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O'Sullivan, Kevin
2021.
The NGO Moment.
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Charity, Activism and Social Justice: Revisiting Christian Aid's Role in Public Campaigns for Fair Trade, 1968–1973
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 31 October 2019
Abstract
The 1960s was the moment when NGOs established their role within the professional world of international development. There were new networks emerging and new approaches to development – but there were also longer-term trends and challenges that resurfaced about the role of charity, activism and social justice. Previous research has shown how Christian networks were instrumental in establishing local fair trade campaigns. This article investigates the extent to which Christian Aid contributed to fair trade campaigns by providing a moral social force in public debates about social justice, international development and global trade.
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References
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22 These products would later become an important focus for fair trade consumer campaigns.
23 CA/J/1, The Haslemere Declaration (Haslemere Committee, 1968).
24 Ibid.
25 Ibid.
26 CA/J/2, Christian Aid, ‘Overseas Aid: What Can We Do?’ (1967, revised 1969), 3.
27 Ibid.
28 Jonathan Power was the author of several Christian Aid booklets and was a founding member of the Haslemere Group.
29 CA/J/2, Christian Aid, ‘Overseas Aid: What Can We Do?’ (1967, revised 1969).
30 Ibid., 10.
31 Ibid., 12.
32 There are parallels with Fairtrade Towns campaigns that emerged in the United Kingdom in the early 2000s. See Roberta Discetti, Matthew Anderson and Adam Gardner, ‘Campaign Spaces for Sustainable Development: A Power Analysis of the Fairtrade Town Campaign in the UK’, Food Chain (forthcoming).
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34 CA/J/2, Christian Aid, ‘Overseas Aid: The Role of Trade’ (First published Jan. 1968, second edition July 1968).
35 Ibid., 16.
36 Ibid., 20.
37 CA/J/2, Christian Aid, ‘Overseas Aid: The Commonwealth and the Common Market’ (1968).
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid.
40 Following the recognition of Indonesian sovereignty in December 1949, the Dutch had very few overseas territories and Germany was building trading links with South America.
41 CA/J/2, Christian Aid, ‘Overseas Aid: The Commonwealth and the Common Market’ (1968), 9.
42 Ibid.
43 Ibid., 14.
44 Ibid.
45 Ibid., 15.
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49 CA/J/2, Christian Aid, ‘Overseas Aid: What Can We Do?’ (1967, revised 1969), 15.
50 The Action Committee for the United States of Europe was founded by Jean Monnet in 1955. The Action Committee's objectives were to implement the Common Market treaties and to expand the Community to include the United Kingdom.
51 Max Kohnstamm, ‘Some Remarks About Structuring International Effort’, The Ecumenical Review, 20, 3 (1968), 245–54.
52 Ibid., 246.
53 Ibid., 251.
54 Ibid., 254.
55 Jeffrey L. Klaiber, ‘Prophets and Populists: Liberation Theology, 1968–1988’, The Americas, 46, 1 (1989), 1–15.
56 Ibid.
57 Ibid.
58 Gustavo Gutiérrez, A Theology of Liberation: History, Politics, Salvation (Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1971).
59 Ibid., 34.
60 Ibid.
61 SODEPAX, the Joint Committee on Society, Development and Peace, was set up in 1968 by the World Council of Churches (WCC) and the Roman Catholic Church.
62 David Regan, Why Are They Poor? Helder Camara in Pastoral Perspective (Münster: LIT Verlag, 2003), 89.
63 Ibid., 5.
64 Ibid., 184.
65 Dom Hélder Câmara, ‘Violence and Misery’, New Blackfriars, 50, 589 (1969), 491–6.
66 Ibid., 496.
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69 Christian Aid was unusual in that for the first twenty years of its operation its public relations were managed by an external consultancy, Noble & Samson. See Wilfred Howard, ed., The Practice of Public Relations (Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1988), 178.
70 CA2/I/46/2, The current image of Christian Aid, Letter from Brash to Samson, 11 Dec. 1969.
71 Ibid.
72 Ibid.
73 Brash estimated that the cost of contributions to Action for World Development represented one sixth of 1 per cent of Christian Aid's income for 1969.
74 CA2/I/46/2, The current image of Christian Aid, Letter from Samson to Brash, Dec. 1969.
75 Ibid.
76 Ibid.
77 Ibid.
78 CA2/D/1/1, Letter from Hill to Ellwood, 19 Jul. 1963.
79 Ibid.
80 CA2/D/1/1, Letter from Ellwood to Lacey, 25 Jul. 1963.
81 CA2/D/1/1, ‘The British Council of Churches – Christian Aid Department (formerly the Department of Inter-Church Aid & Refugee Service) Constitution’ (Apr. 1964).
82 ‘Charities Warned on Schemes to Ease Poverty Overseas’, The Times (4 Sept. 1964).
83 Matthew Anderson, A History of Fair Trade in Contemporary Britain: From Civil Society Campaigns to Corporate Compliance (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).
84 CA2/D/1/1, Proposed Constitution, Letter from Pooler to Slack, 10 Dec. 1964.
85 CA2/D/1/1, British Council of Churches Re: Constitution, Letter from Pooler to Slack, 9 Dec. 1964.
86 CA2/D/1/1, Proposed Constitution, Letter from Pooler to Slack, 10 Dec. 1964.
87 CA2/D/1/4, The British Council of Churches, Constitution for the Christian Aid Department, 24 Apr. 1968.
88 Ibid.
89 CA2/D/1/4, Christian Aid Charity Registration, Letter from Dudbridge to Banwall, 23 May 1969.
90 CA2/D/1/4, Christian Aid Constitution, Letter from Bowman to Brash, 17 Jul. 1969.
91 CA2/D/1/4, Christian Aid Constitution, Letter from Dudbridge to Bowman, 25 Jul. 1969.
92 Ibid.
93 Ibid.
94 CA/I/12/2, Oxfam, Letter from Brash to Kirkley, 6 Aug. 1968.
95 Ibid.
96 Ibid.
97 CA/I/12/1, Letter from Lacey to Kirkley, 25 Jan. 1957.
98 CA/I/12/1, Letter from Lacey to Tate, 2 Apr. 1959.
99 Ibid.
100 CA/I/12/1 Letter from Kirkley to Sexton, 3 Jun. 1959.
101 Ibid.
102 CA/I/12/1 Letter from Lacey to Kirkley, 26 Apr. 1962.
103 Ibid.
104 Ibid.
105 Ibid.
106 CA/I/12/1 Letter from Kirkley to Lacey, 27 Apr. 1962.
107 Ibid.
108 Ibid.
109 CA/I/12/1 Letter from Oxfam to Church Councils, Oct. 1963.
110 Ibid.
111 CA/I/12/1, Letter from Lacey to Lord Bishop of Rochester, 8 Oct. 1963.
112 CA/I/12/1, Janet Lacey, Relationship between Oxfam and Christian Aid (1 Oct. 1964).
113 Ibid.
114 Ibid.
115 CA2/I/46/2, Christian Aid Week, Letter from Sansbury to Jones, 21 May 1969.
116 Ibid.
117 CA2/I/46/2, Letter from Jones to Sansbury, 4 Jul. 1969.
118 Ibid.
119 CA/J/2, Christian Aid, ‘Overseas Aid: What Can We Do?’ (1967, revised 1969), 16.
120 Frank Prochaska, Christianity & Social Service in Modern Britain: The Disinherited Spirit (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 25.
121 Ibid., 13.
122 Hilton et al., The Politics of Expertise, 225.
123 CA2/D/11, The European Community and the Third World letter to EC Commissioners (25 Apr. 1973).
124 Ibid.
125 Ibid.
126 Tehila Sasson, ‘Milking the Third World? Humanitarianism, Capitalism, and the Moral Economy of the Nestlé Boycott’, The American Historical Review, 121, 4 (2016), 1196–224.
127 Matthew Anderson, ‘Fair Trade and Consumer Social Responsibility: Exploring Consumer Citizenship as a Driver of Social and Environmental Change’, Management Decision, 56, 3 (2018), 634–51.
128 CA2/I/46/2, The Current Image of Christian Aid, Letter from Samson to Brash, Dec. 1969.
129 See https://www.fairtrade.org.uk/get%20involved//In-your-community/Towns (last visited 1 July 2019).
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