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Hydrothermal Origin of the Clays from the Upper Slopes of Mauna Kea, Hawaii

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2024

F. C. Ugolini
F. C. Ugolini*
Affiliation:
College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, U.S.A.
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Abstract

The soils of the summit region of Mauna Kea are similar to the soils of the high mountain deserts and to the soils of cold deserts. Dramatic differences, however, exist between the soils of the summit and other neighboring cones and the soils of the glaciated terrain. The soils of some of the cones of the summit area are clay rich and contain phyllosilicate minerals; the soils of the glaciated terrain are sandy and contain X-ray amorphous clay. Montmorillonite and a Mg-rich trioctahedral mineral identified as saponite are the clay minerals of the summit. Because the summit area of Mauna Kea supported an ice cap at the time of the formation of the cones, the origin of the smectite minerals could have resulted from the alteration of the tephra by steam and water released in the melting of the ice. Hypogene fluids are, however, more likely to be responsible for the genesis of the phyllosilicate minerals.

Résumé

Résumé

Les sols de la zone du sommet du Mauna Kea sont semblables aux sols des déserts de haute montagne et aux sols des déserts froids. Des différences considérables, cependant, existent entre les sols du sommet et d’autres cônes voisins, et les sols du terrain qui a été recouvert par la glace. Les sols d’un certain nombre de cônes de la région du sommet sont riches en argile et contiennent des minéraux phyllosilicatés; les sols du terrain qui a été recouvert par la glace sont sableux et contiennent de l’argile amorphe aux rayons X. La montmorillonite et un minéral trioctaédrique riche en Mg identifié à la saponite sont les minéraux argileux du sommet. Etant donné que la zone du sommet du Mauna Kea était recouverte d’une calotte de glace à la période de formation des cônes, l’origine des minéraux du type smectite pourrait être trouvée dans l’altération de la tephra par la vapeur et l’eau libérées lors de la fusion de la glace. Cependant, les fluides de profondeur sont plus probablement responsables de la genèse des minéraux phyllosilicatés.

Kurzreferat

Kurzreferat

Die Böden der Gipfelregionen des Mauna Kea ähneln den Böden der hohen Bergwüsten und den Böden der kalten Wüsten. Drastische Unterschiede bestehen jedoch zwischen den Böden des Gipfels und anderer benachbarter Kegel und den Böden des vereisten Gebietes. Die Böden einiger der Kegel des Gipfelgebietes sind tonreich und enthalten Phyllosilicatminerale. Die Böden des Vereisungsgebietes sind sandig und enthalten röntgenamorphe Tone. Montmorillonit und ein magnesiumreiches trioktaedrisches Mineral, das als Saponit identifiziert wurde, bilden die Tonminerale des Gipfels. Da das Gipfelgebiet des Mauna Kea zur Zeit der Bildung der Kegel eine Eiskappe trug, könnte die Entstehung der Smectitminerale das Ergebnis der Umwandlung der Tephrite durch Dampf und Wasser sein, die beim Schmelzen des Eises frei wurden. Mit größerer Wahrscheinlichkeit sind jedoch hypogene Lösungen für die Entstehung der Phyllosilicatminerale verantwortlich.

Резюме

Резюме

Почвы площадей горных вершин Мауна Кея подобны почвам высокогорных пустынь и холодных пустынных территорий. Однако, резкие различия существуют между почвами горных вершин и соседними конусами и местностями, охваченными оледенением. Почвы некоторых конусов на площади горных вершин богата глиной и содержит листовой силикат; земля местностей, охваченных олединением песчаная и содержит аморфную глину с характерным спектром Р.л. Монтмориллонит и триоктаздральный минерал богатый содержанием Mg идентифицированный как сапонит являются глинистыми минералами горных вершин, так как во время образования конусов площадь вершин гор Мауна Кея была покрыта ледниковым покровом, зарождение смектитовых минералов произошло вследствие изменения тефры паром и водой, образовавшихся при таянии льда. Однако, более вероятно, что галогенные жидкости отвечают за происхождение листового силиката.

Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 22 , Issue 2 , April 1974 , pp. 189 - 194
Copyright
Copyright © The Clay Minerals Society 1974

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