1. Barnard, T. C., Cromwellian Ireland: English Government and Reform in Ireland, 1649–1660 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1975; 2000), 140.Google Scholar For an overview of religious developments among Puritans in Ireland, see Kilroy, Phil, “Radical Religion in Ireland, 1641–1660,” in Ireland from Independence to Occupation, 1641–1660, ed. Ohlmeyer, Jane (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 201–17.Google Scholar For a contemporary account of Murcot's ministry, see Moses in the Mount. Or, The Beloved Disciple Leaning on Jesus's Bosom. Being a Narrative of the Life and Death of Mr. John Murcot, Minister of the Gospel, and Teacher of the Church at Dublin. Written by a Friend (London: Francis Tyton, 1657)Google Scholar. I would like to thank Jane Ohlmeyer for her comments on an earlier draft of this article.

2. For a discussion of Irish privateers, see Loeber, Rolf and Parker, Geoffrey, “The Military Revolution in Seventeenth-century Ireland,” in Ohlmeyer, ed., Ireland from Independence to Occupation, 86.Google Scholar

3. Harding and Worth would later serve together on the committee for the second college in Dublin. Barnard, , Cromwellian Ireland, 210.Google Scholar

4. Moses in the Mount, 17.

5. Seymour, J. D., The Puritans in Ireland, 1647–1661 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1921), 64–70, 217.Google Scholar For an overview of the background to and contents of the Cromwellian Irish program, see Canny, Nicholas, Making Ireland British, 1580–1650 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 551–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Stevenson, David, “Cromwell, Scotland and Ireland,” in Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution, ed. Morrill, John (London: Longman, 1990), 149–80Google Scholar; Bennet, Martyn, The Civil Wars in Britain and Ireland, 1638–1651 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997), 345–50Google Scholar; and Wheeler, James Scott, Cromwell in Ireland (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1999), 224–39.Google Scholar

6. Newsletter, from G. Mabbott to W. Clarke, 3 October 1654, Worcester College, Oxford, Clarke MS 26, fol. 140; cited in Barnard, Cromwellian Ireland, xxi. For an overview of various Puritan attitudes towards Ireland, see Adamson, John, “Strafford's Ghost: The British Context of Viscount Lisle's Lieutenancy of Ireland,” in Ohlmeyer, , ed., Ireland from Independence to Occupation, 128–59.Google Scholar

7. For a discussion of the millennial environment of Cromwellian Ireland, see Gribben, Crawford, The Puritan Millennium: Literature and Theology, 1550–1682 (Dublin: Four Courts, 2000), 149–71.Google Scholar For a recent helpful discussion of Puritan millennialism, see Cogley, Richard, “The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Restoration of Israel in the ‘Judeo-centric’ Strand of Puritan Millenarianism,” Church History: Studies in Christianity and Culture 72:2 (2003): 304–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

8. For a theoretical exploration of Irish Catholicisms, see Carroll, Michael P., Irish Pilgrimage: Holy Wells and Popular Catholic Devotion (London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999).Google Scholar

9. Edwards, Thomas, Gangræna (London: Ralph Smith, 1646), 3:227.Google Scholar

10. Wheeler, James Scott, “Sense of Identity in the Army of the English Republic, 1645–51,” in The Stuart Kingdoms in the Seventeenth Century: Awkward Neighbours, eds. Macinnes, Allan I. and Ohlmeyer, Jane (Dublin: Four Courts, 2002), 151–68Google Scholar; Barnard, T. C., “Crises of Identity Among Irish Protestants, 1641–1685,” Past and Present 27 (1990): 39–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

11. Tolmie, Murray, The Triumph of the Saints: The Separate Churches of London, 1616–1649 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), 50.Google Scholar

12. The problem of defining “Puritan” has provided consistent difficulty for scholars of English religion. A number of historians, including Kenneth Fincham, Nicholas Tyacke, and Peter Lake, have embraced the term, discussing a distinctively “Puritan” style of divinity, while problematizing some of the term's uses; some have also spoken of a fully-fledged “Puritan movement.” Others, such as J. C. Davies and (occasionally) Patrick Collinson, have rejected the utility of the term. Representative positions in this debate can be found in Hall, Basil, “Puritanism: The Problem of Definition,” Studies in Church History 2 (1965): 283–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lake, Peter, “Puritan Identities,” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 35 (1984): 112–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lamont, William M., Puritanism and Historical Controversy (London: University College London Press, 1996)Google Scholar; and Lake, Peter, The Boxmaker's Revenge: “Orthodoxy,” “Heterodoxy” and the Politics of the Parish in Early Stuart London (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 2001), 11–16.Google Scholar The term has recently been exported to describe other advanced protestant cultures. Mullan's, David George fine study, Scottish Puritanism, 1590–1638 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, embraces the terms without providing any discussion of its utility within a Scottish context; see Coffey, John, “Scottish Puritanism, 1590–1638: Reflections on a New Subject,” in Enforcing Reformation: Ireland and Scotland, 1560–1690, eds. Elizabethanne Boran and Crawford Gribben (forthcoming).Google Scholar Alan Ford has also discussed the term within an Irish context: “The Church of Ireland, 1558–1641: A Puritan Church?” in As by Law Established: The Church of Ireland since the Reformation, eds. Ford, Alan and others (Dublin: Lillipput, 1995), 52–68.Google Scholar

13. For a useful critique of Greenblatt's method, see Stevens, Paul, “Pretending to Be Real: Stephen Greenblatt and the Legacy of Popular Existentialism,” New Literary History 33:3 (2002): 491–519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

14. For a study of primitivism, see Bozeman, Theodore Dwight, To Live Ancient Lives: The Primitivist Dimension in Puritanism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988)Google Scholar, and Underwood, T. L., Primitivism, Radicalism, and the Lamb's War: The Baptist-Quaker Conflict in Seventeenth-Century England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997).Google Scholar

15. The general history of seventeenth-century Baptist polemic is usefully surveyed in Tolmie, The Triumph of the Saints; White, B. R., The English Baptists of the Seventeenth Century (Didcot: Baptist Historical Society, 1996); and Underwood, Primitivism, Radicalism, and the Lamb's War.Google Scholar

16. Ford, , “The Church of Ireland, 1558–1634: A Puritan Church?” 52–68Google Scholar; and “James Ussher and the Creation of an Irish Protestant Identity,” in British Consciousness and Identity: The Making of Britain, 1533–1707, eds. Bradshaw, Brendan and Roberts, Peter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 185–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

17. Kearney, Hugh F., Strafford in Ireland, 1633–41: A Study in Absolutism (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1959), throughoutGoogle Scholar; Ford, Alan, The Protestant Reformation in Ireland, 1590–1641 (Dublin: Four Courts, 1997), 75–76.Google Scholar

18. Barnard, , Cromwellian Ireland, xxvii.Google Scholar

19. Coffey, John, Politics, Religion and the British Revolutions: The Mind of Samuel Rutherford (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 167–68, 205–6, 210, 219–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

20. Coffey, , Politics, Religion and the British Revolutions, 206.Google Scholar

21. See Underwood, , Primitivism, Radicalism, and the Lamb's War, 68–81Google Scholar; Tolmie, , Triumph of the Saints, 50–84.Google Scholar

22. Herlihy, Kevin, “‘The Faithful Remnant’: Irish Baptists, 1650–1750,” in Irish Dissenting Tradition, ed. Herlihy, Kevin (Dublin: Four Courts, 1995), 66–67Google Scholar; Tolmie, , Triumph of the Saints, chapter 2Google Scholar; White, , The English Baptists of the Seventeenth Century, 60Google Scholar; Baillie, Robert, Anabaptism (London: Samuel Gillibrand, 1647), 49.Google Scholar

23. Tolmie, , Triumph of the Saints, 60Google Scholar; Edwards, Thomas, Gangræna, 1:98.Google Scholar

24. Tolmie, , Triumph of the Saints, 55–61.Google Scholar The text of the 1644 confession can be found in Lumpkin, William L., Baptist Confessions of Faith (Valley Forge, Penn.: The Judson, 1959; revised 1969), 143–71.Google Scholar

25. Carruthers, S. W., The Everyday Work of the Westminster Assembly (Philadelphia, Penn.: Presbyterian Historical Society, 1943), 103.Google Scholar

26. Edwards, , Gangræna, 1:1.Google Scholar

27. Rutherford, Samuel, A Free Disputation against Pretended Liberty of Conscience (London: A. Crook, 1649), 254.Google Scholar

28. Tolmie, , The Triumph of the Saints, 63.Google Scholar

29. Cohn, Norman, The Pursuit of the Millennium (1957; reprint, London: Mercury Books, 1962), 278–306.Google Scholar

30. Baillie, Robert, A Dissuasive from the Errors of the Time (London: Samuel Gellibrand, 1645), 224.Google Scholar

31. Baillie, , Anabaptism, 18.Google Scholar

32. Ibid., 48.

33. Ibid., 18.

34. Ibid., 49.

35. Ibid., 48.

36. Hill, Christopher, Milton and the English Revolution (London: Faber and Faber, 1977), 94Google Scholar; Edwards, , Gangræna, sig. A4v.Google Scholar

37. Edwards, , Gangræna, 3:17.Google Scholar

38. Rutherford, , Free Disputation, 80.Google Scholar

39. Patient, Thomas, The Doctrine of Baptism, and the Distinction of the Covenants (London: Henry Hills, 1654), n.p. [sig. Cv].Google Scholar

40. Lumpkin notes suggestions that the 1644 confession also alluded to the Aberdeen Confession (1616); Baptist Confessions of Faith, 145.

41. Quoted in Corish, Patrick J., “The Cromwellian Regime, 1650–60,” in A New History of Ireland, eds. Moody, T. W. and others (Oxford: Clarendon, 1976), 3:375.Google Scholar

42. Dunlop, Robert, ed., Ireland under the Commonwealth: Being a Selection of Documents Relating to the Government of Ireland from 1651 to 1659 (London: Manchester University Press, 1913), 1:54–55.Google Scholar

43. Dunlop, Robert, “Dublin Baptists from 1650 Onwards,” Journal of the Irish Baptist Historical Society 21 (1988–1989): 5–16.Google Scholar For a general survey of the history of Baptists in Ireland, see Herlihy, Kevin, “The Irish Baptists, 1650–1780” (Ph.D. thesis, Trinity College Dublin, 1992).Google Scholar

44. ffeary-Smyrl, Steven, “Theatres of Worship: Dissenting Meeting Houses in Dublin, 1650–1750,” in The Irish Dissenting Tradition, 1650–1750, ed. Herlihy, Kevin (Dublin: Four Courts, 1995), 53.Google Scholar

45. Ohlmeyer, Jane, “Ireland Independent: Confederate Foreign Policy and International Relations During the Mid-seventeenth Century,” in Ireland from Independence to Occupation, ed. Ohlmeyer, , 96, notes that it could take four months for news from England to reach Ireland.Google Scholar

46. Greaves, Richard, God's Other Children: Protestant Nonconformists and the Emergence of Denominational Churches in Ireland, 1660–1700 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1997), 26Google Scholar; White, , English Baptists of the Seventeenth Century, 81.Google Scholar

47. Ibid., 85.

48. Quoted in Herlihy, Kevin, “A Gay and Flattering World: Irish Baptist Piety and Perspective, 1650–1780,” in The Religion of Irish Dissent, 1650–1800, ed. Herlihy, Kevin (Dublin: Four Courts, 1996), 53–54.Google Scholar

49. Seymour, , Puritans in Ireland, 206–24.Google Scholar

50. Herlihy, , “A Gay and Flattering World,” 53.Google Scholar

51. Rawlinson Ms A13, f. 25; Thurloe, John, A Collection of the State Papers of John Thurloe, ed. Birch, Thomas (London: F. Gyles, 1742), 3:445Google Scholar; Dunlop, , ed., Ireland under the Commonwealth, 1:324Google Scholar; Herlihy, , “A Gay and Flattering World,” 53.Google Scholar

52. Braithewaite, Willaim C., The Beginnings of Quakerism (London: Macmillan, 1912), 213.Google Scholar

53. Ivimey, Joseph, A History of the English Baptists (London: n.p., 1814), 1:240.Google Scholar

54. Herlihy, , “The Irish Baptists,” 40–41.Google Scholar

55. Ibid., 67; Gillespie, Raymond, “Dissenters and Nonconformists, 1661–1700,” in Irish Dissenting Tradition, 22Google Scholar; Barnard, , Cromwellian Ireland, 210, 231Google Scholar; White, B. R., “Thomas Patient in England and Ireland,” Journal of the Irish Baptist Historical Society 2 (1969–1970): 40Google Scholar; Greaves, , God's Other Children, 25.Google Scholar For the Hartlib circle, see Greengrass, Mark and others, Samuel Hartlib and Universal Reformation: Studies in Intellectual Communication (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).Google Scholar

56. Greaves, , God's Other Children, 26Google Scholar; White, B. R., “The Organisation of the Particular Baptists, 1644–1660,” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 17:2 (1966): 209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

57. Although an edition of the confession was published in Leith, Scotland, in 1653, there is no evidence that any editions were ever published in Ireland; Lumpkin, , Baptist Confessions of Faith, 151.Google Scholar

58. The text of this correspondence and related correspondence is found in Ivimey, History of the English Baptists, 1:220–71.Google Scholar

59. Ibid., 243.

60. Ibid., 249.

61. Ibid., 245.

62. Ibid.

63. White, , English Baptists of the Seventeenth Century, 81Google Scholar; White, , “Organisation of the Particular Baptists,” 213, n. 6Google Scholar; Ivimey, , History of the English Baptists, 1:248.Google Scholar

64. Ibid., 247.

65. Ibid., 250.

66. White, , English Baptists of the Seventeenth Century, 85–86.Google Scholar

67. White, , “Organisation of the Particular Baptists,” 222Google Scholar; Nuttall, Geoffrey F., “The Baptist Western Association, 1653–1658,” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 11 (1960): 214–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

68. Baillie, , Anabaptism, 53.Google Scholar

69. Vernon changed his mind in the later 1650s and worked for a paramilitary alliance between Baptists and Fifth Monarchists; White, , English Baptists of the Seventeenth Century, 88.Google Scholar

70. For Blackwood and Patient, see Greaves, Richard L. and Zaller, Robert, eds., Biographical Dictionary of British Radicals in the Seventeenth Century (Brighton, U.K.: Harvester, 1982–1984), s.v.Google Scholar

71. Warren, Edward, Caleb's Inheritance in Canaan: By Grace, Not Works. An Answer to a Book Entitled The Doctrine of Baptism, and Distinction of the Covenants, Lately Published, by Tho. Patient (London: George Sawbridge, 1656), 9.Google ScholarBall, Bryan W. similarly notes “the significance of the Fifth Monarchy influence in the Baptist churches in Ireland” in the 1650sGoogle Scholar; The Seventh-Day Men: Sabbatarians and Sabbatarianism in England and Wales, 1600–1800 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1994), 332, n. 18.Google Scholar

72. Edwards, , Gangræna, 1:67.Google Scholar

73. Patient, Doctrine of Baptism, n.p. [sig. B3v].

74. Patient, Doctrine of Baptism, n.p. [sig. B4r].

75. White, , English Baptists of the Seventeenth Century, 71.Google Scholar

76. Edwards, , Gangræna, 1:56 (irregular pagination).Google Scholar

77. DNB, s.v.; Patient later abandoned his state salary: Seymour, Puritans in Ireland, 59.

78. Seymour, , Puritans in Ireland, 60.Google Scholar

79. Jones, John, Letters (1860–1861), 216.Google Scholar

80. Barnard, , Cromwellian Ireland, 146.Google Scholar

81. Dunlop, , “Dublin Baptists from 1650 Onwards,” 6.Google Scholar

82. The social composition of this church is described in Gillespie, Raymond, “The Crisis of Reform, 1625–60,” in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin: A History, ed. Milne, Kenneth (Dublin: Four Courts, 2000), 210–15.Google Scholar

83. Rogers, John, Ohel or Beth-shemesh (London: R. I. and G. and H. Eversden, 1653), 396.Google Scholar

84. For an analysis of the church's conversion narratives, see Gribben, , Puritan Millennium, 149–71Google Scholar, and Gribben, Crawford, “Lay Conversion and Calvinist Doctrine During the English Commonwealth,” in The Rise of the Laity in Evangelical Protestantism, ed. Lovegrove, D. W. (London: Routledge, 2002), 36–46.Google Scholar

85. Rogers, , Ohel or Beth-shemesh, 301.Google Scholar

86. Ibid., 307.

87. Ibid., 370.

88. Barnard, , Cromwellian Ireland, 103, n. 66.Google Scholar

89. Rogers, , Ohel or Beth-shemesh, 453.Google Scholar

90. Ibid., 93; cf. Gillespie, , “The Crisis of Reform, 1625–60,” 212; British Library, Egerton MS 1762, ff. 54v–55.Google Scholar

91. Dunlop, , “Dublin Baptists from 1650 Onwards,” 7.Google Scholar

92. Thurloe, , State Papers, 2:213.Google Scholar

93. Patient, Doctrine of Baptism, n.p. (sig. A2v).

94. Ibid., 23.

95. Warren, Caleb's Inheritance in Canaan, n.p. (sig. A3r).

96. Brook, Benjamin, Lives of the Puritans (London: J. Black, 1813), 3:425.Google Scholar

97. Calendar of State Papers, Domestic series [of the Commonwealth] … Preserved in the State Paper Department of Her Majesty's Public Record Office, ed. Green, Mary Anne Everett (London: Longman and Trübner, 1875–1986), 13:1659–1660, 13.Google Scholar

98. Patient, , Doctrine of Baptism, 23.Google Scholar

99. Miller, Perry, Errand into the Wilderness (1956; Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1981)Google Scholar; Møller, Jens G., “The Beginnings of Puritan Covenant Theology,” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 14 (1963): 46–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar; von Rohr, John, “Covenant and Assurance in Early English Puritanism,” Church History: Studies in Christianity and Culture 34 (1965): 195–203CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Stout, Harry S., “Word and Order in Colonial New England,” in Reckoning with the Past: Historical Essays on American Evangelicalism from the Institute for the Study of American Evangelicals, ed. Hart, D. G. (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Books, 1995), 39–57Google Scholar; Coffey, , Politics, Religion and the British Revolutions, 130–38Google Scholar; Mullan, David George, Scottish Puritanism, 1590–1638 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 171–207CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Muller, Richard A., The Unaccomodated Calvin: Studies in the Foundation of a Theological Tradition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).Google Scholar

100. Kilroy, , “Radical Religion in Ireland,” 212.Google Scholar

101. Patient, , Doctrine of Baptism, 145–46.Google Scholar

102. Ibid., 54.

103. Ibid., 27.

104. Ibid., 7.

105. Ibid., 93.

106. Ibid., 24.

107. Ibid., 149.

108. Ibid., 48.

109. Ibid., 115.

110. Ibid., 41.

111. Ibid., 81–82. Contra Samuel Rutherford: Coffey, , Politics, Religion and the British Revolutions, 206.Google Scholar

112. Rutherford, Samuel, The Covenant of Life Opened: Or, A Treatise of the Covenant of Grace (Edinburgh: Robert Brown, 1655), 91.Google Scholar

113. Warren, , Caleb's Inheritance in Canaan, title page.Google Scholar

114. Ibid., 3.

115. Greaves, and Zaller, , eds., Biographical Dictionary of British Radicals in the Seventeenth Century (1982–1984), s.v.Google Scholar

116. Ford, , Protestant Reformation in Ireland, 182Google Scholar; Ussher, James, The Whole Works of James Ussher, eds. Elrington, C. R. and Todd, J. R. (Dublin: Hodges and Smith, 1847–1864), 16:342–43.Google Scholar

117. Prendergast, John P., The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland (1865; reprint, London: Constable, 1996), 131, n.; Warren's final speech is recorded in the Bodleian Library, Carte Mss, vol. vii, Ireland, 248–49.Google Scholar

118. Short-Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland and Ireland and of English Books Printed Abroad 1475–1640, eds. Pollard, A. W. and Redgrave, G. R.; revised Jackson, W. A. and others (London: The Bibliographical Society, 1976–1991)Google Scholar, and Short-Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales and British America and of English Books Printed in Other Countries 1641–1700, ed. Wing, Donald; revised Morrison, John J. and others (New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1994–1998).Google Scholar

119. Warren, , Caleb's Inheritance in Canaan, 5.Google Scholar

120. Ibid., A2.

121. Ibid

122. Ibid., n.p. (sig. A3v).

123. Ibid., n.p. (sig. A3v–A4r).

124. Ibid., 38.

125. Ibid., 9.

126. Ibid., 11.

127. Ibid., 23.

128. Ibid., 26.

129. Ibid., 16.

130. Ibid., 49.

131. Haykin, Michael A. G., Kiffin, Knollys and Keach: Rediscovering our English Baptist Heritage (Leeds, U.K.: Carey, 1996), 40.Google Scholar

132. Barnard, , Cromzvellian Ireland, 26.Google Scholar

133. Herlihy, , “A Gay and Flattering World,” 54.Google Scholar

134. Gillespie, , “The Crisis of Reform, 1625–60,” 213.Google Scholar

135. Kilroy, , “Radical Religion,” 212.Google Scholar

136. Moses in the Mount, 17.