Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-gq7q9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-24T10:48:49.906Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Global occurrence, geology and characteristics of tubular halloysite deposits

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Ian Wilson  and
John Keeling
Ian Wilson*
Affiliation:
Withielgoose Farmhouse, Withiel, Bodmin, Cornwall PL30 5NW, UK
John Keeling
Affiliation:
Geological Survey of South Australia, Department of State Development, Adelaide, South Australia
*
*E-mail: ian.r.wilson@btinternet.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Halloysite with tubular morphology is formed in a wide range of geological environments from the alteration of various rock types. Intrusive acidic coarse-grained rocks, such as granites, pegmatites and anorthosite, with large potash and sodic feldspars contents, are subsequently altered to kaolinite, halloysite and other clay minerals by weathering or shallow hydrothermal fluid activity. Processing to separate the halloysite-kaolinite fraction from the altered host rock provides a product which can be used as a paper filler and in ceramics and fibreglass, among other uses, with various deposits in Brazil, China, Thailand and elsewhere. In the Kerikeri-Matauri Bay district of Northland, North Island, New Zealand, volcanic alkali rhyolite was extruded as domes and cooled rapidly with fine-grained feldspar subsequently altered to halloysite. The IMERYS plant in Matauri Bay separates the clay from the quartz-cristobalite matrix with an ∼20% yield of halloysite. The principal market is for high-quality porcelain and bone china that require low levels of Fe2O3 and TiO2. Deposits with high levels of halloysite occur in China, Turkey and the USA. The Dragon mine in Utah, USAwas recently reopened by Applied Minerals Inc. and now produces halloysite from zones of up to 100% white halloysite. Smaller occurrences of tubular halloysite are mined in China, Turkey and elsewhere from masses of comparatively pure clay that appear to have crystallized directly from solutions in which Al and Si were soluble.

Keywords

halloysiteDragon mineTurkeyMatauri BayNew ZealandChinageological occurrencechemical analysestubular halloysite uses
Type
Research Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 51 , Issue 3 , June 2016 , pp. 309 - 324
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bordeepong, S., Bhongsuwan, D., Pungrassam, T. & Bhongsuwan, T. (2011) Characterization of halloysite from Thung Yai district, Nakon Si Thammarat Province, in southern Thailand. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 33, 599–607.Google Scholar
Brathwaite, R.L., Christie, A.B., Faure, K., Townsend, M.G. & Terlesk, S. (2012) Origin of the Matauri Bay halloysite deposit, Northland, New Zealand. Mineralium Deposita, 47, 897–910.10.1007/s00126-012-0404-9Google Scholar
Christie, T., Thompson, B. & Brathwaite, R. (2000) Mineral Commodity Report - Clays. New Zealand Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.Google Scholar
Clarke, G. (2008) Tubular clays. Industrial Minerals, March, 58-59.Google Scholar
Cook, D.R. (1957) Ore deposits of the main Tintic mining district. Pp. 57–79 in: Geology of the East TinticMountains and Ore Deposits of the Tintic Mining Districts (D.R. Cook, editor). Guidebook to the Geology of Utah, 12, Utah Geological Society, USA.Google Scholar
Cravero, F., Maiza, P.J. & Marfil, S.A. (2012) Halloysite in Argentinian deposits: origin and textural constraints. Clay Minerals, 47, 329–340.10.1180/claymin.2012.047.3.04Google Scholar
de Souza Santos, P. (1993) The use of clay particle morphology studies to characterize industrial clay deposits; examples from Brazil. Clay Minerals, 28, 539–553.10.1180/claymin.1993.028.4.05Google Scholar
de Souza Santos, P., Brindley, G.W. & de Souza Santos, H. (1965) Mineralogical studies of kaolinite-halloysite clays: Part III. A fibrous kaolin mineral from Piedade, São Paulo, Brazil. American Mineralogist, 50, 619–628.Google Scholar
Ece, Ö.I. & Schroeder, P.A. (2007) Clay mineralogy and chemistry of halloysite and alunite deposits in the Turplu Area, Balikesir, Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 55, 18–36.10.1346/CCMN.2007.0550102Google Scholar
Ece, Ö.I., Schroeder, P.A., Smilley, M.J. & Wampler, J.M. (2008) Acid-sulphate hydrothermal alteration of andesitic tuffs and genesis of halloysite and alunite deposits in the Biga Peninsula, Turkey. Clay Minerals, 43, 281–315.10.1180/claymin.2008.043.2.10CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferris, G.M. & Keeling, J.L. (1993) Review of exploration for kaolin near Poochera, northern Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. Department of Mines and Energy, South Australia, Report 93/18.Google Scholar
Harvey, C.C. (1980) A study of alteration products of acid volcanic rocks from Northland, New Zealand. PhD Thesis, Indiana University, Illinois, USA, 322 pp.Google Scholar
Harvey, C.C. (1996) Halloysite for high quality ceramics. Pp. 71–73 in: Industrial Clays, 2nd ed. (T Kendall, editor). Metal Bulletin Plc, London.Google Scholar
Harvey, C.C. & Murray, H.H. (1993) The geology, mineralogy and exploitation of halloysite clays of Northland. Pp. 233–248 in: Kaolin Genesis and Utilization (H.H. Murray, W.M. Bundy & C.C. Harvey, editors). Clay Minerals Society, Boulder, Colorado, USA.Google Scholar
Harvey, C.C. & Murray, H.H. (1997) Industrial Minerals in the 21st Century: a perspective of exploration, technology and utilization. Applied Clay Science, 11, 285–310.10.1016/S0169-1317(96)00028-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, C.C., Townsend, M.G. & Evans, R.B. (1990) The halloysite clays of Northland New Zealand. Pp. 229–238 in: Proceedings Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Annual Conference. Google Scholar
Hillier, S., Brydson, R., Delbos, E., Fraser, T., Gray, N., Pendlowski, H., Phillips, I., Robertson, J. & Wilson, I. (2016) Correlations among the mineralogical and physical properties of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs). Clay Minerals, 51, 325–350.10.1180/claymin.2016.051.3.11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janik, L.J. & Keeling, J.L. (1996) Quantitative determin-ation of halloysite using FT-IR PLS analysis and its application to the characterisation of kaolins from north-western Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. CSIRO, Division of Soils, Divisional Report 129.Google Scholar
Jeong, G.J. (1998) Vermicular kaolinite epitactic on primary phyllosilicates in the weathering profiles of anorthosite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 46, 509–520.Google Scholar
Jeong, G.J. & Kim, S.J. (1992) Kaolinites in the Sancheong kaolin, Korea: their textures, chemistry and origins. Pp. 129–135 in: Clay Minerals, Their Natural Resources and Uses (K Nagasawa, editor). Proceedings, 29th International Geological Congress Workshop WB-1.Google Scholar
Jeong, G.J. & Kim, S.J. (1993) Boxwork fabric of halloysite-rich kaolin formed by weathering of anorthosite in the Sancheong area, Korea. Clays and Clay Minerals, 41, 56–65.10.1346/CCMN.1993.0410106Google Scholar
Joussein, E., Petit, S., Churchman, J., Theng, B., Righi, D. & Delvaux, B. (2005) Halloysite clay minerals — a review. Clay Minerals, 40, 383–426.10.1180/0009855054040180Google Scholar
Keeling, J.L. (2015) The mineralogy, geology and occurrences of halloysite. Pp. 96–115 in: Natural Mineral Nanotubes: Properties and Applications (P. Pasbakhsh & G.J. Churchman, editors). Apple Academic Press Inc., Oakville, Canada.Google Scholar
Keeling, J.L., Self, P.G. & Raven, M.D. (2010) Halloysite in Cenozoic sediments along the Eucla Basin margin. MESA Journal, Department of Primary Industries and Resources, South Australia, 59, 9–13.Google Scholar
Khan, A.M. & Kim, S.J. (1991) Mineralogy of halloysite from Suryun, Korea. Geological Bulletin, University of Peshawar, 24, 63–70.Google Scholar
Kildale, M.B. & Thomas, R.C. (1957) Geology of the halloysite deposit at the Dragon Mine. Pp. 94–96 in: Geology of the East Tintic Mountains and Ore Deposits of the Tintic Mining Districts (D.R. Cook, editor). Guidebook to the Geology of Utah, 12, Utah Geological Society, USA.Google Scholar
King, D. (1953) Origin of alunite deposits at Pidinga, South Australia. Economic Geology, 48, 689–703.10.2113/gsecongeo.48.8.689Google Scholar
Kogure, T., Mori, K., Drits, V.A. & Takai, Y. (2013) Structure of prismatic halloysite. American Mineralogist, 98, 1008–1016.10.2138/am.2013.4385Google Scholar
Komusiflski, J. Stoch, L. & Dubiel, S.M. (1981) Application of electron paramagnetic resonance and Mössbauer spectroscopy in the iInvestigation of kaolinite-group minerals. Clays and Clay Minerals, 29, 23–30.10.1346/CCMN.1981.0290104CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luke, K.A. (1997) Geology and extraction of the Northland halloysite deposits. Pp. 193–198 in: New Zealand Minerals & Mining Conference Proceedings, Ministry of Commerce, Wellington, New Zealand.Google Scholar
Matusik, J., Gaweł, A., Bielanska, E., Osuch, W. & Bahranowski, K. (2009) The effect of structural order on nanotubes derived from kaolin-group minerals. Clays and Clay Minerals, 57, 452–464.10.1346/CCMN.2009.0570406Google Scholar
Morris, H.T. (1964) Geology of the Eureka Quadrangle Utah and Juab Counties, Utah. Geological Survey Bulletin 1142-K, United States Government Printing Office, Washington.Google Scholar
Morris, H.T. (1985) Geology, ore bodies and halloysite deposits of the Tintic Mining District, Pp. 40–53 in: Field Trip Guidebook, Clay and Clay Minerals. Western Colorado and Eastern and Central Utah. International Clay Conference, Denver.Google Scholar
Murray, H.H., Harvey, C. & Smith, J.M. (1977) Mineralogy and geology of the Maungaparerua halloysite deposit in New Zealand. Clays and Clay Minerals, 25, 1–5.10.1346/CCMN.1977.0250101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagasawa, K. (1978) Weathering of volcanic ash and other pyroclastic materials. Pp. 105–123 in: Clays and ClayMinerals of Japan (T. Sudo & S. Shimoda, editors). Developments in Sedimentology 26, Elsevier, Amsterdam.10.1016/S0070-4571(08)70683-6Google Scholar
Nagasawa, K. (1992) Geology and mineralogy of kaolinitic clay deposits around Nagoya. Pp. 1–15 in: Clay Minerals, Their Natural Resources and Uses (K. Nagasawa, editor). Proceedings, 29th International Geological Congress Workshop Kyoto, WB-1, Hammatsu, Japan.Google Scholar
Nagasawa, K. & Miyazaki, S. (1975) Mineralogical properties of halloysite related to its genesis. Pp. 257–265 in: Proceedings International ClayConference, 1975 (S.W Bailey, editor). Applied Publishing Ltd, Wilmette, Illinois, USA.Google Scholar
Norrish, K. (1995) An unusual fibrous halloysite. Pp. 275–284 in: Proceedings 10th International ClayConference Adelaide, Australia (G.J. Churchman, R. W Fitzpatrick & R.A. Eggleton, editors). CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia.Google Scholar
Pasbakhsh, P., Churchman, G.J. & Keeling, J.L. (2013) Characterisation of properties of various halloysites relevant to their use as nanotubes and microfibre fillers. Applied Clay Science, 74, 47–57.10.1016/j.clay.2012.06.014Google Scholar
Saklar, S., Agrili, H., Zimitoglu, O., Basara, B. & Kaan, U. (2012) The characterisation studies of the northwest Anatolian halloysites/kaolinites. Mineral Research and Exploration Bulletin (Turkey), 145, 48–61.Google Scholar
Townsend, M.G. (1989) Halloysite clay deposits in Northland. Pp. 39–43 in: Mineral Deposits of New Zealand (D. Kear, editor). Monograph, 13, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne.Google Scholar
Townsend, M.G. & Marsters, S. (2002) Northland halloysite — past, present and future. Pp. 139–142 in: Proceedings of the AusIMM 2002 Annual Conference, publication series 6/02, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne.Google Scholar
Townsend, M.G., Luke, K.A. & Evans, R.B. (2006) Recent developments in the exploration and uses of halloysite clay deposits in Northland. Pp. 59–64 in: Geology and Exploration of New Zealand Mineral Deposits (A.B. Christie & R.L. Brathwaite, editors). Monograph, 25 Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne.Google Scholar
Wilson, I.R. (2004a) Special clays from attapulgite to sepiolite. Industrial Minerals, November, 54–61.Google Scholar
Wilson, I.R. (2004b) Kaolin and halloysite deposits of China. Clay Minerals, 39, 1–15.10.1180/0009855043910116CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, I.R. (2013) Asia kaolin market dominated by China. Industrial Minerals, March, 23-31.Google Scholar
Wilson, I.R. (2015) Worldwide halloysite deposits, production and market developments. Industrial Minerals, February, 48–52.Google Scholar
Wilson, I.R., de Souza Santos, H. & de Souza Santos, P. (2006) Kaolin and halloysite deposits of Brazil. Clay Minerals, 41, 697–716.10.1180/0009855064130213CrossRefGoogle Scholar