Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-68ccn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-12T17:47:27.223Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Puritan Church Architecture and Worship in a Dutch Context

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2009

Keith L. Sprunger
Affiliation:
professor of history at Bethel College, North Newton, Kansas.

Extract

English Puritans have only a small reputation for aesthetic contributions to architecture. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, they worshiped God without making a show of buildings or beautiful ceremonies; consequently, there are few grand Puritan architectural monuments. Nonseparating Puritans, blending into the larger church, put their emphasis on the pure preaching and practice of biblical religion, not on outward appearances. And the Separatists, the strictest of the Puritans, gathered in disguised house-churches. Because of this artistic silence it is easy to downplay the importance of architectural concerns in the early history of Puritanism. Whenever historians mention “Puritan” architecture or “nonconformist” architecture, they are likely to describe it as simple, plain, functional, humble, austere, and practical. While true as far as it goes, this description is not the whole story. An examination of Puritan discussions about architecture in early seventeenth-century Netherlands reveals the interplay of theological and practical factors in creating the “proper” church architecture.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Church History 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Short, H. Lismer, “The Architecture of the Old Meeting Houses,” Transactions of the Unitarian Historical Society 8 (1944): 98Google Scholar; Davies, Horton, Worship and Theology in England: From Andrewes to Baxter and Fox, 1603–1690 (Princeton, N.J., 1975), pp. 7, 21, 60Google Scholar; Davies, , The Worship of the American Puritans, 1629–1730 (New York, 1990), pp. 233254Google Scholar; and Briggs, Martin, Puritan Architecture and Its Future (London, 1946), pp. 11, 14, 24, 27Google Scholar. Michael E. Moody also made helpful suggestions on this topic.

2. Briggs, , Puritan Architecture, p. 22.Google Scholar

3. Davies, , Worship of the American Puritans, p. 239.Google Scholar

4. Smith, Dwight C., “Robert Browne, Independent,” Church History 6 (1937): 304305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

5. For a survey of English churches at Amsterdam, see Sprunger, K. L., Dutch Puritanism: A History of English and Scottish Churches of the Netherlands in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Leiden, The Netherlands, 1982), chaps. 3–4.Google Scholar

6. English Reformed Church, Consistory Register I, 4 Feb. 1607, Part. arch. 318, Gemeente Archief (hereafter GA), Amsterdam; SirBrereton, William, Travels in Holland the United Provinces England Scotland and Ireland MDCXXXIV–MDCXXXV, ed. Edward, Hawkins (Chetham Society, 1844), 1:63Google Scholar; and Carter, Alice C., The English Reformed Church in Amsterdam in the Seventeenth Century (Amsterdam, 1964), pp. 2324.Google Scholar

7. Dutch Reformed Church, Acta Kerkeraad II, p. 114, Part. arch. 376, GA.

8. Ibid., pp. 197–198.

9. Johnson, George, A Discourse of Some Troubles and Excommunications in the Banished English Church at Amsterdam, Short Title Catalogue (hereafter STC) no. 14664 (Amsterdam, 1603), pp. 113, 180.Google Scholar

10. R. A. 2164, fol. 95v, GA; and English Reformed Church, Baptismal Register, no. 81, fol. 1, GA.

11. English Reformed Church, Baptismal Register, no. 81, fol. 1, GA.

12. Today this is the location of the Waterlooplein (flea market) and the Stadhuis-Muziektheater. On the Vloonburg, see Vier eeuwen Waterlooplein (Amsterdam, 1987), pp. 1218, 2829Google Scholar; and Bonke, A. J., “Tot ook zij vertrokken … wel en wee op Vlooienburg,” Ons Amsterdam 40 (1988): 214219.Google Scholar

13. Hall, Joseph, Epistles, STC no. 12662 (London, 16081611), 3:50Google Scholar. Hall visited Holland in 1608 and 1618; van Strien, C. D., British Travellers in Holland during the Stuart Period: Edward Browne and John Locke as Tourists in the United Provinces (Leiden, The Netherlands, 1993), p. 360.Google Scholar

14. Barrow, Henry, A Brief Discoverie of the False Church, STC no. 1517 (n.p., 1590), p. 133Google Scholar. This is also reprinted in his Writings 1587–1590, Elizabethan Nonconformist Texts, ed. Carlson, Leland H. (London, 1962), 3:260672.Google Scholar

15. Ibid., p. 132.

16. Collinson, Patrick, The Birthpangs of Protestant England: Religious and Cultural Change in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (London, 1988), pp. 116125.Google Scholar

17. Smyth, John, The Works of John Smyth, ed. Whitley, W. T., (Cambridge, U.K., 1915), 2:522525.Google Scholar

18. Barrow, , Brief Discoverie, pp. 196, 201.Google Scholar

19. Ibid., p. 140.

20. See Ainsworth, Henry and Johnson, Francis, An Apologie or Defence of Such True Christians, STC no. 238 (n.p., 1604), pp. 7577Google Scholar; Johnson, , An Inqvirie and Answer of Thomas White, STC no. 14662 (n.p., 1606), pp. 8081Google Scholar; Johnson, , An Answer to Maister H. Iacob His Defence, STC no. 14658 (n.p., 1600), pp. 6366Google Scholar; Smith, John, Paralleles, Censvres, Observations, STC no. 22877 (n.p., 1609)Google Scholar; and Robinson, John, A Ivstification of Separation, STC no. 21109 (n.p., 1610), pp. 441445.Google Scholar

21. Barrow, , Brief Discoverie, STC no. 1517, p. 133Google Scholar; and Paget, John, An Arrow against the Separation of the Brownists, STC no. 19098 (Amsterdam, 1618), pp. 28, 322.Google Scholar

22. Paget, , Arrow Against Separation, p. 285.Google Scholar

23. Roetemeijer, H. J. M., “De Bruinisten in Amsterdam,” Ons Amsterdam 21 (07 1969): 197Google Scholar; de la Fontaine Verwey, H., “De Bruinistenkerk,” Amstelodamum (monthly) 37 (1950): 106107Google Scholar; and Historische gids van Amsterdam, ed. Wijnman, H. F. (Amsterdam, 1974), pp. 179180.Google Scholar

24. Dexter, Henry Martyn, The Congregationalism of the Last Three Hundred Years as Seen in Its Literature (New York, 1970), 1:355.Google Scholar

25. This occurred by 1915. Roetemeijer, , “De Bruinisten,” p. 201Google Scholar; de la Fontaine Verwey, H., “Van kerk tot dievenhol, de geschiedenis van de Bruinistenkerk,” Amstelodamum (monthly) 36 (1949): 150156.Google Scholar

26. de Hoop Scheffer, J. G., “De Brownisten te Amsterdam gedurende den eersten tijd na hunne vestiging,” Verslagen en Mededeelingen van de Koninklijk, Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afd. Letterkunde, 2d series 10 (1881): 349351Google Scholar; and Hist, gids van Amsterdam, p. 317.Google Scholar

27. Bangs, Jeremy D., The Pilgrims in the Netherlands: Recent Research (Leiden, The Netherlands, 1985), p. 45Google Scholar; and Burgess, Walter H., John Robinson Pastor of the Pilgrim Fathers (New York, 1920), pp. 106109.Google Scholar

28. Burrage, Champlin, The Early English Dissenters in the Light of Recent Research (1550–1641) (Cambridge, U.K., 1912), 1:104.Google Scholar

29. Robinson, John, A lust and Necessarie Apologie of Certain Christians … Bromnists or Barrowists, STC no. 21108 (n.p., 1625), pp. 5354.Google Scholar

30. Davies, , Worship of the American Puritans, p. 248.Google Scholar

31. Brachlow, Stephen, The Communion of Saints: Radical Puritan and Separatist Ecclesiology 1570–1625 (Oxford, 1988), pp. 181, 195196Google Scholar; and Davies, , Worship and Theology, 1:336337.Google Scholar

32. Burrage, , Early English Dissenters, 1:241.Google Scholar

33. Thomas Dawes, Add. MS 29492, fol. 11, British Library, London.

34. Paget, , Arrow Against Separation, p. 29.Google Scholar

35. Bangs, , Pilgrims, p. 7.Google Scholar

36. Robinson, John, lust and Necessarie Apologie, pp. 5354Google Scholar; and Robinson, , A Treatise of the Lawfulnes of Hearing of the Ministers in the Church of England (1634), STC no. 21116, pp. 4851Google Scholar. In his early work, Ivstification of Separation (1610), he fully supported the Barrowist doctrine of destroying buildings.

37. Paget, , Arrow Against Separation, pp. 2829.Google Scholar

38. This was the fifth of ten criticisms of the Dutch Reformed Church; see Arminius, James, The Works offames Arminius, D.D., ed. James, Nichols (London, 18251875), 1:161.Google Scholar

39. Walloon church, Acta Consistoire 1b, 12 Feb. 1596, Part. arch. 201, GA. The French used the old Paulusbroeders Kerk on the Oudezijds Achterburgwal.

40. Walker, Williston, The Creeds and Platforms of Congregationalism (Boston, Mass., 1960), p. 71.Google Scholar

41. Ainsworth, and Johnson, , An Apologie or Defence, STC no. 238, pp. 7576.Google Scholar

42. Ibid., pp. 76–77.

43. Ainsworth's letter of 25 July 1617, quoted in Paget's, Arrow Against Separation, pp. 5, 19, 130.Google Scholar

44. Paget's, reply of 21 Aug. 1617, Arrow Against Separation, pp. 1921.Google Scholar

45. Ibid., p. 23.

46. Ibid., p. 24.

47. Paget, , Arrow Against Separation, p. 132.Google Scholar

48. Ibid., pp. 133, 138.

49. Ibid., pp. 285–286. For details about the neighborhood of Jews and Brownists on the Lange Houtstraat and the Jewish synagogue, see vaz Dias, A. M., “Een verzoek om de Joden in Amsterdam een bepaalde woonplaats aan te wijzen,” Amstelodamum 25 (1938): 181190.Google Scholar

50. Paget, , Arrow Against Separation, p. 315.Google Scholar

51. Ibid., p. 160.

52. Ibid., p. 23; Ainsworth, and Johnson, , Apologie, p. 76.Google Scholar

53. Paget, , Arrow Against Separation, pp. 29, 319.Google Scholar

54. Davies, , Worship and Theology, 2:2022.Google Scholar

55. van Swigchem, C. A. et al. , Een huis voor het woord: Het protestantse kerkinterieur in Nederland tot 1900 ('s-Gravenhage, The Netherlands, 1984), p. 35.Google Scholar

56. Davies, , Worship and Theology, 2:65Google Scholar; Davies, , Worship of the American Puritans, p. 234Google Scholar; and Donnelly, Marian Card, The New England Meeting Houses of the Seventeenth Century (Middletown, Conn., 1968), pp. 2935.Google Scholar

57. Verheul, J., De Schotsche gemeente en haar oude kerkgebouw te Rotterdam (Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 1939), pp. 3443.Google Scholar

58. Schotel, G. D. J., De openbare eeredienst der Nederl. Hervormde Kerk in de zestiende, zeventiende en achttiende eeuw (Haarlem, The Netherlands, 1870), p. 15Google Scholar; and Swigchem, , Huis voor het woord, pp. 5859.Google Scholar

59. Schotel, , Openbare eeredienst, p. 89.Google Scholar

60. Van Strien, , British Travellers, p. 130.Google Scholar

61. Mennonite Encyclopedia (Scottdale, Pa., 1982), 4:214Google Scholar; 't Hart, M. J., Vermaningen en vermaners 1535–1984: 450 jaar dooperse geluiden in Aalsmeer (Aalsmeer, The Netherlands, n.d.), pp. 4, 1217, 2023Google Scholar. On Dutch Mennonite church architecture, see also Golterman, W. F., Liturgiek (Haarlem, The Netherlands, 1951), pp. 1925Google Scholar; Doopsgezind Gemeenteleven (Amsterdam, 1957), pp. 4850Google Scholar; Keuning, Jelle P., Mooi onder-dak: Vermaningen voor Doopsgezinden (Amsterdam, 1984)Google Scholar; Jan, Gleysteen, “Church or Meetinghouse?” in The Meetinghouse of God's People, ed. Levi, Miller (Scottdale, Pa., 1977), pp. 1420Google Scholar; and Schiere, J. J., “De architectuur van doopsgezinde kerken,” Doopsgezinde Bijdragen, new series 3 (1977), pp. 71100.Google Scholar

62. Swigchem, , Huis voor het woord, p. 15.Google Scholar

63. Ibid.

64. Ibid., which describes the Mennonite churches as “achter de huizen”; and Smith, George L., Religion and Trade in New Netherlands (Ithaca, N.Y., 1973), p. 113Google Scholar. Smith described the hidden churches of Amsterdam as “symbolic” of how the Dutch handled religious pluralism.

65. Bernard, Picart, The Ceremonies and Religious Customs of the Various Nations of the Known World (London, 17331737), 4:i, 179.Google Scholar

66. Swigchem, , Huis voor het woord, p. 57Google Scholar. Ds. J. van der Meer of the Mennonite church of Amsterdam has recently written about the Mennonite “hidden church” concept and their historic seventeenth-century building on the Singel; although no longer necessary, such a building “fits perfecdy into the Mennonite confession that actions speak louder than words, and they like to work quietly, a little sheltered from the tumult” (Pamphlet on the United Mennonite Congregation of Amsterdam, February 1994).

67. Golterman, , Liturgiek, p. 21.Google Scholar

68. On the English Episcopal church, see Kuyper, W., Dutch Classicist Architecture: A Survey of Dutch Architecture, Gardens and Anglo-Dutch Architectural Relations from 1625 to 1700 (Delft, The Netherlands, 1980), pp. 206, 252Google Scholar. See also Louw, H. J., “Anglo-Netherlandish Architectural Interchange c.1600–c.1660,” Architectural History 24 (1981): 123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar