Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-qs9v7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-11T22:46:33.108Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Assessment, treatment and the importance of early intervention of childhood hoarding

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 September 2020

Davíð R. M. A. Højgaard Open the ORCID record for Davíð R. M. A. Højgaard [Opens in a new window]  and
Gudmundur Skarphedinsson
Davíð R. M. A. Højgaard*
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry. Aarhus, Denmark and Faculty of Psychology, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
Gudmundur Skarphedinsson
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry. Aarhus, Denmark and Faculty of Psychology, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
*
Author for correspondence: Davíð R. M. A. Højgaard, Email: davmar@rm.dk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Hoarding disorder (HD) is characterised by difficulties in discharging or parting with possessions irrespective of their actual value, urges to save and acquire new items and excessive clutter in living areas. There is an urgent need to advance the understanding of HD in child and adolescent populations. The aim of this paper is to cover the assessment, treatment strategies and tools currently available. In general, data on assessment of paediatric HD are scant. Only one psychometrically sound scale, the Child Savings Inventory, which is a parent-rated scale used to assess the severity of hoarding symptoms, was found. However, this scale is not sufficient to produce a diagnosis of HD. Regarding treatment, there was only a limited number of case studies suggesting the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy that includes exposure to discarding and not collecting new items, using contingency management for exposure and oppositional behaviour, cognitive training and instructing parents to assist with home-based exposures. In conclusion, there is an urgent need for properly validated Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders assessment tools, and we encourage practitioners and researchers to develop and test a Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) protocol for paediatric HD based on the aforementioned components.

Keywords

Hoardingassessmenttreatmentcognitive behavioural therapychildren and adolescents
Type
Review Article
Information
Children Australia , Volume 45 , Special Issue 3: Special Issue: Hoarding , September 2020 , pp. 145 - 152
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ale, C. M., Arnold, E. B., Whiteside, S. P. H., & Storch, E. A. (2014). Family-based behavioral treatment of pediatric compulsive hoarding: A case example. Clinical Case Studies, 13(1), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534650113504487 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarenga, P. G., Cesar, R. C., Leckman, J. F., Moriyama, T. S., Torres, A. R., Bloch, M. H., Coughlin, C. G., Hoexter, M. Q., Manfro, G. G., Polanczyk, G. V., Miguel, E.C., & do Rosario, M. C. (2015). Obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions in a population-based, cross-sectional sample of school-aged children. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 62, 108–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.01.018 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.893619 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, T. M. G., & Thomsen, P. H. (2017). Behandling af hamstringssyndrom hos en 12-årig dreng. Ugeskrift for Laeger, 179(17), 1500–1502.Google Scholar
Bloch, M. H., Bartley, C. A., Zipperer, L., Jakubovski, E., Landeros-Weisenberger, A., Pittenger, C., & Leckman, J. F. (2014). Meta-analysis: Hoarding symptoms associated with poor treatment outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 19(9), 1025–1030. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2014.50 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bloch, M. H., McGuire, J., Landeros-Weisenberger, A., Leckman, J. F., & Pittenger, C. (2010). Meta-analysis of the dose-response relationship of SSRI in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 15(8), 850–855. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2009.50 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boerema, Y. E., de Boer, M. M., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Eikelenboom, M., Visser, H. A., & van Oppen, P. (2019). Obsessive compulsive disorder with and without hoarding symptoms: Characterizing differences. Journal of Affective Disorders, 246(December 2018), 652–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.115 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brakoulias, V., Eslick, G. D., & Starcevic, V. (2015). A meta-analysis of the response of pathological hoarding to pharmacotherapy. Psychiatry Research, 229(1–2), 272–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.019 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burton, C. L., Crosbie, J., Dupuis, A., Mathews, C. A., Soreni, N., Schachar, R., & Arnold, P. D. (2016). Clinical correlates of hoarding with and without comorbid obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a community pediatric sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(2), 114–121.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2015.11.014 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cath, D. C., Nsr, K., Boomsma, D., & Mathews, C. A. (2017). Age-specific prevalence of hoarding and obsessive compulsive disorder: A population-based study. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(3), 245–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2016.11.006 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, D. W., Leckman, J. F., Carter, A., Reznick, J. S., King, R. A., & Pauls, D. (1997). Ritual, habit, and perfectionism: The prevalence and development of compulsive-like behavior in normal young children. Child Development, 68(1), 58–68. Published by: Wiley on behalf of the Society for Research in Child Development Stable. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1131925 REFER.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foa, E. B., Coles, M., Huppert, J. D., Pasupuleti, R. V., Franklin, M. E., & March, J. (2010). Development and validation of a child version of the obsessive compulsive inventory. Behavior Therapy, 41(1), 121–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2009.02.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frank, H., Stewart, E., Walther, M., Benito, K., Freeman, J., Conelea, C., & Garcia, A. (2014). Hoarding behavior among young children with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 3(1), 6–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.11.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frost, R. O. & Gross, R. C. (1993). The hoarding of possessions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31(4), 367–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(93)90094-B CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frost, R. O. & Hartl, T. L. (1996). A cognitive-behavioral model of compulsive hoarding. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34(4), 341–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(95)00071-2 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frost, R. O., Hartl, T. L., Christian, R., & Williams, N. (1995). The value of possessions in compulsive hoarding: Patterns of use and attachment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(8), 897–902. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(95)00043-W CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., & Grisham, J. (2004). Measurement of compulsive hoarding: Saving inventory-revised. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(10), 1163–1182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2003.07.006 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., & Tolin, D. F. (2011). Comorbidity in hoarding disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 28(10), 876–884. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20861 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frost, R. O., Tolin, D. F., & Maltby, N. (2010). Insight-related challenges in the treatment of hoarding. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 17(4), 404–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2009.07.004 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frost, R. O., Tolin, D. F., Steketee, G., Fitch, K. E., & Selbo-Bruns, A. (2009). Excessive acquisition in hoarding. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(5), 632–639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.01.013 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frost, R. O., Tolin, D. F., Steketee, G., & Oh, M. (2011). Indecisiveness and hoarding. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 4(3), 253–262. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2011.4.3.253 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallo, K. P., Wilson, L. a S., & Comer, J. S. (2013). Treating hoarding disorder in childhood: A case study. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 2(1), 62–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2012.11.001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grisham, J. R., Brown, T. A., Savage, C. R., Steketee, G., & Barlow, D. H. (2007). Neuropsychological impairment associated with compulsive hoarding. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(7), 1471–1483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2006.12.008 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grisham, J. R., Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., Kim, H. J., & Hood, S. (2006). Age of onset of compulsive hoarding. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20(5), 675–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.07.004 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hacker, L. E., Park, J. M., Timpano, K. R., Cavitt, M. A., Alvaro, J. L., Lewin, A. B., Murphy, T.K., & Storch, E. A. (2016). Hoarding in children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 20(7), 617–626. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054712455845 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartl, T. L., Frost, R. O., Allen, G. J., Deckersbach, T., Steketee, G., Duffany, S. R., & Savage, C. R. (2004). Actual and perceived memory deficits in individuals with compulsive hoarding. Depression and Anxiety, 20(2), 59–69. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20010 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayes, S. C. (2016). Acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, and the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies – republished article. Behavior Therapy, 47(6), 869–885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2016.11.006 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Højgaard, D. R. M. A., Skarphedinsson, G., Ivarsson, T., Weidle, B., & Becker, J. (2019). Hoarding in children and adolescents with obsessive–compulsive disorder: Prevalence, clinical correlates, and cognitive behavioral therapy outcome. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-019-01276-x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huisman-van Dijk, H. M., Schoot, R. van de, Rijkeboer, M. M., Mathews, C. A., & Cath, D. C. (2016). The relationship between tics, OC, ADHD and autism symptoms: A cross-disorder symptom analysis in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome patients and family-members. Psychiatry Research, 237(7), 138–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.01.051 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ivanov, V. Z., Mataix-Cols, D., Serlachius, E., Lichtenstein, P., Anckarsäter, H., Chang, Z., Gumpert, C.H., Lundström, S., Långström, N., & Rück, C. (2013). Prevalence, comorbidity and heritability of hoarding symptoms in adolescence: A population based twin study in 15-year olds. PloS One, 8(7), e69140. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069140 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., Williamson, D., & Ryan, N. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(7), 980–988. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kellett, S., & Holden, K. (2014). Emotional attachment to objects in hoarding. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199937783.013.013 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kritikos, A., Lister, J., Sparks, S., Sofronoff, K., Bayliss, A., & Slaughter, V. (2020). To have and to hold: Embodied ownership is established in early childhood. Experimental Brain Research, 238(2), 355–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-020-05726-w CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leckman, J. F., & Bloch, M. H. (2008). A developmental and evolutionary perspective on obsessive-compulsive disorder: Whence and whither compulsive hoarding? American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(10), 1229–1233. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08060891 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masi, G., Millepiedi, S., Perugi, G., Pfanner, C., Berloffa, S., Pari, C., & Mucci, M. (2009). Pharmacotherapy in paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: A naturalistic, retrospective study. CNS Drugs, 23(3), 241–252. https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200923030-00005 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mataix-Cols, D, Billotti, D., Fernández de la Cruz, L., & Nordsletten, A. E. (2013). The London field trial for hoarding disorder. Psychological Medicine, 43(4), 837–847. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712001560 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mataix-Cols, D., Rauch, S. L., Manzo, P. A., Jenike, M. A., & Baer, L. (1999). Use of factor-analyzed symptom dimensions to predict outcome with serotonin reuptake inhibitors and placebo in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(9), 1409–1416. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.9.1409 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mataix-Cols, D., Frost, R. O., Pertusa, A., Clark, L. A., Saxena, S., Leckman, J. F., Stein, D. J., Matsunaga, H., & Wilhelm, S. (2010). Hoarding disorder: A new diagnosis for DSM-V? Depression and Anxiety, 27(6), 556–572. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20693 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKay, D. (2016). Cognitive-Behavioral treatment of hoarding in youth: A case illustration. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72(11), 1209–1218. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22400 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (2013). Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Morris, S. H., Jaffee, S. R., Goodwin, G. P., & Franklin, M. E. (2016). Hoarding in children and adolescents: A review. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 47(5), 740–750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-015-0607-2 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muroff, J., Steketee, G., Bratiotis, C., & Ross, A. (2012). Group cognitive and behavioral therapy and bibliotherapy for hoarding: A pilot trial. Depression and Anxiety, 29(7), 597–604. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.21923 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muroff, J., Underwood, P., & Steketee, G. (2014). Treatments that work. Group treatment for hoarding disorder: Therapist guide. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199340965.001.0001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nordsletten, A. E., Fernández de la Cruz, L., Pertusa, A., Reichenberg, A., Hatch, S. L., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2013). The structured interview for hoarding disorder (SIHD): Development, usage and further validation. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 2(3), 346–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.06.003 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olino, T. M., Gillo, S., Rowe, D., Palermo, S., Nuhfer, E. C., Birmaher, B., & Gilbert, A. R. (2011). Evidence for successful implementation of exposure and response prevention in a naturalistic group format for pediatric OCD. Depression and Anxiety, 28(September 2010), 342–348. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20789 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pertusa, A., Fullana, M. A., Singh, S., Alonso, P., Menchón, J. M., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2008). Compulsive hoarding: OCD symptom, distinct clinical syndrome, or both? American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(10), 1289–1298. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111730 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piacentino, D., Pasquini, M., Cappelletti, S., Chetoni, C., Sani, G., & Kotzalidis, G. D. (2019). Pharmacotherapy for hoarding disorder: How did the picture change since its excision from OCD? Current Neuropharmacology, 17(8), 808–815. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X17666190124153048 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plimpton, E. H., Frost, R. O., Abbey, B. C., & Dorer, W. (2009). Compulsive hoarding in children: Six case studies. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 2(1), 88–104. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2009.2.1.88 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pliszka, S., & AACAP Work Group on Quality Issues. (2007). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(7), 894–921. https://doi.org/10.1097/chi.0b013e318054e724 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Postlethwaite, A., Kellett, S., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2019). Prevalence of hoarding disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 256(January), 309–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.004 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rasmussen, J., Steketee, G., Silverman, M., & Wilhelm, S. (2013). The relationship of hoarding symptoms to schizotypal personality and cognitive schemas in an OCD sample. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 27(4), 384–396. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.27.4.384 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodriguez, C. I., Bender, J., Morrison, S., Mehendru, R., Tolin, D., & Simpson, H. B. (2013). Does extended release methylphenidate help adults with hoarding disorder? A case series. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 33(3), 444–447. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e318290115e CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rohde, P., Feeny, N. C., & Robins, M. (2005). Characteristics and components of the TADS CBT approach. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 12(2), 186–197. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2005.12-186 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rozenman, M., McGuire, J., Wu, M., Ricketts, E., Peris, T., O’Neill, J., Bergman, R. L., Chang, S., & Piacentini, J. (2019). Hoarding symptoms in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: Clinical features and response to cognitive-behavioral therapy. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2019.01.017 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Samuels, J. F., Joseph Bienvenu, O., Riddle, M. A., Cullen, B. A. M., Grados, M. A., Liang, K. Y., Hoehn-Sarica, R., & Nestadt, G. (2002). Hoarding in obsessive compulsive disorder: Results from a case-control study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(5), 517–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00026-2 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saxena, S., Brody, A. L., Maidment, K. M., & Baxter, L. R. (2007). Paroxetine treatment of compulsive hoarding. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 41(6), 481–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.05.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scahill, L., Dimitropoulos, A., McDougle, C. J., Aman, M. G., Feurer, I. D., McCracken, J. T., Tierney, E., Pu, J., White, S., Lecavalier, L., Hallett, V., Bearss, K., King, B., Arnold, L. E., & Vitiello, B. (2014). Children’s Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale in autism spectrum disorder: Component structure and correlates of symptom checklist. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.018 Google ScholarPubMed
Scahill, L., Riddle, M. A., McSwiggin-Hardin, M., Ort, S. I., King, R. A., Goodman, W. K., Cicchetti, D., & Leckman, J. F. (1997). Children’s Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale: Reliability and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(6), 844–852. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199706000-00023 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneider, A. F., Storch, E. A., Geffken, G. R., Lack, C. W., & Shytle, R. D. (2008). Psychometric properties of the hoarding assessment scale in college students. Illness Crisis and Loss, 16(3), 227–236. https://doi.org/10.2190/IL.16.3.c CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shafran, R., Frampton, I., Heyman, I., Reynolds, M., Teachman, B., & Rachman, S. (2003). The preliminary development of a new self-report measure for OCD in young people. Journal of Adolescence, 26(1), 137–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1971(02)00083-0 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheppard, B., Chavira, D., Azzam, A., Grados, M. A., Umaña, P., Garrido, H., & Mathews, C. A. (2010). ADHD prevalence and association with hoarding behaviors in childhood-onset OCD. Depression and Anxiety, 27(7), 667–674. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2925836&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sockalingam, S., & Zemans, M. (2007). Compulsive hoarding associated with abortion. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry = Journal de l’Academie Canadienne de Psychiatrie de l’enfant et de l’adolescent, 16(4), 177–179. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18392171 Google ScholarPubMed
Soreni, N., Cameron, D., Vorstenbosch, V., Duku, E., Rowa, K., Swinson, R., Bullard, C., & McCabe, R. (2018). Psychometric evaluation of a revised scoring approach for the Children’s Saving Inventory in a Canadian sample of youth with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 49(6), 966–973. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-018-0811-y CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steketee, G., Frost, R. O., & Kyrios, M. (2003). Cognitive aspects of compulsive hoarding. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(4), 463–479. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025428631552 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steketee, G., Frost, R. O., Tolin, D. F., Rasmussen, J., & Brown, T. A. (2010). Waitlist-controlled trial of cognitive behavior therapy for hoarding disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 27(5), 476–484. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20673 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Storch, E. A., Khanna, M., Merlo, L. J., Loew, B. A., Franklin, M., Reid, J. M., Goodman, W. K., & Murphy, T. K. (2009). Children’s Florida obsessive compulsive inventory: Psychometric properties and feasibility of a self-report measure of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in youth. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 40(3), 467–483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-009-0138-9 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Storch, E. A., Lack, C. W., Merlo, L. J., Geffken, G. R., Jacob, M. L., Murphy, T. K., & Goodman, W. K. (2007). Clinical features of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder and hoarding symptoms. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48(4), 313–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.03.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Storch, E. A., Muroff, J., Lewin, A. B., Geller, D., Ross, A., McCarthy, K., Morgan, J., Murphy, T. K., Frost, R., & Steketee, G. (2011). Development and preliminary psychometric evaluation of the children’s saving inventory. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 42(2), 166–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-010-0207-0 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Storch, E. A., Rahman, O., Park, J. M., Reid, J., Murphy, T. K., & Lewin, A. B. (2011). Compulsive hoarding in children. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(5), 507–516. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20794 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolin, D. (2017). CBT for hoarding disorder: A group therapy program therapist’s guide. Wiley Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tolin, D. F., Das, A., Hallion, L. S., Levy, H. C., Wootton, B. M., & Stevens, M. C. (2019). Quality of life in patients with hoarding disorder. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 21, 55–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2018.12.003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolin, D. F., Fitch, K. E., Frost, R. O., & Steketee, G. (2010). Family informants’ perceptions of insight in compulsive hoarding. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(1), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-008-9217-7 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tolin, D. F., Frost, R. O., & Steketee, G. (2007). An open trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for compulsive hoarding. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(7), 1461–1470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.01.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolin, D. F., Frost, R. O., & Steketee, G. (2010). A brief interview for assessing compulsive hoarding: The hoarding rating scale-interview. Psychiatry Research, 178(1), 147–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.05.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolin, D. F., Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., & Fitch, K. E. (2008). Family burden of compulsive hoarding: Results of an internet survey. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(3), 334–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.12.008 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolin, D. F., Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., Gray, K. D., & Fitch, K. E. (2008). The economic and social burden of compulsive hoarding. Psychiatry Research, 160(2), 200–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2007.08.008 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolin, D. F., Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., & Muroff, J. (2015). Cognitive behavioral therapy for hoarding disorder: A meta-analysis. Depression and Anxiety, https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22327 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolin, D. F., Gilliam, C., Wootton, B. M., Bowe, W., Bragdon, L. B., Davis, E., Hannan, S.E., Steinman, S. A., Worden, B., & Hallion, L. S. (2018). Psychometric properties of a structured diagnostic interview for DSM-5 anxiety, mood, and obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. Assessment, 25(1), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116638410 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torres, A. R., Fontenelle, L. F., Shavitt, R. G., Ferrão, Y. A., do Rosário, M. C., Storch, E. A., & Miguel, E. C. (2016). Comorbidity variation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder according to symptom dimensions: Results from a large multicentre clinical sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 508–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.051 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woody, S. R., Kellman-McFarlane, K., & Welsted, A. (2014). Review of cognitive performance in hoarding disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(4), 324–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.04.002 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zaboski, B. A., Merritt, O. A., Schrack, A. P., Gayle, C., Gonzalez, M., Guerrero, L. A., Dueñas, J. A., Soreni, N., & Mathews, C. A. (2019). Hoarding: A meta-analysis of age of onset. Depression and Anxiety, 36(6), 552–564. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22896 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed