Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-swr86 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-16T14:10:23.322Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Religious Problem of the Italian Risorgimento as Seen by Americans1.

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2009

Howard R. Marraro
Howard R. Marraro
Affiliation:
Columbia University, New York
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

At the outset of Italy's struggle for political regeneration religious differences divided American opinion as to the justice of the Italian demands and continued to color that opinion throughout the years that followed. Before the election of Pius IX to the Papacy, Americans had read and heard a great deal about the tyranny of the various despotic governments of Italy after the Congress of Vienna. Books of travel, memoirs, biographies, autobiographies, accounts of newspaper correspondents in various cities of the peninsula, stories told by returning travellers and by Italian exiles in America had painted a most gloomy picture of the spiritual and physical conditions under which many liberals were suffering in the dungeons of the despots who had been restored to power after the downfall of Napoleon. Nowhere were conditions worse, it was believed, than in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and in the Papal States.

Type
Research Article
Information
Church History , Volume 25 , Issue 1 , March 1956 , pp. 41 - 62
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Church History 1956

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

2. The bibliography on the subject of Church and State in Italy is very copious. The following references may be found most useful: De Cesare, E., The last days of papal Home. Translated by Zimmern, Helen, New York, 1909Google Scholar; Dicey, Edward, Rome in 1860. Cambridge, 1861Google Scholar; Farini, Luigi Carlo, The Roman State from 1815 to 1860. Translated from the Italian by the Rt. Hon. Gladstone, W. E.. London, 1851–1854, 4 volumesGoogle Scholar; King, Bolton, A history of Italian unity: being a political history of Italy from 1814 to 1871. New York, 1899, 2 volumesGoogle Scholar; Thayer, W. R., The dawn of Italian independence. New York, 1893, 2 volumesGoogle Scholar; Trevelyan, George M., Garibaldi's defence of the Roman Republic 1848–1849. New York, 1919Google Scholar; Leti, G., La rivoluzione e la repubblica romana. Milan, 1913Google Scholar; Leti, G., Roma e lo stato pontificia dal 1849 al 1870. Ascoli Piceno, 1911, 2nd edition, 2 volumesGoogle Scholar; Monti, Antonio, Pio IX nel Risorgimento italiano con documents inediti e illustrazioni. Bari, 1928Google Scholar; Spellanzon, C., Storia del Risorgimento italiano. Milan, 1933, 4 volumesGoogle Scholar; Omodeo, A., Figure e passioni del Risorgimento italiano. Milan, 1945, 2nd editionGoogle Scholar; Salvatorelli, L., Prima e dopo il Quarantotto. Turin, 1948Google Scholar; Palladino, G., Storia d'Italia dal 1861 al 1871 con particolare riguardo alla questions romana. Milan, 1933Google Scholar; Mollat, G., La question romaine. De Pie VI a Pie XI. Paris, 1932Google Scholar; Taylor, A. J. P., The Italian problem in European diplomacy. Manchester, 1934Google Scholar. Sister Mary Augustina Eay in her American Opinion of Roman Catholicism in the eighteenth century (New York, 1936)Google Scholar discusses the subject of anti-Catholicism in American literature in a chapter (pp. 165–211) entitled “The tradition in colonial literature.” See also, Billington, Ray Allen, The Protestant Crusade, 1800–1860: a study of origins of American nativism. New York. Rinehart, 1952, 514 pp.Google Scholar Originally published by the MacMillan Co., 1938, 514 pp.

3. New York, 1845. Gillespie visited Rome again in 1848, departing from the city on March 3, 1848 for Naples. See Marraro, Howard E., “American travellers in Rome, 1848–50.” The Catholic Historical Review, 01 1944, XXIX, 470–509.Google Scholar

4. Marraro, Howard R., American Opinion on the Unification, of Italy, 1846–1861. New York, 1932, Columbia University Press, 345 pp.Google Scholar

5. Scott, Leonora Cranch, The Life and Letters of Christopher Pearse Cranch (by his daughter). Boston, 1917.Google Scholar

6. Curtis, George William, From an Easy Chair (New York, 1892–1894). 3 volumesGoogle Scholar. See also, Gary, Edward, George William Curtis. (Boston and New York, 1894)Google Scholar; Cooke, George Willis, Ed., Early Letters of George William Curtis to John S. Dwight: Brook Farm and Concord. (New York, 1898)Google Scholar. Curtis returned to Rome again on Oct. 17, 1849, from Turin, and left on Nov. 14, 1849, for Naples.

7. Tuckerman, H. T., Italian Sketch Book. (New York, 1848), 424.Google Scholar

8. Ossoli, Margaret Fuller, Memoirs, (London, 1852). III, 131, 154–155Google Scholar. Cf. also Ossoli, M. F., At Home and Abroad or Things and Thoughts in America and Europe. (Boston, 1856)Google Scholar. For details concerning the role she played in the revolutionary disturbances in Rome, see Marraro, , American opinionGoogle Scholar, etc. and SisterFeiertag, Loretta C., American Public Opinion on the Diplomatic Relations between the United States ana the Papal States 1847–1867. (Washington, D. C., 1933.)Google Scholar

9. Marsh, C. C., The Life and Letters of George Perkins Marsh. (New York, 1888), I, 116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

10. See Marraro, , American Public Opinion, etc., 4–25Google Scholar. See also Proceedings of the Public Demonstration of Sympathy with Pope Puts IX, and with Italy. 1847, 60ppGoogle Scholar. This pamphlet has been translated into Italian and supplied with a preface, notes, and appendix by H. Nelson Gay.

11. Jan. 1848, n. s., II, 134.

12. March 9, 1848.

13. March 22, 1848.

14. May 31, 1848.

15. Hamilton, James A., Reminiscences of James A. Hamilton, or Men and Events, at Home and Abroad, during Three Quarters of a Century. (New York, 1869)Google Scholar. Hamilton departed from Rome, Nov. 1, 1849, for Naples.

16. New York, 1853, 2 vols., II, 231.

17. Ossoli, , op. cit., III, 172.Google Scholar

18. Headley, J. T., Letters from Italy. (New York, 1848), p. viii.Google Scholar

19. Ossoli, , op. cit., III, 156, 157.Google Scholar

20. Ibid., III, 194–195.

21. New York Daily Tribune, 10 21, 1848.Google Scholar

22. Ossoli, , op. cit., III, 186.Google Scholar

23. Feb. 3, 1849.

24. New York Herald, 02 18, 1849.Google Scholar

25. June 4, 1849.

26. New York Daily Tribune, 06 27, 1849.Google Scholar

27. New York Daily Tribune, 09 25, 1849.Google Scholar

28. Ware, William, Sketches of European Capitals. (Boston, 1851), p. 196.Google Scholar

29. Marraro, , American opinion, etc., 93–98, 127.Google Scholar

30. May 34, 1850.

31. Marraro, Howard B., “Garibaldi in New York.” New York History, 04 1946, XXVII, 179–203.Google Scholar

32. June 20, 1851.

33. November 20, 1851.

34. Marraro, , American opinion, etc., 138–145; 317–318.Google Scholar

35. Joseph E. Chandler (1792–1880) was born in Kingston, Mass. Educated at the University of Pennsylvania, he opened in 1815, a seminary for young ladies at Philadelphia. A Freemason from his early manhood, in 1849, he was converted to Catholicism. For the text of his speech on “The Temporal Power of the Pope,” see the Congressional Globe, 33rd Congress, 2nd Session. Appendix. The speech, which was an attack on the movement to deny full rights of citizenship to Roman Catholics, was published by the Superintendent of the Parish Schools, in Philadelphia, in 1909, as Educational Brief, No. 25, under the title: “Polities and Religion; temporal power of the Pope.”

36. New York Daily Times, 02 16, 1855.Google Scholar

37. National Era, Washington, D. C., 03 15, 22, 1855.Google Scholar

38. May 16, 1855.

39. New York Evening Post, 11 23, 1855.Google Scholar

40. Italian Independence: addresses, etc., at the City Assembly Rooms, New York, 02 17, 1860. (New York, 1860). Pulpit & Rostrum, ser. No. 113.Google Scholar

41. Jan. 14, 1865.

42. Oct. 5, 1866.

43. Nov. 23, 1866.

44. June 27, 1867.

45. Jan. 10, 1867.

46. March 7, 1867.

47. New York Herald, 10 21, 1867Google Scholar

48. Nov. 26, 1867.

49. The Nation, New York, 11 7, 3–867, 375–376.Google Scholar

50. Dec. 26, 1867.

51. Marraro, Howard R., “Canadian and American Zouaves in the Papal Army, 1868–1870.”Google Scholar Canadian Catholic Historical Association. Reprint from the Proceedings, 1945, 22 pp.Google Scholar

52. June 10, 1868.

53. Jan. 25, 1868.

54. Feb. 15, 1868.

55. New York Freeman's Journal, 02 22, 1868.Google Scholar

56. New York Daily Times, 01 2, 1868.Google Scholar

57. Marraro, Howard R., “The closing of the American diplomatic mission to the Vatican and efforts to revive it, 1868–1870.” The Catholic Historical Review, 01 1948, XXXIII, 423, 447.Google Scholar

58. Oct. 14, 1870.

59. March 1871, XII, 844–852.

60. Marraro, Howard R., “L'opinione pubblica americana sull'occupazione di Roma nel 1870.” Nel volume Relazioni fra l'Italia e gli Stati Uniti. 1954, pp. 185–202.Google Scholar

61. In 1937 Professor Samuel William Halperin published a scholarly study on The Separation of Church and State in Italian Thought from Cavour to Mussolini (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 115 pp.)Google Scholar, in which the author examines with diligent care the ideas concerning the separation of Church and State in Italy from Cavour to 1929. Concerned only with the theoretical discussions of the question, Professor Hal-perin's study deals with (1) the liberal tradition of the Risorgimento: Cavour and the problem of Church and State; (2) post-Cavourian separatists; (3) anti-separatist cross-currents; (4) separatism in transition; (5) Church and State in Fascist theory. In 1939 Professor Halperin treated the same subjects in a study entitled Italy and the Vatican at War: a Study of their Relations from the Outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War to the Death of Pope Pius IX. (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1939).Google Scholar