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The Phokaians in the Far West: an Historical Reconstruction*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2009

P. Bosch-Gimpera
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Extract

The far west in Hesiod's world is confused, and probably reflects a dim knowledge drawn from the Phoenicians in Sicily, where the Greeks bought Tartessian silver. Beneath myths and traditions we may discern a few historical facts: the dynasty of the Tartessian kings, the Phoenician wars with King Geron of Tartessos (about the turn of the ninth to eighth centuries), followed by the ‘Phoenician Thalassocracy’ and a Tartessian attempt to establish direct commercial relations with Sardinia.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Classical Quarterly , Volume 38 , Issue 1-2 , April 1944 , pp. 53 - 59
Copyright
Copyright © The Classical Association 1944

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References

page 53 note 1 ‘Phoenician Thalassocracy’, 709–664 or earlier (v. Myres, J. L., JHS, 1905)Google Scholar. Foundation of Nora in Sardinia, c. 700.

page 53 note 2 On the Helmet of Guadalete v. Peman, C. (Archivo Esp. de Arqueologia, 1941, p. 407)Google Scholar,Schulten, (Forschungen u. Fortsckritte, 1929)Google Scholar; and colonizzaon the later helmet of Huelva, Schulten, (Investigacidn y Progreso, 1931)Google Scholar.

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page 54 note 2 Bosch, , Etnologia and L'Art grec a Catalunya (Barcelona, 1938)Google Scholar.

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page 54 note 7 Paus. vi. 19. 2–4.

page 54 note 8 If such an event took place: cf. Clerc's Massalia for a statement of the case and for arguments against it.

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page 55 note 4 Amorós, J. (Publications del Gabinet Numismalic de Catalunya, 1933 and 1934Google Scholar) writes on coins of Emporion and connected finds. In Spain and S. France Greek coins of the so-called Phokaian-Mitylenaian Hansa were current to-gether with Massaliot coins from the time of the Phokaian Thalassocracy. Amorós believes that Emporion, and probably the SE. Spanish colonies, early began minting their own coinage; but v. also Hill, G. F., Notes on the Coinage of Hispania Citerior, p. 12 fGoogle Scholar.

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page 55 note 6 Schulten, (Tartessos, p. 46)Google Scholar thinks Mainake was destroyed about this time.

page 55 note 7 GALERA: Cabré, and Motos, (Mems. Junt. Excavs., 1920)Google Scholar; SETEFILLA: Bonsor, and Thouvenot, (Bibl. ác. Hautes études Hisp. xiv, 1928)Google Scholar; AlXORES: Bonsor, (Rev. arch., 1899)Google Scholar; ALISEDA: Melida, (Arch. Am., 1928, p. 497)Google Scholar; EL MOLAR: Senent, (Mems. Junt. Excavs., 1929)Google Scholar.

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page 56 note 2 CAR iv, p. 389.

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page 56 note 4 Schulten, Tartessos, chap. iv.

page 56 note 5 Hdt. vii. 158.

page 56 note 6 Justin, xliii. 5.2, ‘Massilienses amicitiam cum Hispanis iunxerunt’, may refer to this occasion.

page 57 note 1 Paus. x. 8. 6,18. 7.

page 57 note 2 Justin, xliii. 5.2.

page 57 note 3 Ps.-Skylax, 112. Beaumont (loc. cit., pp. 81–2) aigued that the Kerch vases of Alcacer must have been carried by Greeks, since they are notfound at Carthage. He rightly maintained (against Schulten's view) that Greek relations with S. Spain continued through the fifth century. (Cf. Warmington, op. cit., p. 52.)

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JAVEA: Mélida, (Revista de Archivos, etc., 1905)Google Scholar; Roca, Colomiaes, Terracuites d'Eivissa (Barcelona, 1938)Google Scholar; Escudero, A. Vives, La Necrdpoli de Ibiza (Madrid, 1917)Google Scholar.

page 57 note 6 For fuller list and dates v. Appendix.

page 57 note 7 Bosch, , ‘Relaciones del arte griego y el ibero’ (Arch. Prehist. Lev., 1928)Google Scholar; Dixon, P., The Iberians of Spain (1940)Google Scholar; CERRO DE LOS SANTOS: Mélida, (Revista de Archivos, etc., 1903–1905;Google Scholar) Quintero, Pelayo, Necrdpoli anteromana de Cadiz (1915)Google Scholar; CASTELLAR: Lantier, ‘El Santuario Ibérico de Castellar de Santisteban’ (Mems. Comis. Investig. paleont. y prehist.); DESPESAPERROS: Cabré, (Mems. Junt. Excavs., 1916–1916)Google Scholar; LA LUZ: Bosch, (Anuari Inst. Est. Cat., 1921–1926)Google Scholar; LA SERRETA and ARCHENA: Bosch, ‘Problemade la Ceremica Ibérica, (Mems. Comis. Investig., etc., 1915)Google Scholar; LIRIA: Pericot, (Revue Archiologique, 1936, p. 95)Google Scholar; OLIVA: Bosch, (Arch. Preh. Lev., 1928)Google Scholar; LA BASTIDA: Pericot, and Ballester, (Arch. Preh. Lev., 1928)Google Scholar.

page 58 note 1 Op. cit., pp. 30–40.

page 58 note 2 Schulten, , Font. Hisp. Ant. iii, p. 9Google Scholar; CAH vii, p. 774.

page 58 note 3 v. supra, p. 55, n. 1.

page 58 note 4 Preserved in the Arabic Al-lacant ( = Alicante).

page 58 note 5 Pericot, , Revue Archiologique, 1936, p. 95Google Scholar.

page 58 note 6 J. Amorós, loc. cit. supra, p. 55, n. 4; G. F. Hill, op. cit.; TIVISSA: An. Inst. Est. Cat., 1913–14; Moreno, Gómez (Anuario del Cuerpo de Archiveros, etc., 1934, p. 173)Google Scholar; PUIG CASTELLAR: Segarra (Bol. R. Acad. Buen. Letr., Barcelona, 1906) and Pijoan, , Hojas Selectas, 1906Google Scholar. Hellenistic pots are found in many sites.

page 59 note 1 OSUNA: Engel, and Paris, (Arch. Miss, Scient. et Litt. (Paris), 1906Google Scholar; Bosch, (Mems. Comis. Investig., etc., 1915)Google Scholar.

page 59 note 2 Ibiza: V. supra, p. 57, n. 5; Emporion: v. supra, p. 54, n. 9; ‘Carthaginian issue’ of emporitan coins: G. F. Hill, op. cit., p. 23; Amorós, , Les drachmes emporitanes, pp. 39–42, and D'una troballa de monedes emporitanes, pp. 18–32Google Scholar.