¹ Some study has been made both of the Western and Eastern Church. Cf. Duchesne, Louis, Christian Worship, Its Origin and Evolution (London, 1912)Google Scholar, particularly 292–341; Catholic Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Encyclopoedia of Religion and Ethics, etc.

² Duchesne, , Christian Worship, 292.Google Scholar

³ Ante-Nicene Christian Library (Edinburgh, 1868–1871), VII, 20–27.Google Scholar

⁴ Ibid., “First Apology,” LXI.Google Scholar

⁵ Bingham, J., Antiquities of the Christian Church (London, 1843), I, 34fGoogle Scholar, gives a list of the names common to the believers: “Photidsomenoi,” or “Illuminati,” “The Initiati,” “The Teleoi,” “Cari Dei,” “Filii Dei,” “Hagioi,” “Fideles,” etc.

⁶ Duchesne, , Christian Worship, 292–297Google Scholar; cf. also Augustine, , De Catechizandis Rudibus, XXVI.Google Scholar

⁷ Mansi, Johannes D., Sacrorum Conciliomm Nova, et Amplissima Collectio (Paris and Leipzig, 1901)Google Scholar, Concilium Eliberitanum, can. XXXIX.

⁸ Migne, J. P., Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Latina: Opera Omnia Sancti Aurelii Augustini (Parisiis, 1887)Google Scholar, “Tractatus XI in Joannis Evangelium,” cap. 4.

⁹ Ibid., Tractatus XLIV, cap. 2.

¹⁰ Concilium Nicaeum, can. XIV. The reference is found in Bright, W., The Canons of the First Four General Councils (Oxford, 1892), 55, notes.Google Scholar

¹¹ Mansi, , Concilium Neocaesarense, can. V.Google Scholar

¹² Bingham, , Antiquities, III, 269fGoogle Scholar., “atelesteroi” and “teleioteroi.”

¹³ Ibid., 270–274.

¹⁴ Canones S. Hippolyti, Arbice e Codicibus Romanis, XIX, XXX, De Haneberg, , ed., (Monachii, 1870).Google Scholar

¹⁵ Book VII, 30–45.

¹⁶ Catholic Encyclopedia, “Catechumenate.”

¹⁷ Signified both those already baptized and those about to be baptized.

¹⁸ “Competentes” refers to the handing in of their names; “electi” to their acceptance by the bishop for baptismal instruction. Augustine also uses “baptizandus,” “one about to be baptized”—De Fide et Operibus, passim.

¹⁹ Catholic Encyclopedia, “Catechumenate.”

²⁰ De Cat. Rud., XXVI, XIV; cf. also Confessions, I, 11.Google Scholar

²¹ Thus becoming a catechumen. Eusebius, The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine (London, 1845), Bk. IV.Google Scholar

²² Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum—S. Aurelii Augustini (Vindobonae, Lipsiae, etc., 1900)Google Scholar. De Fide et Operibus, VI, 9.Google Scholar

²³ . Can. IV.

²⁴ Can. XLII.

²⁵ Cath. Encycl., “Justinian Novel,” CXLIV.

²⁶ Bk. VIII, 32.

²⁷ Concilium Neocaesarense, can. V; Concilium Nicaeum, can. XIV; Migne, , Apost. Const., VIII, 8.Google Scholar

²⁸ e.g. Augustine, Ambrose, Basil, Chrysostom, etc.

²⁹ Constantine the Great. There was an intense fear of post-baptismal sin among many of the ancients.

³⁰ cf. other names, Greek and Latin, used to designate this group of catechumens—footnote 5.

³¹ If at Easter the competent had not had sufficient time for probation, his baptism was postponed, sometimes to Pentecost. That was the latest time in the Western Church. It came later to be regarded as a second baptismal festival. In the East, Epiphany was often the season of baptism. Duchesne, , Christian Worship, 293.Google Scholar

³² Duchesne, , Christian Worship, 298.Google Scholar

³³ “The Catechetical Lectures of St. Cyril, Archbishop of Jerusalem,” translated in the Oxford Library of the Fathers (London, 1845)Google Scholar. The sermons of Augustine “ad competentes” (56–59, 112–116) are considered as representative of Western practice. These sermons will be dealt with under “Augustine's Contribution.”

³⁴ Ibid., Introductory Lecture, 16.

³⁵ Ibid., I, II.

³⁶ Usually the historical and moral books. Cf. Augustine, De Cat. Rud.

³⁷ Duchesne, , Christian Worship, 300–303Google Scholar. Augustine reserves the traditio of the Pater Noster until eight days after that of the Symboli—Sermones ad Com-petentes, LVIII, LIX. He does not include the traditio Evangelii at all. Some feel that each traditio may have been delivered on a separate occasion.

³⁸ Bingham, , Antiquities, III, 283.Google Scholar

³⁹ Mansi, , Concilium Agathense, can. XIII.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ i.e., Augustine's phrase. Sermones ad Competentes, passim.

⁴¹ Sermo ad Competentes, LVIII, 1.Google Scholar

⁴² Ante-Nic. Chr. Lib., Apostolic Constitutions, VII, 40Google Scholar et passim. Throughout the entire eight books there is constant emphasis upon moral life.

⁴³ Cat. Lect., IV, 2.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Ante-Nic. Chr. Lib., On Baptism, XX.

⁴⁵ De Fide et Operibus, XV, XVII, XVIII et passim.

⁴⁶ Ibid., VI, 9.

⁴⁷ Cyril, , Cat. Lect., I.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ De Fide et Operibus, VI, 7.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Ante-Nicene Christian Library, “The First Apology,” LXI.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Ibid., “On Baptism,” XX.

⁵¹ Cyril, , Cat. Lect., IV, 27, 28.Google Scholar

⁵² Apost. Const., VII, 23.Google Scholar

⁵³ Ibid., 24, 25.

⁵⁴ Concilium Carthagense, IV, can. LXXV.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ De Fide et Operibus, VI, 7.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ “On Baptism,” XX.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Cyril, , Cat. Lect., I, 5.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Ante-Nicene Christian Library, “The Octavius,” XXYII.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Ibid., “The Second Apology,” VI; cf. also Tertullian, , Apologeticus, 22, 23.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Apost. Const., VII, 41.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Hippolytus, , Canones, XIX, 9Google Scholar. The Service of Adult Baptism in the Lutheran Church today reads; “Dost thou renounce the devil, and all his works and all his ways?” The answer, “Yes, I renounce.”

⁶² Conc. Carth., IV, can. XC.Google Scholar

⁶³ Christian Worship, 303.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Ibid., 304.

⁶⁵ It was the feeling among the Fathers that the mysteries of the Christian faith should be presented only in a covert way before baptism. Consequently, more thorough and elucidative lectures were given on the sacraments after baptism. They were considered more fit, then, to receive them.

⁶⁶ Cyril, , Cat. Lect., XIX, 4.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Ibid., 5.

⁶⁸ Ibid., 6, 7.

⁶⁹ Apost. Const., VIII, 32.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Bingham, , Antiq., III, 538Google Scholar. The Greek form is “suntassomai soi, Chriate”.

⁷¹ Ibid., 540f.

⁷² Ibid., 541.

⁷³ Quoted from Bingham, , III, 542.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church (Buffalo, 1886)Google Scholar, Augustine, , “On the Creed,” I.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ De Fide et Operibus, IX.Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Bingham, , Antiquities, 544.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ The formal liturgy of baptism has been thoroughly treated by Duchesne and others and will not be treated here.

⁷⁸ Cyril, , Cat. Lect., XX–XXI.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ Quoted from Duchesne, , Christian Worship, Appendix, 575.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ Bingham, , Antiquities, I, 36.Google Scholar

⁸¹ Cyril, , Cat. Lect., XXII–XXIIIGoogle Scholar; cf. also Augustine, , Sermo ad Competentes, LVII, 7.Google Scholar

⁸² e.g., the communion prayers were not used in the presence of the unbaptized.

⁸³ Corp. Script. Eccl. Lat., De Cat. Rud., 1. Because of its distinctive and exemplary character, this work will be treated at some length.

⁸⁴ Ibid., 3, 4.

⁸⁵ Ibid., 4.

⁸⁶ “hilaritas.”

⁸⁷ Ibid., 8.

⁸⁸ Ibid., 9.

⁸⁹ Ibid., 6, 7.

⁹⁰ Ibid., 8.

⁹¹ Ibid., 9.

⁹² The reference here is to the practice of making the hearers stand during the instruction. When the period of teaching was lengthy, it became a great inconvenience and made instructing difficult. Augustine urged the abolition of that practice wherever possible and advocated sitting during the lessons.

⁹³ Ibid., 10–15.

⁹⁴ Ibid., 16–27.

⁹⁵ “On the Creed,” 15.Google Scholar

⁹⁶ Migne, , Pat. Lat., Sermones, LVI–LIX, CCXII–CCXVI.Google Scholar

⁹⁷ Sermo LVI, 5Google Scholar. There is a startling similarity between Augustine's words and approach and Luther's in his Small Catechism.

⁹⁸ Ibid., 11.

⁹⁹ Ibid., 12.

¹⁰⁰ Sermo LVII, 5.Google Scholar

¹⁰¹ Ibid., 8–13.

¹⁰² Sermo LVII, 10, 11.Google Scholar

¹⁰³ Ibid., 2.

¹⁰⁴ Ibid., 13.

¹⁰⁵ Sermo CCXV.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁶ Sermo CCXVI.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁷ Nothing other is known of the man; probably a layman. P. Sehaff.

¹⁰⁸ This would seem to be in keeping with the practice of the catechumenate.

¹⁰⁹ Bardenhewer, O., Patrology—The Lives and Works of the Fathers of the Church (St. Louis, Mo., 1908). 1908).Google Scholar