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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 June 2009
This essay deals mainly with the factors influencing the reception of psychoanalysis in Germany. However, I will preface my discussion with two brief sections describing the events of the reception. Please note that as used here, Germany refers specifically to the state, and not to the German-speaking areas of central Europe.
1 This article is intended to be a short, general essay. Readers wishing fuller evidence or illustration of particular points are referred to my book, Freud in Germany: Revolution and Reaction in Science, 1893–1907 (New York: International Universities Press, 1977).Google Scholar
2 For example, Hermann Oppenheim, the neurologist, included Freud's name among those who had contributed important information on neurasthenia, hysteria, and psychotherapy. Willy Hellpach, the psychiatrist, called Freud one of the classicists of the psychology of hysteria. Albert Moll, psychiatrist and sexologist, listed Freud as one of a group of prominent hypnotherapists. For the complete lists, see Oppenheim, Hermann, Zur Prognose und Therapie der schweren Neurosen, Sammlung zwangloser Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Nervenund Geisteskrankheiten (Halle a. S.: Marhold, 1902), vol. III, pt. 8, p. 4Google Scholar; Hellpach, Willy, Grundlinien einer Psychologie der Hysterie (Leipzig: Engelmann, 1904), ivGoogle Scholar; Moll, Albert, Der Hypnotismus: Mit Einschluss der Hauptpunkte der Psychotherapie und des Okkultismus, 4th ed. (Berlin: Fischer's Medicinische Buchhandlung, 1907), 126.Google Scholar
3 See Juliusburger, Otto, “Beitrag zu der Lehre von der Psychoanalyse,” Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatric 64 (1907), 1002–10Google Scholar; summarized in the Neurologisches Centralblatt, 27:2 (1908), 89–91.Google Scholar
4 Der Verbrecher unci seine Richter, translated as The Criminal, the Judge, and the Public; A Psychological Analysis, Zilboorg, Gregory, trans, rev. ed. (Glencoe, Ill., Free Press, 1956).Google Scholar
5 Short biographies of Franz Alexander, Kate Friedlander, Heinrich Meng, Hans Zulliger, Oskar Pfister, and Siegfried Bernfeld may be found in Alexander, F., Eisenstein, S., and Grotjahn, M., eds., Psychoanalytic Pioneers (New York & London: Basic Books, 1966).Google Scholar
6 Personal conversation with Dr. Jacobson, , 2 May 1963.Google Scholar
7 Thomä, Helmut, “Some Remarks on Psychoanalysis in Germany, Past and Present,” International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 50, pt. 4 (1969), 685.Google Scholar
8 Personal Communication from Dr. Mitscherlich, Alexander, 5 September 1978.Google Scholar
9 Thomä, , “Some Remarks on Psychoanalysis,” 689.Google Scholar
10 Quoted, in Ernest, Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud (New York: Basic Books, 1953), I, 40–41Google Scholar
11 Boring, E.G., A History of Experimental Psychology, 2d ed. (New York: Appleton, 1950), 333.Google Scholar
12 Quoted in Young, R. M., Mind, Brain and Adaptation in the Nineteenth Century: Cerebral Localization and Its Biological Context from Gall to Ferrier (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970), 232.Google Scholar
13 Quoted in Riese, Walther, “The Neuropsychologic Phase in the History of Psychiatric Thought,” Historic Derivations of Modern Psychiatry, Galdston, Iago, ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967), 114.Google Scholar
14 Storring, Gustav, Mental Pathology in Its Relation to Normal Psychology, Loveday, T., trans. (London: Sonnenschein, 1907), 1.Google Scholar
15 Becker, Theophil, Einfuhrung in diepsychiatrische Klinik, 2d ed. (Leipzig: Thieme, 1899), iii.Google Scholar
16 Jaspers began to criticize psychoanalysis before World War I. But for his fully developed argument, see Man in the Modern Age (New York: Anchor Books, 1957Google Scholar; published originally as Die geistige Situation derZeit (1931)).Google Scholar
17 See, for example, Gross'sbook, Martin L., The Psychological Society (New York: Random House, 1978), which attacks Freud for having blurred the distinction between mental sickness and mental health by designating neurosis as universal.Google Scholar
18 See, for example, Enke, Paul, Casuistische Beiträge zur männlichen Hysterie (Jena: Frommannsche Hof-Buchdruckerei, 1900), 5.Google Scholar
19 Kraepelin, Emil, Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch für Studirende und Aerzte, 6th ed. (Leipzig: Barth, 1899), II, 511Google Scholar; and Aschaffenburg, Gustav, “Die Beziehungen des sexuellen Lebens zur Entstehung der Nerven-und Geisteskrankheiten,” Münchner medizinische Wochenschrift, 53 (1906), 1795.Google Scholar
20 von Strümpell, Adolf, review of Studien üiber HysterieGoogle Scholar, by Breuer, and Freud, , Deutsche Zeitschrift für Nervenheilkunde, 8:½ (30 12 1895), 159.Google Scholar
21 Wundt, Wilhelm, Outlines of Psychology, 2d rev. English ed., Judd, C. H., ed. and trans. (Leipzig: Engelmann, 1902), 228.Google Scholar
22 Külpe, Oswald, Outlines of Psychology: Based upon the Results of Experimental Investigation, Titchener, E. B., trans. (London: Sonnenschein; New York: Macmillan, 1909), 3.Google Scholar
23 Wundt, , Outlines of Psychology, 260–61.Google Scholar
24 Ibid., 19.
25 Külpe, , Outlines of Psychology, 452.Google Scholar
26 Wundt, , Outlines of Psychology, 306–7.Google Scholar
27 Wundt, Wilhelm, Principles of Physiological Psychology, Titchener, E. B., trans. (London: Sonnenschein; New York: Macmillan, 1904), I, 11.Google Scholar
28 Külpe, , Outlines of Psychology, 15–16.Google Scholar
29 McGuire, W., ed., The Freud/Jung Letters: The Correspondence between Sigmund Freud and C. G. Jung, Manheim, R. and Hull, R. F. C., trans. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974), 33.Google Scholar
30 Freud, Sigmund, The Origins of Psychoanalysis: Letters to Wilhelm Fliess, Drafts and Notes, 1887–1902, Bonaparte, M., Freud, A., and Kris, E.., eds., and Mosbacher, E. and Strachey, J., trans. (New York: Basic Books, 1954), 315–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31 Jentsch, E., “Traumarbeit,” Neue Rundschau, 16:7 (07 1905), 875–82.Google Scholar
32 Freud, , Origins of Psychoanalysis, 280.Google Scholar
33 Bibliographie der deutschen Zeitschriften-Literatur, Section A of Internationale Bibliographic der Zeitschriften-literatur (Leipzig: Dietrich, 1896–1907).Google Scholar
34 Freud, Sigmund, Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, Vols XV, XVI of Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works (London: Hogarth Press, 1963), 284–85Google Scholar; idem, “A Difficulty in the Path of Psycho-Analysis,” in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1955), XVII, 143.Google Scholar
