¹ The Immigration and Refugee Board's reference to this report is particularly interesting given that it was a confidential document of the International Commission of the Red Cross (ICRC), which was apparently leaked to the Wall Street Journal in May 2004. See the press release of the ICRC, <http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteengo.nsf/htmlall/5yrl67?opendocument>. A copy of the report may be readily found online by searching for it by title.

² United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, Doc. HCR/IP/4/Eng/REV.i Re-edited, Geneva, January 1992. The learned judge cited Chan v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) [1995] 3 S.C.R. 593 on the status of the handbook as a highly relevant authority in considering refugee admission practices.

³ Key v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2008 FC 838 (4 July 2008) at para. 21 [Key].

⁴ Zolfagharkhani v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration), [1993] 3 FC 540 (CA).

⁵ Sepet et al v. Secretary of Statefor the Home Department, [2003] 3 All ER 304 (HL).

⁶ Krotov v. Secretary of Statefor the Home Department, [2004] EWCA Civ 69 (CA).

⁷ Tagaga v. INS, (2000) 228 F.3d 1030 (9th Cir.).

⁸ M.A. A26851062 v. U.S. Immigration & Naturalization Service, (1988) 858 F.2d 210 (4th Cir.).

⁹ Key, supra note 3 at para. 29 [original emphasis].

¹⁰ Hinzman v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigation), 2007 FCA 17.

¹¹ Kyoto Protocol Implementation Act, S.C. 2007, c. 30.

¹² Kyoto Protocol, (1997) 2303 U.N.T.S. 148; ratified by Canada 17 December 2002.

¹³ Friends of the Earth v. Canada (Governor in Council), 2009 FCA 297 (15 October 2009) at para. 8 [Friends of the Earth].

¹⁴ Ibid. at para. 11.

¹⁵ Ibid. at para. 12.

¹⁶ Ibid. at para. 13.

¹⁷ Ibid. at para. 17.

¹⁸ Ibid. at paras. 29–30.

¹⁹ Ibid. at para. 31; see also paras. 22–23.

²⁰ Ibid. at para. 25.

²¹ Ibid. at para. 26.

²² Interpretation Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. I-21 as amended.

²³ Friends of the Earth, supra note 13 at para. 33.

²⁴ Ibid. at para. 37.

²⁵ Ibid. at para. 34.

²⁶ A quick search of CANLII for “shall ensure” in federal statutes (excluding regulations) generated sixty-seven results, including the following provisions that must surely be imperative rather than permissive in nature: “Every owner of a vessel described in subsection (1) shall ensure that it is registered under this Part” (Canada Shipping Act 2001, S.C. 2001, c. 26, s. 46(2)); “Subject to section 10, the Minister shall ensure the destruction of all anti-personnel mines stockpiled by Her Majesty in right of Canada or that are delivered under section 8 for destruction” (Anti-Personnel Mines Convention Implementation Act, S.C. 1997, c. 33, s. 9): “Where a project is described in the comprehensive study list, the responsible authority shall ensure public consultation with respect to the proposed scope of the project for the purposes of the environmental assessment.” (Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, S.C. 1992, c. 37, s. 21(1)); “Federal institutions shall ensure that employment opportunities are open to both English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians.” (Official Languages Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. 31 (4th Supp.), s. 39(2)).

²⁷ Of course, the English text is not determinative. The act is bilingual and must be interpreted according to the principles of bilingual statutory interpretation: R.v. Daoust [2004] 1 S.C.R. 217. Yet Barnes J. made no reference to these principles or to the French language text of the enactment, in reaching his conclusions.

²⁸ In saying this I do not forget that marginal notes form no part of the enactment but are inserted for convenience of reference only: Interpretation Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. I-21 (as amended) at s. 14.

²⁹ Friends of the Earth, supra note 13 at para. 38.

³⁰ National Corn Growers Assn. v. Canada (Import Tribunal), [1990] 2 S.C.R. 1324.

³¹ R. v. Hape, 2007 SCC 26 at para. 53.

³² Friends of the Earth, supra note 13 at para. 41.

³³ Ibid. at para. 42.

³⁴ Ibid.

³⁵ Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27.

³⁶ International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, [ 1976] Can. T.S. no. 47.

³⁷ Okoloubu v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2008 FCA 326 (27 October 2008) at para. 29 [Okoloubu].

³⁸ R.v. Hape, 2007 SCC 26.

³⁹ Okoloubu, supra note 37 at para. 38.

⁴⁰ Ibid. at paras. 41–42.

⁴¹ Covarrubias v. Canada, 2006 FCA 365.

⁴² Okoloubu, supra note 37 at para. 46.

⁴³ Ibid. at paras. 49–50.

⁴⁴ Ibid. at para. 52.

⁴⁵ Ibid. at para. 53.

⁴⁶ Ibid. at para. 60.

⁴⁷ See Ibid. at para. 3.

⁴⁸ R,.v. Hape, 2007 SCC 26.

⁴⁹ Canada (Justice) v. Khadr, 2008 SCC 28.

⁵⁰ Amnesty International Canada v. Canada (Canadian Forces), 2008 FCA 401 (17 December 2008) at para. 18 [Amnesty International].

⁵¹ Canada (Justice) v. Khadr, 2008 SCC 28 at para. 18.

⁵² Ibid. at para. 20.

⁵³ Ibid.

⁵⁴ Ibid. at para. 24.

⁵⁵ Bankovic v. Belgium, [2001] E.C.H.R. 890.

⁵⁶ Amnesty International, supra note 50 at paras. 25—6.

⁵⁷ Ibid. at paras. 29–30.

⁵⁸ Ibid. at para. 33.

⁵⁹ See, e.g.,Al-Skeini v. Secretary of Statefor Defence, [2007] U.K.H.L. 26.

⁶⁰ R. v. Klassen, 2008 B.C.S.C. 1762 (19 December 2008) at para. 54 [Klassen]; United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, [1992] Can. T.S. no. 3.

⁶¹ Convention on the Rights of the Child, G.A. Res. 54/263, Annex II, 54 UN GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 6, UN Doc. A/ 54/ 49 (2000); ratified by Canada 14 September 2005.

⁶² Klassen, supra note 60 at paras. 56–7.

⁶³ Ibid. at para. 61, quoting R. Currie and S. Coughlan, “Extraterritorial Criminal Jurisdiction: Bigger or Smaller Frame?”

⁶⁴ Ibid. at para. 64.

⁶⁵ Ibid. at para. 66.

⁶⁶ Ibid. at para. 77.

⁶⁷ “The Parliament and Government of Canada shall have all Powers necessary or proper for performing the Obligations of Canada or of any Province thereof, as Part of the British Empire, towards Foreign Countries, arising under Treaties between the Empire and such Foreign Countries.”

⁶⁸ Ibid. at para. 78. Recall that the Statute of Westminster 1931 is Item no. 17 in the schedule to the Constitution Act 1982 and, therefore, pursuant to section 52 (2)(b) of that act, is part of the Constitution of Canada.

⁶⁹ Ibid. at para. 80, quoting Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada v. Canadian Assn. of Internet Providers, 2004 SCC 45 at paras. 54–5.

⁷⁰ R.v. Hape, 2007 SCC 26.

⁷¹ Klassen, supra note 60 at paras. 85–6.

⁷² Ibid. at para. 91; Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes Act, S.C. 2000, c. 24.

⁷³ Klassen, supra note 60 at para. 93; see also paras. 91–92.

⁷⁴ Ibid. at para. 101.

⁷⁵ Ibid. at paras. 111–13.

⁷⁶ Smith v. Canada (Attorney General), 2009 FC 228 (4 March 2009) at paras. 10–16 [ Smith].

⁷⁷ Ibid. at para. 17.

⁷⁸ Ibid. at para. 19.

⁷⁹ Abbasi v. Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, [2002] E.W.C.A. Civ. 1598.

⁸⁰ Smith, supra note 76 at para. 24.

⁸¹ Ibid. at para. 25.

⁸² Black v. Canada (PrimeMinister), (2001) 54 OR (3d) 215 (CA).

⁸³ Smith, supra note 76 at para. 31.

⁸⁴ Ibid. at paras. 32–3.

⁸⁵ Ibid. at paras. 37 and 40.

⁸⁶ Ibid. at para. 49.

⁸⁷ Ibid. at para. 50.

⁸⁸ Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. E-22: “In exercising his powers and carrying out his duties and functions under this Act, the Minister shall (a) conduct all diplomatic and consular relations on behalf of Canada … (i) administer the foreign service of Canada … (j) foster the development of international law and its application in Canada's external relations.”

⁸⁹ Smith, supra note 76 at para. 54.

⁹⁰ Loi sur les crimes contre l'humanité et les crimes de guerre, L.C. 2000, ch 24.

⁹¹ R. c. Munyaneza, 2009 QCCS 2201 (22 mai 2009) aux para. 58–154 [Munyaneza].

⁹² Statut de Rome de la Cour pénale internationale, [2002] R.T.C. no. 13.

⁹³ Convention sur le génocide, [ 1949] R.T.C. no. 47.

⁹⁴ Statut du Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda Rés. 955 (1994) 8 November 1994, du Conseil de securité, tel qu'amendé.

⁹⁵ Munyaneza, supra note 91 au para. 2077.

⁹⁶ Ibid. aux para. 2082–3.

⁹⁷ Ibid. aux para. 2084–6.

⁹⁸ Ibid. aux para. 2087–8.

⁹⁹ United Nations Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. U-2.

¹⁰⁰ Abedelrazik v. Canada (Minister of Foreign Affairs) 2009 FC 580 (4 June 2009) at para. 156 [Abedelrazik].

¹⁰¹ Ibid. at para. 50.

¹⁰² Ibid. at para. 51.

¹⁰³ Ibid. at para. 53.

¹⁰⁴ Ibid. at paras. 85–92.

¹⁰⁵ Ibid. at paras. 107-8 and 154–5.

¹⁰⁶ Ibid. at para. 153.

¹⁰⁷ Ibid.at para. 12.

¹⁰⁸ Paris Convention for the Regulation of Aerial Navigation 1919, (1922) 9 L.N.T.S. 174 (No. 297); Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation 1944, [1944] Can. T.S. no. 36.

¹⁰⁹ Abedelrazik, supra note 100 at paras. 123–6.

¹¹⁰ Ibid. at para. 148.

¹¹¹ Kamel v. Canada (Attorney General), 2009 FCA 21.

¹¹² Abedelrazik, supra note 100 at para. 152.

¹¹³ Ibid. at para. 158.

¹¹⁴ ChorzowFactory Case, [1928] P.C.I.J. (ser. A) no. 17 at 47.

¹¹⁵ Abedelrazik, supra note 100 at para. 159.

¹¹⁶ Re Public Service Employee Relations Act, [1987] 1 S.C.R. 313 at 348.

¹¹⁷ Abedelrazik, supra note 100 at para. 159.