Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-k7p5g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-13T18:54:44.889Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Fuming Image: Cartoons and Public Opinion in Late Republican China, 1945 to 1949

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2009

Chang-Tai Hung
Chang-Tai Hung
Affiliation:
Carleton College
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

When Cantonese cartoonist Liao Bingxiong (1915–) mounted his show, The Cat Kingdom (Maoguo chunqiu), at the Sino-Sovfet Cultural Association (Zhong-Su wenhua xiehui) in Chongqing—China's wartime capital—in March 1946, he was prompted by more than an artistic urge: He intended to issue a strong criticism of the Guomindang (Nationalist) government for its inability to deal with the country's rapidly deteriorating situation. The show was an overwhelming success, “creating a sensation in this hilly city,” in the words of one contemporary artist. The show was greeted with equal enthusiasm when it was put on later in other cities, such as Chengdu and Kunming. Such a favorable reception reflected both the artistry of Liao's works and, more important, the relevance of cartoons as a powerful tool for airing opinion.

Type
Speaking in Symbols
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 36 , Issue 1 , January 1994 , pp. 122 - 145
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abrams, M. H. 1977. The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Alba, Victor. 1967. “The Mexican Revolution and the Cartoon.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 9:1 (01), 121–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, Keith M. 1987. “Politics and Public Opinion Under the Old Regime: Some Reflections,” in Press and Politics in Pre-Revolutionary France, Censer, Jack R. and Popkin, Jeremy D., eds., 204–46. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keguan, Bi, and Yuanlin, Huang. 1986. Zhongguo manhua shi (A History of Chinese Cartoons). Beijing: Wenhua yishu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Censer, Jack R., and Popkin, Jeremy D., eds., 1987. Press and Politics in Pre-Revolutionary France. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baichen, Chen. 1981. Shengguan tu (The Chart of Official Promotion). Beijing: Zhongguo xiju chubanshe.Google Scholar
Baichen, Chen. 1989. “Interview” (December 5). Nanjing.Google Scholar
Chow, Tse-Isung. 1960. The May Fourth Movement. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coupe, W. A. 1967. “The German Cartoon and the Revolution of 1848.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 9:1 (01), 137–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coupe, W. A. 1986. Germany Through the Looking Glass: A Cartoon Commentary on the Federal Republic. Leamington Spa: Berg Publishers.Google Scholar
Crow, Thomas E. 1985. Painters and Public Life in Eighteenth-Century Paris. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Cong, Ding. 1984. Zuotian de shiqing (Yesterday's Events). Beijing: Sanlran shudian.Google Scholar
Cong, Ding. 1989. “Interview” (September 25). Beijing.Google Scholar
Eastman, Lloyd E. 1974. The Abortive Revolution: China under Nationalist Rule, 1927–1937. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Eastman, Lloyd E. 1984. Seeds of Destruction: Nationalist China in War and Revolution, 1937–1949. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Eberhard, Wolfram. 1986. A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fairbank, Wilma. 1976. America's Cultural Experiment in China, 1942–1949. Washington, DC: Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, United States Department of State.Google Scholar
Fairbank, Wilma. 1991. “Letter to the Author” (August 22).Google Scholar
Zikai, Feng. 1931. Zikai manhua (Zikai's Cartoons). Shanghai: Kaiming shudian.Google Scholar
Zikai, Feng. 1948. Manhua de miaofa (Cartooning Methods). Shanghai: Kaiming shudian.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, Daniel. 1953. As I Saw It. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jurgen. 1989a. “The Public Sphere,” in Jürgen Habermas, Jürgen Habermas on Society and Politics, Seidman, Steven, ed., 231–36. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jurgen. 1989b. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, Burger, Thomas, tr. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Hess, Stephen, and Kaplan, Milton. 1975. The Ungentlemanly Art: A History of American Political Cartoons. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Hoff, Syd. 1976. Editorial and Political Cartooning. New York: Stravon Educational Press.Google Scholar
Mao, Huang (Huang Mengtian). 1940. “Huihua Zhongguohua tanxie” (Remarks on the Sinification of Art). Jiuwang ribao (National Salvation Daily), 05 12, p.4. Guilin.Google Scholar
Mao, Huang. 1947. Manhua yishu jianghua (Lectures on Cartoon Art), Shanghai: Shangwuyinshuguan.Google Scholar
Mao, Huang. 1949. Du hua suibi (Essays on Painting). Hong Kong: Renjian shuwu.Google Scholar
Mao, Huang. 1989. “Interview” (September 13). Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Mengtian, Huang. 1981. “Huiyi Maoguo chunqiu manhua zhan” (Reminiscences of The Cat Kingdom Cartoon Show). Dadi (The Earth), 4 (07), 60–64. Beijing. Huang Mengtian. See also Huang Mao.Google Scholar
Miaozi, Huang. 1935. “Wo de manhua lilun” (My Cartoon Theory), in Xiaopinwen he manhua (Personal Essays and Cartoons), Wangdao, Chen, ed., 59–61. Shanghai: Shenghuo shudian.Google Scholar
Miaozi, Huang. 1936. “Tan manhua” (On Cartoons). Manhuajie (Cartoon Circles), 11 5, no page number. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Hung, Chang-tar. 1990. “War and Peace in Feng Zikai's Wartime Cartoons.” Modern China, 16:1 (01), 39–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hung, Chang-tar. Forthcoming. War and Popular Culture: Resistance in Modern China, 1937–1945. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ling, Ke. 1986. “Zhoubao cangsanglu” (The Vicissitudes in the History of the Weekly), in Ke, Zhuzi shengya (My Career as a Writer), 76–117. Taiyuan: Shanxi renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Ling, Ke. 1989. “Interview” (November 26, December 8). Shanghai.Google Scholar
Kemnitz, Thomas M. 1973. “The Cartoon As a Historical Source.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 4:1 (Summer), 81–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mo, Li, et al. 1959. “Guomindang fandongpai chajrn baokan mulu” (A List of News papers and Journals Banned by the Guomindang Reactionaries), in Jinglu, Zhang, ed., Zhongguo xiandai chuban shiliao, vol.4, 153—82. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju (1959).Google Scholar
Bingxiong, Liao. 1945. “Jin zhi Puluomixiushi” (Today's Prometheus), in Liao, Bingxiong manhua. Guangzhou: Lingnan meishu chubanshe (1984).Google Scholar
Bingxiong, Liao. 1984. Bingxiong manhua (The Cartoons of Liao Bingxiong). Guangzhou: Lingnan meishu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Bingxiong, Liao. 1990. “Interview” (January 3 and 4). Guangzhou.Google Scholar
Yu-sheng, Lin. 1978. The Crisis of Chinese Consciousness: Radical Anti-Traditionalism in the May Fourth Era. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Shaofei, Lu. 1937. “Kangzhan yu manhua” (The War of Resistance and Cartoons). Dikang sanrikan (Resistance Three-Day Journal), 15 (10 5), 8–9. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Shaofei, Lu. 1989. “Interview” (October 26). Beijing.Google Scholar
Mackinnon, Stephen R., and Friesen, Oris. 1987. China Reporting: An Oral History of American Journalism in the 1930s and 1940s. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCutcheon, John T. 1950. Drawn from Memory. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar
Murck, Christian F., ed. 1976. Artists and Traditions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ozouf, Mona. 1988. “Public Opinion' at the End of the Old Regime.” Journal of Modern History, 60 (Supplement, 09), S1–S21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pepper, Suzanne. 1978. Civil War in China: The Political Struggle, 1945–1949. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Press, Charles. 1981. The Political Cartoon. East Brunswick, NJ.: Associated University Presses.Google Scholar
Reichardt, Rolf. 1989. “Prints: Images of the Bastille,” in Revolution in Print: The Press in France, 1775–1800, Damton, Robert and Roche, Daniel, eds., 223–51. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Junne, Shi. 1985. “Guomindang de xnwen jiancha” (Press Censorship under the Guomindang). Xinwen yanjiu ziliao (Materials on Journalism Research), 30 (04), 160–70. Beijing.Google Scholar
Snow, Edgar. 1935. “The Ways of the Chinese Censor.” Current History, 07, 381–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Streicher, Lawrence H. 1967. “On a Theory of Political Caricature.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 9:4 (07), 427–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tao, Tang. 1989. “Interview” (October 12). Beijing.Google Scholar
Ting, Lee-hsia Hsu. 1974. Government Control of the Press in Modern China, 1900–1949. Cambridge, Mass.: East Asian Research Center, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Tong, Hollington J. n.d. China and the World Press. [Preface dated February 1948].Google Scholar
Xinbo, . 1941. “Wusheng de zhadan” (Silent Bombs). Huashang bao (Chinese Commercial Press), 05 7, p.3. Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Qianyu, Ye. 1985. Hua yu lun hua (On Paintings). Tianjin: Renmin meishu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Qianyu, Ye. 1989. “Interview” (September 27). Beijing.Google Scholar
Ding, Zhang. 1985. Zhang Ding manhua (Zhang Ding's Cartoons). Shengyang: Liaoning meishu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Ding, Zhang (Guan Cheng). 1946. “Sharen de yanmu” (The Killing Smoke Screen). Dongbei manhua (Northeast Cartoons), 6 (11 1).Google Scholar
Guangyu, Zhang. 1941. “Guonei meishujie de qingzhuang” (The Current Art Scene in China). Huashang bao (Chinese Commercial Press), 06 25, p.3. Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Guangyu, Zhang. 1983. Xiyou manji (Journey to the West). Beijing: Renmin meishu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Jinglu, Zhang, ed. 1959. Zhongguo xiandai chuban shiliao (Historical Materials on Publishing in Contemporary China), vol.4. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar
Leping, Zhag. 1957. “Fujin-sixi hua San Mad” (Recalling San Mao). Dazhong dianying (Popular Film), 164 (12 11), 8–9. Beijing.Google Scholar
Leping, Zhag. 1984. San Mao liulangji quanji (The Complete Vagrant Life of San Mao). Beijing: Renmin meishu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Leping, Zhag. 1989. “Interview” (November 19, December 10). shanghai.Google Scholar
Jinlou, Zhu. 1946. “Lun Liao Bingxiong” (On Liao Bingxiong). Xinan ribao (Southwestern Daily), 08 11, “New Art” column, no.9. Chongqing.Google Scholar
Xingyi, Zhu. 1935. “Wo suo xiji yu manhuajie de” (My Hopes for Cartoon Circles). Duli manhua (Independent Cartoons), 11 10, p.3. Shanghai.Google Scholar