Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-68ccn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-15T15:48:15.191Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Layer Charge Relations in Clay Minerals of Micaceous Soils and Sediments

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2024

K. V. Raman  and
M. L. Jackson
K. V. Raman
Affiliation:
Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
M. L. Jackson
Affiliation:
Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Micaceous clays (“illites”) of a number of sediments, subjected to quantitative mineralogical analysis, ranged in different samples from 58 to 65% of a dioctahedral mica of muscovite type, from 3 to 8% vermiculite, from 0 to 10% montmorillonite, from 2 to 12% quartz, from 0 to 4% feldspars, from 1 to 2% rutile and anatase, from 0.3 to 1.2% free iron oxides, and from 16 to 30% chlorite. The soil clays contained less mica (13 to 35%) but more vermiculite (13 to 16%), montmorillonite (6 to 14%) and chlorite (30 to 33%), besides kaolinite (3 to 8%) and amorphous material (6 to 15%). The presence of the various minerals was verified by X-ray diffraction. When the interlayer K of these micaceous clays was replaced by hydrated Na ions through treatment with 0.2 n sodium tetraphenylboron in 1 n NaCl, the analytically determined vermiculite and montmorillonite contents increased. The freshly produced vermiculites had an interlayer charge of 177 to 198 me/100 g. During this replacement of interlayer K in a 1 N salt solution, the pH of the equilibrium matrix solution was observed to increase instead of decreasing as would be expected if oxonium (OH3+) ions were associated with K in the interlayer space, thus precluding the possibility of interlayer ONz+. The calculated stoichiometric equivalent of the pH rise established a significant uptake of protons by the lattice as K was released.

Thermal analyses of vermiculites show 0.5 to 0.7% higher OH water content than the parent micas. Oxidation of ferrous iron in the silicate structure, suggested as a possible mechanism for lowering of layer charge during weathering of mica to vermiculite, accounted for about 66% of this in samples high in iron (16.0% FeO) and only 30% of this in samples fairly low in iron. The rate of extraction of K from muscovite with no ferrous iron was found to be pH dependent, increasing at lower pH values. The data indicate proton incorporation with structural oxygens of the silicate sheet to form OH as a charge reduction mechanism in weathering of mica, independent of and additional to that involving the oxidation of ferrous iron.

Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 14 , February 1966 , pp. 53 - 68
Copyright
Copyright © Clay Minerals Society 1966

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexiades, C. A. and Jackson, M. L. (1965) Quantitative determination of vermiculite in soils: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 29, 522–27.10.2136/sssaj1965.03615995002900050016xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexiades, C. A. and Jackson, M. L. (1966) Quantitative clay mineralogical analysis, Clays and Clay Mineral: Proc. 14th Conf., 35–52.Google Scholar
Bradley, W. F. and Serratosa, J. M. (1960) A discussion of the water content of vermiculite: Clays and Clay Minerals, Proc. 7th Conf., Pergamon Press, London, 260–70.Google Scholar
Brindley, G. W. and Sandalaki, Z. (1963) Structure, composition and genesis of some long spacing, mica-like minerals: Amer. Min. 48, 138–49.Google Scholar
Brown, G. and Norrish, K. (1952) Hydrous micas: Mineral Mag., 29, 929–32.Google Scholar
Erdelyi, J., Koblencz, V. and Tolnay, V. (1958) Uber Hydroparagonit, ein neuer Glimmermineral, sowie über seine Beziehungen zum Hydromuskovit, Natronillit und Brammalit: Acta Geologica, Acad. Sci. Hungary, 5, 169–86.Google Scholar
Foster, M. D. (1963) Interpretation of the composition of vermiculites and hydrobiotites: Clays and Clay Minerals, Proc. 10th Conf., Pergamon Press, London, 70–89.Google Scholar
Grim, R. E., Bray, R. H. and Bradley, W. F. (1937) The mica in argillaceous sediments: Amer. Min. 22, 813–829.Google Scholar
Gruner, J. W. (1934) Structures of vermiculite and their collapse by dehydration: Amer. Min. 19, 557–65.Google Scholar
Jackson, M. L., Hseung, Y., Corey, R. V., Evans, E. J. and Vanden Heuvel, R. S. (1952) Weathering sequence of clay-size minerals in soils and sediments. P. Chemical weathering of layer silicates: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 16, 3–6.10.2136/sssaj1952.03615995001600010002xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, M. L. (1956) Soil Chemical Analysis—Advanced Course: Second Printing, 1965; Published by the author, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Jackson, M. L. (1958) Soil Chemical Analysis·. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.Google Scholar
Jorgensen, P. and Rosenqvist, I. Tн. (1963) Replacement and bonding conditions for alkali ions and hydrogen in dioctahedral and trioctahedral micas: Norsk Geol. Tidsskr. 43, 497–536.Google Scholar
Mankin, C. J. and Dodd, C. G. (1963) Proposed reference illite from the Ouachita Mountains: Clays and Clay Minerals, Proc. 10th Conf., Pergamon Press, London, 372–79.Google Scholar
McConnell, D. (1950) The crystal chemistry of montmorillonite: Amer. Min. 35, 166–72.Google Scholar
Mehra, O. P. and Jackson, M. L. (1959) Constancy of the sum of mica unit cell potassium surface and interlayer sorption surface in vermiculite-illite clays: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., 23, 101–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, V. W. (1956) The illites from some northern Ohio shales: Clays and Clay Minerals, Proc. 4th Conf., Natl. Acad. Sci.—Natl. Res. Council Pub. 456, pp. 116–24.Google Scholar
Raman, K. V. and Jackson, M. L. (1965) Rutile and anatase determination in soils and sediments: Amer. Min. 50, 1086–92.Google Scholar
Rich, C. I. (1964) Effect of cation size and pH on K exchange in Nason soil: Soil Sci. 98, 100–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
St. Arnaud, R. J. and Mortland, M. M. (1963) Characteristics of the clay fractions in a chernozemic to podzolic sequence of soil profiles in Saskatchewan: Canadian Jour. Soil Sci. 43, 336–49.Google Scholar
Shirozu, Haruo and Bailey, S. W. (1966) Crystal structure of a two layer Mg-vermiculite: Amer. Min. 51, (in press).Google Scholar
Weaver, C. E. (1965) Potassium content of illite: Science 147, 603–5.10.1126/science.147.3658.603CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, J. L. (1958) Layer charge and interlamellar expansion in a muscovite: Clays and Clay Minerals, Proc. 5th Conf., Natl. Acad. Sci.—Natl. Res. Council Pub. 566, 289–94.Google Scholar
Willman, H. V., Glass, H. D. and Frye, J. C. (1963) Mineralogy of glacial tills and their weathering profiles in Illinois. Part I. Glacial tills: Illinois State Geol. Survey Circular 347.Google Scholar