

²⁴ Marx, and Engels, , Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy, ed. Feuer, L.S. (New York 1959), 269Google Scholar

²⁵ The German Ideology, 68–9

²⁶ Selected Works, 75

²⁷ Critique of the Gotha Programme in Selected Works, 324

²⁸ See Early Writings, 122–33; Capital, Vol. 3, 800; Grundrisse (London 1973), 611–12.

²⁹ The German Ideology, 31–2

³⁰ Early Writings, 125

³¹ Ibid., 127

³² The German Ideology, 93; cf. The Poverty of Philosophy, 166–7

³³ Liberal thought tends to overlook the existence of classes or else attempts to explain them, in an un-Marxian manner, consistent with the equality of opportunity. See Schumpeter, J., Social Classes (New York 1955)Google Scholar; K. Davis and W.E. Moore, “Some Principles of Social Stratification” in Bendix and Lipset, Class, Status and Power, 47–53.

³⁴ The German Ideology, 69

³⁵ Ibid., 93, Selected Works, 104

³⁶ The German Ideology, 93

³⁷ The Poverty of Philosophy, 166; Selected Works, 43

³⁸ The German Ideology, 78

³⁹ Shanin, T., cited by Hobsbawm, E., “Class Consciousness in History” in Aspects of History and Class Consciousness, ed. Meszaros, I. (London 1971), 9Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Selected Works, 172

⁴¹ The Making of the English Working Class (New York 1963), passim

⁴² The German Ideology, 77; Selected Works, 42–3

⁴³ Selected Works, 43

⁴⁴ Selected Works; The Poverty of Philosophy, 120

⁴⁵ The Poverty of Philosophy, 166

⁴⁶ Poulantzas, Political Power, 43; Ollman, “Marx's Use of ‘Class,’” 576–80; Hobsbawm, “Class Consciousness,” 5–21

⁴⁷ Selected Works, 46

⁴⁸ The Poverty of Philosophy, 59; cf. 116–7, 167

⁴⁹ See Marx's writings on British imperialism in India and China in Avineri, S., Karl Marx on Colonialism and Modernization (New York 1968).Google Scholar

⁵⁰ The Marx-Engels Reader, ed. Tucker, R. (New York 1972), 405Google Scholar

⁵¹ The Poverty of Philosophy, 167–8

⁵² Selected Works, 44. On the alleged inconsistency between the two-class model and a multiclass model, see Dahrendorf, Class and Class Conflict; Ossowski, Class Structure; Ollman, “Marx's Use of ‘Class’”

⁵³ The Bonaparte régime was unable to secure the interests of the small peasants that had raised Louis Napoleon to power. The growth of industry during the empire ultimately favoured the industrial capitalists, although the government did not represent their interests.

⁵⁴ Selected Works, 290

⁵⁵ However, neither the bourgeoisie nor the proletariat are classes for themselves; their “classness” is restricted by an absence of cohesion and political awareness.

⁵⁶ Prison Notebooks (New York 1973), 336