Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-8zxtt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-12T03:09:14.776Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Activation of mixtures of natural clay and glass cullet rejects

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2018

J. Carvalho ,
P. Carvalho ,
A. T. Pinto  and
J. A. Labrincha
J. Carvalho
Affiliation:
Ceramics and Glass Engineering Department, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
P. Carvalho
Affiliation:
Ceramics and Glass Engineering Department, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
A. T. Pinto
Affiliation:
Civil Engineering Department, CICECO, University of Trás os Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
J. A. Labrincha*
Affiliation:
Ceramics and Glass Engineering Department, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
*
*E-mail: jal@ua.pt
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Alkaline activation involves a reaction between aluminium silicates and compounds with alkalis or alkaline-earth elements in a caustic environment and under certain thermal and pressure conditions. It has been used in the production of non-structural building materials and in so-called ‘green’ concrete, as products display high mechanical strength, low chemical reactivity and high resistance to fire. Green concrete could be an eco-efficient alternative to concrete made using ordinary Portland cement (OPC), reducing CO2 emissions substantially. The main goal of this work is to test common clays, glass cullet and other industrial wastes as an alternative to the commonly used binders (metakaolin or fly ash) in geopolymers. Optimized formulations show interesting mechanical strength (approaching 20 MPa) after just 48 h of curing. The addition of F-sand as aggregate minimizes the shrinkage upon curing and the amount of activator required, and increases the density/degree of compaction of the bodies, thus improving their mechanical resistance within certain limits. Curing in ambient conditions also has a beneficial affect on the mechanical strength.

Keywords

common claysglass cullet rejectsalkaline activationmetakaolinpozzolanic activitygreen concretegeopolymersfireproof building materials
Type
Research Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 43 , Issue 4 , December 2008 , pp. 657 - 667
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bakharev, T. (2005) Geopolymeric materials prepared using class F fly ash and elevated temperature curing. Cement and Concrete Research, 35, 1224–1232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakharev, T. (2006) Thermal behaviour of geopolymers prepared using class F fly ash and elevated temperature curing. Cement and Concrete Research, 36, 1134–1147 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidovits, J. (1994) Properties of geopolymer cements. Pp. 131–149 in: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Alkaline Cements and Concretes, vol. 1, SPJBM, Kiev, Ukraine.Google Scholar
Duxson, P., Lukey, G.C. & Van Deventer, J.S.J. (2007) Physical evolution of Na-geopolymer derived from metakaolin up to 1000°C. Journal of Materials Science, 42, 3044–3054 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernandez-Carrasco, L., Fernandez-Jimenez, A. & Palomo, A. (2007) Alkali activation of “pozzolan — calcium aluminate cement” mixtures. (CD Rom paper #129) in: Proceedings of the 12th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement Google Scholar
Fernandez-Jimenez, A. & Palomo, A. (2005) Composition and microstructure of alkali activated fly ash binder: Effect of the activator. Cement and Concrete Research, 35, 1984–1992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernandez-Jimenez, A.M., Lachowski, E.E., Palomo, A. & Macphee, D.E. (2004) Microstructural characterisation of alkali-activated PFA matrices for waste immobilisation. Cement and Concrete Composites, 26, 1001–1006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernandez-Jimenez, A., Palomo, A. & Criado, M. (2005) Microstructure development of alkali-activated fly ash cement: a descriptive model. Cement and Concrete Research, 35, 1204–1209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gadsden, J.A. (1975) Infrared Spectra of Minerals and Related Inorganic Compounds. Butterworths, London.Google Scholar
Khale, D. & Chaudhary, R. (2007) Mechanism of geopolymerization and factors influencing its development: a review. Journal of Materials Science, 42, 729–746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Komnitsas, K. & Zaharaki, D. (2007) Geopolymerisation: A review and prospects for the minerals industry. Minerals Engineering, 20, 1261–1277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, W.K.W. & Van Deventer, J.S.J. (2002) The effects of inorganic salt contamination on the strength and durability of geopolymers. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical Engineering Aspects, 211, 115–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, W.K.W. & Van Deventer, J.S.J. (2004) The interface between natural siliceous aggregates and geopolymers. Cement and Concrete Research, 34, 195–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palomo, A. & Fernandez, J.A. (2004) Alkaline activation of fly ashes. Manufacture of concretes not containing Portland cement. Pp. 863–870 in: Proceedings of International RILEM Conference on the use of recycled materials in buildings and structures, Vol. 2. 8-11 November, Barcelona, Spain.Google Scholar
Palomo, A., Macias, A., Blanco, M.T. & Puertas, F. (1992) Physical chemical and mechanical characterization of geopolymers. Pp. 505–511 in: Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement. Google Scholar
Palomo, A., Alonso, S., Fernandez, J.A., Sobrados, I. & Sans, J. (2004) Alkaline activation of fly ashes. NMR study of the reaction products. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 87, 1141–1145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sindhunata, S., van Deventer, J.S.J., Lukey, G.C. & Xu, H. (2006) Effect of curing temperature and silicate concentration on fly-ash-based geopolymerization. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 45, 3559–3568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Deventer, J.S.J., Provis, J.L., Duxson, P. & Lukey, G.C. (2007) Reaction mechanisms in the geopolymeric conversion of inorganic waste to useful products. Journal of Hazardous Materials, A139, 506–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Jaarsveld, J.G.S., Van Deventer, J.S.J. & Lorenzen, L. (1997) The potential use of geopolymeric materials to immobilise toxic metals: Part I. Theory and applications. Minerals Engineering, 10, 659–669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Jaarsveld, J.G.S., Van Deventer, J.S.J. & Lukey, G.C. (2002) The effect of composition and temperature on the properties of fly ash- and kaolinite-based geopolymers. Chemical Engineering Journal, 89, 63–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, H. & Van Deventer, J.S.J. (2000) The geopolymerisation of alumino-silicate minerals. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 59, 247–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, H. & Van Deventer, J.S.J. (2002) Geopolymerisation of multiple minerals. Minerals Engineering, 15, 1131–1139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yip, C.K., Lukey, G.C. & Van Deventer, J.S.J. (2005) The coexistence of geopolymeric gel and calcium silicate hydrate at the early stage of alkaline activation. Cement and Concrete Research, 35, 1688–1697.CrossRefGoogle Scholar