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The Anti-Revolution Bill of 1894 in Wilhelmine Germany

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2008

Robert W. Lougee
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Extract

In September of 1894, Emperor William stood before his Junkers in Königsberg. He reprimanded them for their outspoken opposition to the policies of his government, particularly to the treaties leading to lower duties on grain. He called it a “thing of nonsense” for Prussian noblemen to oppose their king, though, he said, as a good father he was willing to forget such unruly behavior. The Prussian nobility, he declared, must gather now about the House of Hohenzollern “in the struggle for religion, morality, and order against the parties of revolution.”

Type
Articles
Information
Central European History , Volume 15 , Issue 3 , September 1982 , pp. 224 - 240
Copyright
Copyright © Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association 1982

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References

1. Schulthess, Europäischer Geschichtskalender (1894), p. 140.

2. The essays in Evans, Richard, ed., Society and Politics in Wilhelmine Germany (London and New York, 1978)Google Scholar, suggest some inadequacies of the model. See esp. the essay of Eley, Geoff, “The Wilhelmine Right: How it Changed,”Google Scholar and, also, Eley, , Reshaping the German Right (New Haven, 1980).Google Scholar

3. See Schulthess for 1893 and 1894, passim. Carnot's assassination received major attention in the press, for example in the Kölnische Zeitung (hereafter cited as KZ), June 25, 1894, p.m., p. 1. Even the Pullman strike in distant America was reported in detail as in the Vossische Zeitung (hereafter cited as VZ), July 9, 1894, p.m., p. 1, and July 12, a.m., pp. 1, 2.

4. Historisch-politische Blätter für das Katholische Deutschland 114 (1894): 120ffGoogle Scholar. Tägliche Rundschau (hereafter cited as TR), Aug. 12, 1894, p. 1. VZ, Aug. 17, 1894, p.m., p. 1, and Aug. 19, a.m., p. 1.

5. TR, July 3, 1894, p. 1, July 18, p. 1, and Sept. 1, p. 1. VZ, July 3, 1894, p.m., p. 1, and Aug. 8, a.m., p. 1.

6. Blumenberg, Werner, ed., August Bebels Briefwechsel mit Friedrich Engels (The Hague, 1965), p. 779Google Scholar. Bebel's allusion was to von Massow, Konrad, Reform oder Revolution (Berlin, 1894). This book raised the spectre of revolution.Google Scholar

7. Philipp Eulenburg, in a letter to Hohenlohe, Sept. 21, 1894, reported the emperor's concern for his family—in Hohenlohe-Schillingfürst, Fürst, Denkwürdigkeiten der Reichskanzlerzeit (Stuttgart and Berlin, 1931), p. 101Google Scholar. Schulthess (1894), p. 130, describes the pardon.

8. Wilhelm to Caprivi, July 16, 1894, p. 188, and Caprivi to Stumm, July 8, 1894, pp. 184ff., in Anlagen to Egmont Zechlin, Staatsstreichspläne Bismanks und Wilhelms II (Stuttgart and Berlin, 1939).

9. P. Eulenburg to Wilhelm II, Aug. 30, 1894, in Röhl, John, ed., Philipp Eulenburgs Politische Korrespondenz (Boppard, 1979), 2Google Scholar (hereafter cited as EPK): 1335–36. B. Eulenburg to P. Eulenburg, Sept. 9, 1894, EPK, p. 1341; cf. p. 1345, n. 2. Telegram from Wilhelm to Caprivi, Sept. 9, 1894, in Huber, Ernst Rudolf, ed., Dokumente zur Deutschen Verfassungsgeschichte, 2 (Stuttgart, 1964): 425–26.Google Scholar

10. Marschall to P. Eulenburg, Oct. 6, 1894, EPK, p. 1366. Holstein to B. von Bülow, Oct. 12, 1894, EPK, p. 1385. P. Eulenburg to B. von Bülow, Oct. 17, 1894, EPK, p. 1386. Protokoll der Ministersitzung, Oct. 12, 1894, in Zechlin, pp. 193ff. KZ, Oct. 27, 1894, a.m., p. 1.

11. P. Eulenburg to Friedrich von Baden, Oct. 26, 1894, EPK, p. 1394.

12. Graf Lerchenfeld's Report to Prince Regent Luitpold on an audience with the Kaiser, Oct. 26, 1894, in Zechlin, p. 214. Hohenlohe to P. Eulenburg, Sept. 20, 1894, EPK, p. 1343. Memo of Marschall, Sept. 30, 1894, EPK, p. 1361. Varnbüler to P. Eulenburg, July 16, 1894, EPK, p. 1329.

13. Friedrich von Baden to P. Eulenburg, Sept. 25, 1894, EPK, p. 1347. P. Eulenburg to von Bülow, Sept. 25, 1894, EPK, p. 1345. Graf Yrsch to Eulenburg, Oct. 11, 1894, EPK, 1377. See report of Crailsheim to Prince Leopold, Oct. 26, 1894, and Lerchenfeld's report to Leopold in Rassow, Peter and Born, Karl, Akten zur Staatlichen Sozialpolitik in Deutschland (Wiesbaden, 1959), p. 52.Google Scholar

14. Hutten-Czapski, Bogdan, Sechzig Jahre Politik und Gesellschaft (Berlin, 1936), p. 266Google Scholar. Huber, , ed., Dokumente, 2: 429.Google Scholar

15. Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen des Reichstages, Session 1894–95 (hereafter cited as SB), Dec. 5, 1894, p. 1.

16. SB, Jan. 8, 1895, pp. 185–200.

17. Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung (hereafter cited as NAZ), Jan. 9, 1895, p.m., p. 1. Historisch-politische Blätter 115 (1895): 311.Google Scholar

18. SB, Jan. 8, 1895, pp. 206–12.

19. NAZ, May 11, 1895, p.m., p. 2. Hellwig, Fritz, Carl Freiherr von Stumm (Heidelberg, 1936), p. 522.Google Scholar

20. SB, Jan. 9, 1895, pp. 213–26.

21. SB, Jan. 10, 1895, pp. 232–52.

22. SB, May 8, 1895, pp. 2139, 2144, 2145.

23. SB, May 8, 1895, p. 2151. VZ, Apr. 11, 1895, p.m., p. 1.

24. SB, May 8, 1895, pp. 2142–52, May 9, pp. 2161–62, May 10, pp. 2190–202, May 11, pp. 2237–38. VZ, Jan. 29, 1895, a.m., p. 1, Apr. 2, p.m., Zweite Beilage, p. 1, Apr. 10, a.m., p. 1, Apr. 11, p.m., p. 1. KZ, Mar. 16, 1895, p.m., p. 1, Apr. 3, p.m., p. 1, May 2, a.m. (2d ed.), p. 1. TR, Mar. 31, 1895, p. 1, Apr. 18, p. 1, May 1, p. 2.

25. SB, May 11, 1895, pp. 2242–44. Telegram Wilhelm to Hohenlohe, May 11, 1895, in Hohenlohe, Denkwürdigkeiten, p. 63.

26. Conservative Correspondenz, quoted in NAZ, Apr. 30, 1895, a.m., p. 6. Neue Preussische Zeitung (hereafter cited as NPZ), Jan. 11, 1895, p.m., p. 1, and Jan. 13, a.m., p. 1. NAZ, May 18, 1895, p.m., p. 1. TR, May 1, 1895, p. 2, May 9, p. 1.

27. Nord-Ostsee Zeitung, quoted in NAZ, Sept. 11, 1894, a.m., p. 2. NAZ, Apr. 6, 1895, p.m., p. 1. Hohenlohe to Grand Duke Frederick, Mar. 5, 1895, in Hohenlohe, Denkwürdigkeiten, p. 47. NPZ, May 9, 1895, p.m., p. 1. VZ, Apr. 2, 1895, p.m., p. 1. KZ, Dec. 10, 1894, p.m., p. 1, Jan. 24, p.m., p. 1, Feb. 23, p.m., p. 1, Feb. 28, a.m. (2d ed.), p. 1.

28. NAZ, Sept. 11, 1894, a.m., p. 2. Zeender, J., The German Center Party (1890–1906), Trans, of the American Phil. Soc., 66, pt. 1 (1976): 50–53.Google Scholar

29. NAZ, Jan. 12, 1895, p.m., p. 1. Berliner Tageblatt, quoted in NAZ, Apr. 29, 1895, p.m., p. 1. VZ, Jan. 5, 1895, p.m., p. 1, Jan. 10, p.m., p. 1, Jan. 11, p.m., p. 1.

30. SB, Jan. 11, 1895, p. 282, and May 10, p. 2198. NAZ, Apr. 20, 1895, p.m., p. 2, and Jan. 10, a.m., p. 6. Taube, Utz, Ludwig Quidde (Kollmünz, 1963), pp. 75, 76, 97.Google Scholar

31. Domann, Peter, Sozialdemokratie und Kaisertum unter Wilhelm II (Wiesbaden, 1964), p. 14Google Scholar. Zetkin, Clara, Ausgewählte Reden und Schriften (Berlin, 1957), 1:74Google Scholar. NPZ, Apr. 21, 1895, a.m., p. 1. SB, May 8, 1895, p. 2146. NAZ, Apr. 28, 1895, a.m., p. 2, and Apr. 21, a.m., p. 2. TR, Mar. 19, 1895, p. 2, and May 1, p. 2.

32. Taube, p. 96. NAZ, Apr. 18, 1895, p.m., pp. 1, 2. VZ, Apr. 11, 1895, p.m., p. 1. KZ, May 2, 1895, a.m. (2d ed.), p. 1.

33. NAZ, Apr. 29, 1895, p.m., p. 2, May 6, p.m., p. 2, May 8, p.m., p. 2, and May 9, a.m., p. 2. VZ, Apr. 13, 1895, p.m., p. 2. KZ, Apr. 26, 1895, p.m., p. 1, reported considerable interest in and support for the Assembly around the country.

34. NPZ, Jan. 9, 1895, p.m., p. 1. KZ, Apr. 3, 1895, p.m., p. 1.

35. KZ, Mar. 6, 1895, a.m. (2d ed.), p. 1, and Mar. 11, p.m., p. 1. VZ, Apr. 18, 1895, p.m., p. 2.

36. These views are expressed in the Reichstag debates of Jan. 8, 9, 10, and 11, 1895, in SB, pp. 185ff.

37. Naumann to Reichstag Deputy Hüpeden, Jan. 19, 1895, in Frank, Walter, Hofprediger Adolf Stoecker (Hamburg, 1935), p. 249Google Scholar. Deutsche Rundschau 83 (1895): 150Google Scholar. NAZ, May 1, 1895, p.m., p. 2.

38. SB, Jan. 9, 1895, p. 230, and Jan. 10, p. 235. Hannover Courrier, quoted in NAZ, Apr. 30, 1895, p.m., p. 1. TR, Dec. 21, 1894, p. 1.

39. SB, Jan. 8, 1895, pp. 199, 200. NPZ, Nov. 20, 1894, p.m., p. 1. Reichsbote, quoted in NAZ, Apr. 19, 1895, a.m., p. 2.

40. Preussische Jahrbücher 79 (1895): 362.