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The Judicial Application of Human Rights Law.
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The Judaic Contribution to Human Rights*
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 09 March 2016
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- Canadian Yearbook of International Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international , Volume 28 , 1991 , pp. 3 - 28
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- Copyright © The Canadian Council on International Law / Conseil Canadien de Droit International, representing the Board of Editors, Canadian Yearbook of International Law / Comité de Rédaction, Annuaire Canadien de Droit International 1991
Footnotes
**
Based on an address delivered on November 30, 1989 as part of the Christian-Jewish Dialogue organized by St. Joseph's College, University of Alberta.
*
LL.B., LL.D., F.R.S.C., University Professor, Honorary Professor of Law, University of Alberta.
References
1 Anarchical Fallacies (1824), 2 Collected Works 523, 501 (Bowring ed., 1843).
2 Exodus 20.10; Deuteronomy 5.14.
3 See, e.g., Rackman, , “Judaism and Equality,” in Konvitz, , Judaism and Human Rights 33, 44–46(1972).Google Scholar
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5 Exodus 23.12.
6 Commentary on Deuteronomy 5.15, in Hertz, , The Pentateuch and Hajtorahs 767 (2d ed., 1981).Google Scholar
7 Exodus 21.26–27.
8 Leviticus 25.54.
9 Commager, , Documents of American History 420–21 (2d ed., 1940).Google Scholar
10 Deuteronomy 23.16–17.
11 Leviticus 24.22, 19.33–34; Exodus 20.11 (italics added).
12 Genesis 1.26.
13 Gensis 12.1–9; see Commentary in Hertz, op. cit. supra note 6, at 45, 89.
14 Malachi 2.10.
15 Babylonian Talmud, Shabbat 31a.
16 Genesis Rabba 24, 8; Jerusalem Talmud, Nedarim, V, 4.
17 Leviticus 24.22.
18 Mishnah, Nezikin, Sanhédrin, 4, 1 (Danby ed., 1933, 386).
19 Numbers 15.16 (italics added).
20 Prohibitions of idolatry, blasphemy, incest and adultery, homicide, larceny, and eating of live animals; and the administration of justice, Babylonian Talmud, Sanhédrin 16a.
21 Maimonides, Melakhim, 10, 12.
22 Response attributed to Nahmanides, 225.
23 Leviticus 19.15.
24 Deuteronomy 1.16–17 (italics added).
25 Maimonides, Sanhédrin, 21, 1–3.
26 Comment based on Isaiah 1.17.
27 Maimonides, Sanhédrin, 21,6.
28 See discussion on charity, text to infra notes 106–14.
29 Cohn, , Human Rights in Jewish Law 189–91 (1984).Google Scholar
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31 See Green, , “Human Rights and the Colour Problem,” 3 Current Legal Problems 236, 245–49 (1956).Google Scholar
32 Numbers 7.1–3.
33 Numbers 12. Moses, in fact, had already married the daughter of a Mideanite priest even before he had become the messenger of God (Exodus 12.21), but this did not interfere with God’s willingness to speak with him “face to face” (Numbers 12.8). For other instances of acceptable miscegenation, see Cohn, op. cit. supra note 29, at 82–85.
34 Ezra 10.3; Nehemeiah 10.31, 13.3.
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38 See, e.g., 2 Kings 22.14; 2 Chronicles 34.22; Nehemiah 4.14; Isaiah 8.3.
39 2 Samuel 14.2, 20.16.
40 22.5.
41 Cohn, op. cit. supra note 29, at 176.
42 Ibid.
43 Apocrypha, Judith 8–13.
44 Art. 3.
45 (1966) 999 U.N.T.S. 171, Art. 6.
46 (1950) 213 U.N.T.S. 222; this article recognizes that the taking of life, e.g., in defence of another, would not infringe the Convention.
47 (1969) 9 Int’l Leg. Mat. 673, Art. 4.
48 (1981) 21 Int’l Leg. Mat. 58, Art. 4.
49 (1948) 7 U.N.T.S. 277, Art. 2.
50 Exodus 20.13; Deuteronomy 5.17.
51 Genesis 22.
52 Hertz, op. cit. supra note 6, at 201 (italics added).
53 Deuteronomy 12.31.
54 Protocol 6, (1982) 22 Int’l Leg. Mat. 538.
55 Exodus 21.23–24.
56 Genesis 9.6.
57 Numbers 25.16–21, 31.
58 Ibid., 30 (italics added).
59 Nezikin, Makkoth, I, 9 (Danby ed. 1933, 403) (italics in original).
60 Ibid., Nezikin, Sanhédrin, 1, 4, 6 (Danby, 383).
61 Hertz, op. cit. supra, note 6, at 405.
62 For criticism of the lex talionis, see Blackstone, , Commentaries on the Laws of England, Bk. IV, ch. I, s. 3 (10th ed. 1787).Google Scholar
63 See, for an instance of this in modern Iran—a woman had both eyes destroyed by her husband, refused to accept compensation, and was permitted by judicial decree to destroy both eyes of her husband, but only destroyed one, accepting monetary compensation in respect of the other, The Times (London), June 30, 1986. For a similar situation in the Sudan involving the English relations of a murder victim, see ibid., Jan. 3, 1990.
64 See, e.g., De Jure Belli ac Pacis, 1625, Lib. Ill, cap. I, s. III.
65 Cohn, op. cit. supra note 29, at 31.
66 Mishnah, Nezikin, Makkoth, I, 10 (Danby, 403, uses the term “destructive” rather than “lethal” as does the Babylonian Talmud, Makkoth 7a).
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68 Commentary ad Makkoth I, 10.
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70 Leviticus 20.2, 24.16.
71 Deuteronomy 17.7.
72 See, e.g., Bassiouni, , International Extradition and World Public Order (1974)Google Scholar; Shearer, , Extradition in International Law (1971).Google Scholar
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74 See, e.g., den Wijngaert, Van, The Political Offence Exception to Extradition (1980)Google Scholar; Green, , “Terrorism, the Extradition of Terrorists and the Political Offence Defence,” 31 German Yb. Int’l L. 337–71 (1988).Google Scholar It was the issue whether General Noriega was a political or criminal fugitive that caused problems when he took refuge in the Vatican embassy in Panama City at the end of 1989.
75 Numbers 35.10-15; Deuteronomy 4.41–42, 19.3–10 (italics added).
76 Babylonian Talmud, Makkoth, 10a.
77 Joshua 21.39.
78 Babylonian Talmud, Makkoth, 13a.
79 Cohn, op. cit. supra note 29, at 54.
80 Supra note 73.
81 Justinian, Institutes, Lib. I, tit. XII, 5; see also, Oppenheim, , International Law, vol. 2, The Law of War 616–20 (Lauterpacht, ed., 1952).Google Scholar
82 Deuteronomy 19.11–12.
83 Cohn, op. cit. supra note 29, at 52–53; c. Maimonides, Matnot Aniyim, 8, 10–11; Yorei Dei’a, 252, 3.
84 Deuteronomy 15.7.
85 Leviticus 19.16.
86 Leviticus 25.53.
87 Leviticus 19.18.
88 See, e.g., Bethel, , The Last Secret (1974)Google Scholar; Tolstoy, , The Minister and the Massacres (1986).Google Scholar
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91 Exodus 21.21–22.
92 Genesis 38.8–26.
93 “Jewish law does not know the distinction between ‘legitimate’ and ‘illegitimate’ children. A child born to an unmarried mother is as legitimate as a child born in wedlock, but where the woman is married to a man other than the child’s father, or is the father’s sister or other near relative to whom the laws of incest apply, then the child is a bastard (mamzor).” Cohn, op. cit. supra note 29, at 178.
94 Rackman, supra note 3, at 38–39; see also, Russell v. Russell, [1924] A.C. 687.
95 Exodus 32.9–14.
96 Deuteronomy 29.19–20.
97 Exodus 17.7.
98 Ibid., 3–6. According to Numbers 20.8, Moses was instructed to “speak to the rock [which] shall give forth its water”; it was because he struck it that he was denied entry to the promised land: ibid., 10.
99 Numbers 11.1.
100 Deuteronomy, 18.21–22.
101 Cohn, op. cit. supra note 29, at 111; c. Yessoder HaTorah, 9, 4.
102 Acts 5.25–29.
103 Numbers 11.25–29.
104 Leviticus 19.16.
105 Hertz, op. cit. supra, note 6, at 501.
106 Le Droit des Gens, Bk. II, ch. I, ss. 3–6 (1758) (Carnegie tr., 1916, at 114–15). Compare the tendency of the Western states in 1990 to come to the aid of, particularly, the Soviet Union. Despite the absence of diplomatic relations, Israel supplied milk powder “as a humanitarian gesture.”
107 Leviticus 19.9–10.
108 Exodus 23.11.
109 Deuteronomy 14.29.
110 Proverbs 10.15.
111 Exodus Rabba, Mishpatim, 31:14; Berakhot, 6; Betzah, 32; Nedarim, 64b, cited Hirsch, “There Shall Be No Poor,” in Konvitz, op. cit. supra note 3, at 234, 237.
112 Konvitz, “Judaism and the Democratic Ideal,” ibid., 119, 124.
113 Leviticus 19.13–14.
114 1 Corinthians 13.1–3, 13.
115 Genesis 2.15.
116 Exodus 23.29.
117 Deuteronomy 20.19–20.
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119 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of Aug. 12, 1949 and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, 16 Int’l Leg. Mat. 1391, Art. 54, para. 2, 3(a).
120 See, e.g., Green, , “Human Rights and the Law of Armed Conflict,” in Essays on the Modern Law of War, ch. 5 (1985).Google Scholar
121 1 Samuel 15, wherein the prophet himself kills Agag.
122 Judges 1.28–32.
123 Deuteronomy 20.10–18.
124 1 Samuel 15.33.
125 Proverbs, 24.17.
126 Kings 6.22–23.
127 Proverbs 25.21.
128 Roberts, supra note 118, at 233.
129 For comment on this activity of the rabbis, see, e.g., Stone, op. cit. supra note 69, at 26-29.
130 (1959) 44 Pesakim Elyonim 362—the English translation used here appears in 2 Palestine Y.B. Int’l L. 69, 108–9 (1985) (italics added).
131 This statement was adopted by the District Court in the Eichmann trial, ( 1961 ) 36 I.L.R., 5, 256–7.
132 Der Judenstaat, 1896, Eng. tr. by D’Avigdor, 2d ed. by Cohen, 1934, at 71.
133 Ibid., 69-70.
134 Adler, and Margalith, , With Firmness in the Right 266 (1946).Google Scholar
135 “Genocide as a Crime under International Law,” 41 Am. J. Int’l L. 145 (1947).
136 1945.
137 Ibid., vii.
138 Konvitz, op. cit. supra note 3, at 250.
139 See, e.g., Genesis 17.8: “I will give the land you sojourn in to you and to your offspring to come, all the land of Canaan, as an everlasting possession” (italics added).
140 Deuteronomy 5.g.
141 For a recent exposition on this, see Weiss, Brown, In Fairness to Future Generations (1989).Google Scholar
142 Deuteronomy 11.26.
143 Micah 4.4.
144 Konvitz, “The Good Life,” op. cit. supra note 3, at 216, 222.
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